Download or read book Correlation of International Stock Returns and the Benefits from Diversification written by Chue Timothy K. and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Correlation of International Stock Returns and the Benefits from Diversification written by Timothy K. Chue and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Diversification written by Meir Statman and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Correlations between the returns of U.S. stocks and international stocks were higher recently than in the past, reaching 0.86 during the 60 months ending in December 2003. Today's investors note the high correlations between U.S. and international stocks and doubt the benefits of global diversification. We argue that the benefits of global diversification remain high and that the correlation between U.S. and international stocks is a misleading measure of the benefits of global diversification. This is for two reasons. First, the benefits of global diversification depend not only on the correlation between the returns of U.S. and international stocks but also on the standard deviations of these returns. Second, we tend to have poor intuition about the link between correlation and the benefits of diversification. A 0.86 correlation seems high enough to eliminate the benefits of diversification, but even correlations much higher than 0.86 are associated with substantial benefits. Dispersion of returns is a better measure of the benefits of diversification because it accounts for the effects of both correlation and standard deviation and because it provides an intuitive measure of the benefits of diversification. We present the relationship between correlation, standard deviation and dispersion.
Download or read book Covariance and Correlation in International Equity Returns written by Rachel A.J. Pownall and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Benefits to portfolio diversification depend crucially on correct correlation estimates, hence it is of great importance to both risk management and portfolio optimisation that the exact nature of the correlation structure between international financial assets is understood. Recent discussion on the correlation of international equity returns has focussed on the issue of whether extreme movements in international financial markets are more highly correlated than usual returns. This implies a reduction in the benefits from portfolio diversification since extreme returns are more likely to occur with greater simultaneity. Using the Value-at-Risk methodology we are able to measure the quantile correlation structure implicit in international asset returns in a simple manner without having to resort to fully parametric modelling. We illustrate that the extraction of the quantile covariance structure from this quantile correlation structure is non-trivial. Using daily data on stock market indices for a variety of countries we observe how the correlation and covariance structure changes as we move into the tails of the return distribution. We find for extreme stock market movements the benefits to international diversification are significantly curtailed even after discarding spurious correlation changes.
Download or read book Sector Integration and the Benefits of Global Diversification written by Mitchell Ratner and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main reasons that investment advisors recommend international investments is that foreign stocks are not highly correlated with U.S. stocks. As world economies become increasingly interrelated, it may become more difficult for investors to achieve effective diversification. This research investigates international stock market correlation, and assesses whether global diversification on a sector basis is beneficial to U.S. investors. This analysis includes 38 developed and emerging stock markets from 1981-2000. In addition to demonstrating a potential loss of diversification benefits, this paper utilizes an optimal global asset allocation model to illustrate the effects of sector diversification on portfolio performance over time.
Download or read book International Portfolio Diversification and Returns Correlation written by Ju Hyun Pyun and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation attempts to explain one of the diversification puzzles in international macro-finance, and develops specification tests for the fixed effects econometric models that are widely used in international economics. The first two chapters shed light on an understudied aspect of the 'international portfolio diversification puzzle': not only do investors diversify too little abroad, but when they invest abroad, they prefer a country with less diversification benefit. Recent empirical evidence has suggested that countries that have higher stock return correlation also have higher bilateral financial asset holdings (Portes and Rey 2005, Aviat and Coeurdacier 2007, and Lane and Milesi-Ferretti 2008). The first chapter of my dissertation argues that understanding this puzzling empirical finding requires a multi-county perspective theoretically. I begin by constructing an N-country DSGE model with heterogeneous stock return correlations. The N-country model shows that the effect of stock return correlation on bilateral asset holdings depends upon the stock return correlation with the other countries. It also shows that the overall level of equity home bias depends on the heterogeneous stock return correlations among all countries. In the second chapter, I tested the prediction on portfolio choice with a large data set on international equity holdings. The empirical result controlling for the multilateral stock return correlations with other countries overturns the result of preceding literature, and confirms that a higher stock return correlation lowers bilateral equity asset holdings as theory predicts. In the third chapter, I evaluated econometric methodologies that I used in the first two chapters. The country-pair fixed effects (pair FE) model is one of the commonly used models in cross-country panel research as it yields consistent parameter estimates by capturing unobserved country-pair specific heterogeneity that may be correlated with the error term. However, the pair FE model has drawbacks. Not only is there a loss of efficiency due to many dummy variables but also coefficients of time-invariant variables within a country-pair are not identified. As an alternative to the pair FE model, I estimate a country two-way fixed effects (two-way FE) model that controls for an individual country's heterogeneity within a pair. If the two-way FE model gives a consistent result as compared to the pair FE model, then the two-way FE model is able to provide estimates of time-invariant variables within a pair and to improve efficiency. The Monte-Carlo exercises compare the pair FE and the two-way FE estimators, and show which specification is appropriate. To test whether the two-way FE model sufficiently captures unobserved heterogeneity, I propose robust Hausman (1978) specification tests that can be applied even if neither estimator is fully efficient.
