Download or read book Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artefacts written by P Dillmann and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conservation of metallic archaeological and historic artefacts is a major challenge whether they are ancient bronzes or relics of our more recent industrial past. Based on the work of Working Party 21 Corrosion of Archaeological and Historical Artefacts within the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), this important book summarises key recent research on analytical techniques, understanding corrosion processes and preventing the corrosion of cultural heritage metallic artefacts. After an introductory part on some of the key issues in this area, part two reviews the range of analytical techniques for measuring and analysing corrosion processes, including time resolved spectroelectrochemistry, voltammetry and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Part three reviews different types of corrosion processes for a range of artefacts, whilst part four discusses on-site monitoring techniques. The final part of the book summaries a range of conservation techniques and strategies to conserve cultural heritage metallic artefacts. Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts is an important reference for all those involved in archaeology and conservation, including governments, museums as well as those undertaking research in archaeology and corrosion science.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by E. Angelini and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter deals with the description of suitable and innovative solutions devoted to preserve metallic artefacts in their original contexts, underwater cultural heritage sites of archaeological and historical interest, as well as with the analysis of the degradation processes of ferrous and non-ferrous artefacts induced by contact with an aggressive environment such as sea water. The chapter also provides an overview of the most common conservation strategies applied to recovered artefacts.
Download or read book Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artefacts written by P Dillmann and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conservation of metallic archaeological and historic artefacts is a major challenge whether they are ancient bronzes or relics of our more recent industrial past. Based on the work of Working Party 21 Corrosion of Archaeological and Historical Artefacts within the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), this important book summarises key recent research on analytical techniques, understanding corrosion processes and preventing the corrosion of cultural heritage metallic artefacts.After an introductory part on some of the key issues in this area, part two reviews the range of analytical techniques for measuring and analysing corrosion processes, including time resolved spectroelectrochemistry, voltammetry and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Part three reviews different types of corrosion processes for a range of artefacts, whilst part four discusses on-site monitoring techniques. The final part of the book summaries a range of conservation techniques and strategies to conserve cultural heritage metallic artefacts.Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts is an important reference for all those involved in archaeology and conservation, including governments, museums as well as those undertaking research in archaeology and corrosion science. - Summarises key research on analytical techniques for measuring and analysing corrosion processes - Provides detailed understanding of corrosion processes and corrosion prevention - Discusses on-site monitoring techniques
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by M. Saheb and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the long-term corrosion mechanisms of iron in an anoxic environment is essential in the field of the preservation of archaeological heritage artefacts and nuclear waste management. Corrosion mechanisms have been assessed by examining nails 400 years old from the archaeological site of Glinet. This chapter provides an overview of the characterisation of the entire corrosion system environment/samples through coupled multiscale analytical tools. The environment is anoxic, calco-carbonated and water-saturated. Three corrosion patterns composed of ferrous carbonates (siderite and chukanovite) and magnetite have been identified. Depending on the connection between the phases and their location, the electronic properties of the corrosion layers have been established. The electrochemical behaviour of the corrosion system shows that water reduction at the metallic interface is negligible. Furthermore, the electron consumption sites are mainly localised on the external part and the precipitation sites on the internal part of the corrosion layer. The corrosion rate is estimated to be less than 2μm/year and a corrosion mechanism is proposed based on a decoupling of the anodic and cathodic sites and on the existence of a nanometric corrosion layer at the metallic interface.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by P. Letardi and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basic principles of corrosion and electrochemistry are briefly summarised to indicate the capabilities of electrochemical techniques in diagnostic and conservation of heritage metals. The basic elements of each electrochemical measurement – cell, electrolyte, instrumentation – are schematically illustrated in the specific application to cultural heritage. The different measurement techniques are reviewed, divided into three groups: (1) potential measurements; (2) DC techniques; (3) AC techniques. The aims and fields of application are discussed, reporting several examples of specific applications in the field of cultural heritage.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by M. Abdel Harith and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the present chapter laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is introduced as a powerful spectrochemical analytical technique that can be exploited to characterize corroded artifacts. Scientific and technological aspects of LIBS are briefly presented. LIBS does not need sample preparation, it is nondestructive and it can be used for in-situ measurements. Examples of LIBS applications that can help archaeologists in conservation and restoration of metallic artifacts are given. We demonstrated the use of LIBS in analysis of corroded metal threads, depth profiling of copper-based decorative artefact, analysis of corroded Punic coins, and LIBS and XRF analysis of Roman silver denarii.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by E. Angelini and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter deals with an overview of the application of plasma technologies, an innovative environmentally friendly class of processes for the surface modification of materials, for cleaning and protection of metallic artefacts. Examples of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) of organosilicon precursors are described and appear particularly promising for the corrosion protection of the different metallic substrates such as iron-based alloys, copper and silver-based alloys of archaeological and historical-artistic interest.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by A. Adriaens and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter discusses the evaluation of metal conservation treatments using a specialized electrochemical cell. The cell can be deployed in a synchrotron beam line to make in-situ, time-lapse measurements on heritage metal alloys undergoing processes based on electrochemical treatments/measurements. We focus on two specific projects: (1) the evaluation of currently used stabilization processes for cupreous objects recovered from marine environments, and (2) the development and testing of a coating to protect lead objects which is stable, reversible (i.e. easy to apply and to remove), protective against corrosion and aesthetically justified.