Download or read book Country Asset Allocation written by Adam Zaremba and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-26 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book demonstrates how quantitative country-level investment strategies can be successfully employed to manage money in international markets. It offers a range of state-of-the-art quantitative strategies, describing their theoretical bases, implementation details, and performance in over 70 countries between 1995 and 2015. International diversification has long been a key to stable investing. However, the increased integration and openness of global financial markets has led to rising correlations between stock market returns in particular countries, driving down the benefits of diversification and increasing the importance of country selection strategies as part of an investment process. Zaremba and Shemer explain the efficiency of quantitative investing, which captures huge amounts of data of limited scope very quickly. In the traditional approach, this data compilation is an immense undertaking, limited in scope and vulnerable to behavioral errors, but this can be overcome with the help of a new paradigm of quantitative investment at the country level. Quantitative country asset allocation can be efficiently accomplished by using wealth insights that have been generated in the academic literature, discovering many anomalies and regular patterns in asset prices. Armed with this information, investors and managers can process large amounts of data more efficiently when deciding to invest in ETFs, index funds, or futures markets.
Download or read book International Portfolio Diversification and Multilateral Effects of Correlations written by Paul R. Bergin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not only are investors biased toward home assets, but when they do invest abroad, they appear to favor countries with returns more correlated with home assets. Often attributed to a preference for familiarity, this 'correlation puzzle' further reduces effective diversification. However, a multi-country DSGE model of portfolio choice makes clear that the effects of a bilateral stock return correlation must be studied in the context of the full covariance structure. For example, the attractiveness of a foreign country as a hedge depends upon its hedging potential relative to other potential destination countries. This paper develops a new empirical approach based upon a multi-country theoretical model that controls for the full covariance structure in a theoretically rigorous yet tractable manner. Estimation under this approach overturns the correlation puzzle, and finds that international investors do seek the diversification benefits of low cross-country correlations as theory would predict. Since covariances are central to modern theories of portfolio choice, this empirical methodology should be useful also for other applications.
Download or read book Correlation Return Gaps and the Benefits of Diversification written by Meir Statman and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Correlation is the common indicator for the benefits of diversification, but it is not a good indicator. This is for two reasons. First, the benefits of diversification depend not only on the correlations between returns but also on the standard deviations of returns. Second, correlation does not provide an intuitive measure of the benefits of diversification. Return gaps are better indicators. Return gaps are the difference between the returns of two assets or between two portfolios. For example, the estimated 12-month return gap between the Samp;P 500 Index and the Russell 2000 Index and during February 2002 - January 2007 was 8.90%, implying that investors who concentrated their portfolios in one index or the other should have expected to lead or lag investors who diversified between the two in equal proportions by 4.45%. The realized 12-month return gaps ranged from 0.1% to 28.7%. It is hard to deduce these figure intuitively from the relatively high 0.82 correlation between the two. Similarly, it is hard to deduce intuitively from the relatively high 0.86 correlation between the Samp;P 500 and EAFE Indexes that their estimated 12-month return gap was 6.86% and their realized 12-month return gaps ranged from 1.8% to 23.0%. Moreover, the figures belie any claim that these assets' risk-reduction benefits have largely vanished.
Download or read book International Capital Flows written by Martin Feldstein and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent changes in technology, along with the opening up of many regions previously closed to investment, have led to explosive growth in the international movement of capital. Flows from foreign direct investment and debt and equity financing can bring countries substantial gains by augmenting local savings and by improving technology and incentives. Investing companies acquire market access, lower cost inputs, and opportunities for profitable introductions of production methods in the countries where they invest. But, as was underscored recently by the economic and financial crises in several Asian countries, capital flows can also bring risks. Although there is no simple explanation of the currency crisis in Asia, it is clear that fixed exchange rates and chronic deficits increased the likelihood of a breakdown. Similarly, during the 1970s, the United States and other industrial countries loaned OPEC surpluses to borrowers in Latin America. But when the U.S. Federal Reserve raised interest rates to control soaring inflation, the result was a widespread debt moratorium in Latin America as many countries throughout the region struggled to pay the high interest on their foreign loans. International Capital Flows contains recent work by eminent scholars and practitioners on the experience of capital flows to Latin America, Asia, and eastern Europe. These papers discuss the role of banks, equity markets, and foreign direct investment in international capital flows, and the risks that investors and others face with these transactions. By focusing on capital flows' productivity and determinants, and the policy issues they raise, this collection is a valuable resource for economists, policymakers, and financial market participants.
Download or read book Is the International Diversification Potential Diminishing Foreign Equity Inside and Outside the Us written by Karen K. Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades international markets have become more open, leading to a common perception that global capital markets have become more integrated. In this paper, I ask what this integration and its resulting higher correlation would imply about the diversification potential across countries. For this purpose, I examine two basic groups of international returns: (1) foreign market indices and (2) foreign stocks that are listed and traded in the US. I examine the first group since this is the standard approach in the international diversification literature, while I study the second group since some have argued that US-listed foreign stocks are the more natural diversification vehicle (Errunza et al (1999)). In order to consider the possibility of shifts in the covariance of returns over time, I extend the break-date estimation approach of Bai and Perron (1998) to test for and estimate possible break dates across returns along with their confidence intervals. I find that the covariances among country stock markets have indeed shifted over time for a majority of the countries. But in contrast to the common perception that markets have become significantly more integrated over time, the covariance between foreign markets and the US market have increased only slightly from the beginning to the end of the last twenty years. At the same time, the foreign stocks in the US markets have become significantly more correlated with the US market. To consider the economic significance of these parameter changes, I use the estimates to examine the implications for a simple portfolio decision model in which a US investor could choose between US and foreign portfolios. When restricted to holding foreign assets in the form of market indices, I find that the optimal allocation in foreign market indices actually increases over time. However, the optimal allocation into foreign stocks decreases when the investor is allowed to hold foreign stocks that are traded in the US. Also, the minimum variance attainable by the foreign portfolios has increased over time. These results suggest that the benefits to diversification have declined both for stocks inside and outside the US.
Download or read book Geopolitical Risk on Stock Returns Evidence from Inter Korea Geopolitics written by Seungho Jung and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate how corporate stock returns respond to geopolitical risk in the case of South Korea, which has experienced large and unpredictable geopolitical swings that originate from North Korea. To do so, a monthly index of geopolitical risk from North Korea (the GPRNK index) is constructed using automated keyword searches in South Korean media. The GPRNK index, designed to capture both upside and downside risk, corroborates that geopolitical risk sharply increases with the occurrence of nuclear tests, missile launches, or military confrontations, and decreases significantly around the times of summit meetings or multilateral talks. Using firm-level data, we find that heightened geopolitical risk reduces stock returns, and that the reductions in stock returns are greater especially for large firms, firms with a higher share of domestic investors, and for firms with a higher ratio of fixed assets to total assets. These results suggest that international portfolio diversification and investment irreversibility are important channels through which geopolitical risk affects stock returns.