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by D. Neff and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter introduces the techniques used when investigating corrosion layers formed on cultural heritage artefacts. Various multiscale analysis methods, from macroscopic to nanoscopic scales, are presented. Information on the morphology, the elementary composition and the crystalline structure that each method allows for determining the constituents of the corrosion layers is examined, as well as their limits in terms of set-up, spatial and detection resolution. This chapter discusses the characteristics of the scientific tools that can be used to understand corrosion phenomena, by taking into account the major parameters responsible for alteration mechanisms.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by J. Monnier and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors consider the case of iron atmospheric corrosion to illustrate the possibility of developing a conservation diagnosis for a given material in a given environment. In the particular case of iron atmospheric corrosion, samples from the site of the Amiens Cathedral in the North of France have been characterised in order to identify the different phases constituting the corrosion product layers. The layers consist of a matrix of iron oxy-hydroxide goethite embedded with several ferrihydrite marblings. Other phases such as as lepidocrocite, maghemite and akaganeite are present in minor quantities. A degradation index is first defined from the phase proportions and from the intrinsic electrochemical properties of those phases. Further, the electrochemical reactivity of scratched rust powders has been studied to define a second degradation index. From these two degradation indices a first step towards a corrosion diagnosis method is proposed.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by N.G. González and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter reviews and summarises the results of experiments using a new technique known as ‘subcritical’ for the stabilisation of archaeological iron. Five case studies are presented that illustrate the capacity of this technique to rapidly remove entrapped chloride ions from unstable metal with minimal observable changes to the objects’ integrity. This overview focuses on the effectiveness of this treatment from a conservation and preservation perspective. The benefits and current limitations of the technique are identified, as well as important areas where there is a need for further research.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by S. Grassini and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool in developing the most appropriate methodology for ensuring long-lasting artefact preservation. EIS consists in the measurement of amplitude and phase of the surface impedance of coated metallic objects at different frequencies in order to highlight either the protective effectiveness of a coating or the stability of a corrosion product layer grown onto the metallic surface. Two in-situ EIS measuring campaigns are described together with the description of the portable instrument and the measuring probes specifically designed and developed for cultural heritage applications.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by D. Watkinson and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current research into the removal of soluble chloride corrosion drivers from archaeological iron by deoxygenated aqueous alkaline treatments is described and assessed, along with suggestions for future work. The problems of how to determine treatment success are discussed, along with the impact of treatment unknowns, such as chloride form and location within iron objects, on the assessment techniques. Post-treatment residual chloride is shown to be the best measure of treatment effectiveness and methods for assessing this are described. A real-time study of oxygenated and deoxygenated treatment mechanisms and corrosion product transformations using micro X-ray diffraction is reported.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by P. Piccardo and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘Artistic/intentional’ patina is a surface layer intentionally produced by an artist or a specialized professional on a metallic artwork with aesthetic or practical purposes. From the science of surfaces point of view the ‘artistic’ patina could be considered as an interface between the metallic substrate and the external environment and therefore affecting, depending on its physical and chemical peculiarities, the corrosion process. In order to understand how the ‘artistic’ patina behaves inside the exposure environment, an experimental activity was carried out: the study of the data collected with the application of different analytical techniques contributed to a more pertinent knowledge of the characteristics of metallic works of art which, in turn, leads to a restoration process respecting their real nature.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by D.A. Scott and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metallographic investigations may be an essential component in the search for authenticity and fabrication technology. Assessing how an artefact is made may involve metallographic examination, usually entailing the removal of a small sample from the object concerned. Examples of the use of metallography are discussed with reference to copper alloys, high-tin bronzes, Chinese bronze mirrors, copper plaques, iron and steels, and plated or coated metals, such as depletion gilded surfaces or those covered with gold foil or other metals. The different types of features which metallography can reveal concerning ancient metallic structures are briefly discussed with several colour photomicrographs which illustrate the features described in this chapter. The importance of metallography as one component of the scientific tools to aid in the determination of authenticity of ancient metallic artefacts is stressed, and an example given of old electrotypes from the Victoria and Albert Museum. Important literature references are provided to direct the reader to more detailed studies on the subject.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by I.D. Macleod and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modelling and electrochemical simulation of corrosion confirms that the decay rate of iron shipwrecks is cathodically controlled by the flux of dissolved oxygen. The rate falls logarithmically with increasing water depth with splash zone corrosion rates at zero water depth. The interaction of corroding iron with the marine biota is complex and symbiotic. Corrosion rates are interdependent on the salinity and temperature of the surrounding seawater which determines the amount of dissolved oxygen. Monitoring the corrosion potentials and pH of wreck materials provides a very sensitive indicator of changes in environment brought about through natural or human intervention.
Download or read book Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artefacts written by H. Matthiesen and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxygen is a key factor in corrosion and decay of artefacts from our cultural heritage. The measurement of oxygen concentrations and quantification of oxygen consumption is therefore extremely useful in both corrosion and conservation science. This chapter focuses on two aspects of oxygen monitoring: first, measurement of oxygen consumption of cultural heritage artefacts to evaluate their corrosion rate and the efficiency of conservation treatments, and second, measurement of oxygen concentration in the burial environment to evaluate the preservation conditions and understand the formation of different corrosion products in situ. The chapter includes a short description of equipment for oxygen measurement, and gives some examples of its use for monitoring purposes.