Download or read book International Portfolio Diversification written by Peh San Zee and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Asymmetric Dependence in Finance written by Jamie Alcock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avoid downturn vulnerability by managing correlation dependency Asymmetric Dependence in Finance examines the risks and benefits of asset correlation, and provides effective strategies for more profitable portfolio management. Beginning with a thorough explanation of the extent and nature of asymmetric dependence in the financial markets, this book delves into the practical measures fund managers and investors can implement to boost fund performance. From managing asymmetric dependence using Copulas, to mitigating asymmetric dependence risk in real estate, credit and CTA markets, the discussion presents a coherent survey of the state-of-the-art tools available for measuring and managing this difficult but critical issue. Many funds suffered significant losses during recent downturns, despite having a seemingly well-diversified portfolio. Empirical evidence shows that the relation between assets is much richer than previously thought, and correlation between returns is dependent on the state of the market; this book explains this asymmetric dependence and provides authoritative guidance on mitigating the risks. Examine an options-based approach to limiting your portfolio's downside risk Manage asymmetric dependence in larger portfolios and alternate asset classes Get up to speed on alternative portfolio performance management methods Improve fund performance by applying appropriate models and quantitative techniques Correlations between assets increase markedly during market downturns, leading to diversification failure at the very moment it is needed most. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the 2006 hedge-fund crisis provide vivid examples, and many investors still bear the scars of heavy losses from their well-managed, well-diversified portfolios. Asymmetric Dependence in Finance shows you what went wrong, and how it can be corrected and managed before the next big threat using the latest methods and models from leading research in quantitative finance.
Download or read book Measuring the Benefits of Diversification and the Performance of Money Managers written by Meir Statman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While correlation is the common measure of the benefits of diversification, it is not a good measure. This is for two reasons. First, the benefits of diversification depend not only on the correlations between stock returns but also on the standard deviations of stock returns. Second, correlation does not provide an intuitive measure of the benefits of diversification. Dispersion is a better measure of the benefits of diversification. Dispersion is the standard deviation of the returns of stocks around the mean return of all stocks. We know dispersion as diversifiable risk and as tracking error. We analyzed the returns of the S&P 500 stocks during the years 1980-2004 to show how dispersion measures the benefits of diversification and how to account for dispersion in the assessment of the performance of money managers.
Download or read book The Effect of Extreme Markets on the Benefits of International Portfolio Diversification written by Daniella Acker and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate the effects of bull and bear markets on correlations between developed and emerging country equity returns, and on the benefits of combining international markets in a portfolio. We find that, contrary to most other studies, correlations fall in both bull and bear markets, although far more in the former; that emerging markets provide both additional diversification benefits for investors in developed markets and, especially, some protection in bear markets; the effects on portfolio performance of changes in correlations and standard deviations of returns in extreme markets are very small compared to the effect of changes in mean returns.
Download or read book Are the Gains from International Portfolio Diversification Exaggerated The Influence of Downside Risk in Bear Markets written by Kirt C. Butler and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental rationale for international portfolio diversification is that it expands the opportunities for gains from portfolio diversification beyond those that are available through domestic securities. However, if international stock market correlations are higher than normal in bear markets, then international diversification will fail to yie ld the promised gains just when they are needed most. We evaluate the extent to which observed correlations to monthly returns in bear, calm and bull markets are captured by three popular bivariate distributions: (1) the normal, (2) the restricted GARCH(1,1) of J. P. Morgan's RiskMetrics, and (3) the Student-t with four degrees of freedom. Observed correlations during calm and bull markets are unexceptional compared to these models. In contrast, observed correlations during bear markets are significantly higher than predicted. Higher-than-normal correlations during extreme market downturns result in monthly returns to equal-weighted portfolios of domestic and international stocks that are, on average, more than two percent lower than those predicted by the normal distribution. If the extent of non-normality during bear markets persists over time, then a U.S. investor allocating assets into foreign markets might want to allocate more assets into foreign markets with near-normal correlation profiles and avoid markets with higher-than-normal bear market co-movements.
