Download or read book Correlates of Perceived Risk of HIV Among Injection Drug Users in Tijuana Baja California Mexico written by Richard F. Armenta and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objective: The prevalence of injection drug use in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico is one of the highest in Mexico. The objective of this study was to identify correlates of perceived HIV risk among injection drugs users (IDUs) in Tijuana. Methods: IDUs[greater than or equal to] 18 years of age who had injected drugs in the past six months were recruited using respondent driven sampling (RDS) from 2006-2007 and underwent interviews and testing for HIV, syphilis and tuberculosis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression with RDS adjustment was used to determine correlates of perceived HIV risk. Results: Of 1015 IDUs, 54.6% perceived themselves to be more likely to become HIV-infected relative to other IDUs in Tijuana, whereas 45.4% perceived themselves to be as likely or less likely to become HIV-infected. Factors independently associated with high perceived risk of HIV infection included: having health insurance (OR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.83, 7.17), being homeless (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.26,4.76), ever being deported from the US (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.49, 3.82), using a syringe to divide drugs at least half the time (OR = 6.30, 95% CI: 2.12, 18.66), never or only sometimes using a new/sterile syringe to inject drugs (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.81), injecting drugs [greater than or equal to] 4 days a week (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.80), not having sex in the past six months (OR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.91, 6.09), never having had a prior HIV test (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.60, 4.10), receiving something in exchange for sex in the past six months (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.96), and ever having had sex with an HIV-positive person (OR = 8.59, 95% CI: 3.13, 23.55). Conclusions: Findings suggest that the majority of IDUs in Tijuana recognize that they are at risk of HIV infection, and this recognition is associated with both high-risk behaviors and markers of vulnerability such as homelessness and deportation from the United States. The findings support efforts to encourage those who recognize their risk to adopt healthier behaviors. Such efforts should include the promotion of HIV testing and access to health care for this highly vulnerable population, coupled with free access to sterile syringes and drug abuse treatment which have been shown to reduce the risk of blood-borne infections.
Download or read book Perception of HIV Risk and Correlates of Travel and Drug Use in Mexico written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Injection drug users (IDUs) are a difficult population study due to the unique social and environmental factors that affect their risk of disease infection and health outcomes. Studies have shown that injection drug users are highly mobile, which is a behavior that could put them at an increased risk for transmission of blood-borne infections and in particular, HIV. However, there is a disparity between the actual risk of transmission and the perceived risk indicating that although IDUs may be more susceptible to being infected with HIV, they may not perceive that they are more susceptible to infection. To date, there are no studies that specifically examine the effects of travel to and injection of illicit drugs in Mexico to perception of risk in the San Diego-Tijuana border region. Furthermore, studies that have been done on risk perception and mobility in other locations are not readily applicable to this population. This investigation attempts to analyze how the risk factors, travel to and injection of illicit drugs in Mexico, affect one's perceived susceptibility to HIV. This health outcome was selected on the basis of the Health Belief Model, which suggests that those who perceive a risk to a disease or condition will be more likely to change risky behaviors, thereby preventing their infection and transmission of that disease. Data from this analysis was gathered from the Study to Assess Hepatitis C Risk (STAHR), which was conducted from March 2009 to June 2010 under the Division of Global Public Health at the University of California, San Diego. Five hundred and sixty-six injection drug users aged 18-40 years old were recruited to participate in this study which also examined socio-demographic variables, injection and sexual factors that could influence behavior. Findings from this study suggest that travel and injection of illicit drugs in Mexico does not result in an increased perception of HIV risk however further studies should be performed on this topic that also incorporate social and environmental factors.
Download or read book Behavioral and Contextual Factors Shaping HIV Risk Environments Among People who Inject Drugs in Tijuana Mexico written by Jennifer Payaal Jain and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico is 22 times higher than that among the general population. Among PWID, HIV transmission is shaped by factors in the physical, social, economic and policy risk environments. This dissertation explored factors associated with incident HIV infections sex differences in HIV-related risk factors and their potential underlying mechanisms among PWID in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods: Data were drawn from a prospective cohort study of PWID in Tijuana, (N=651) chapters 2 and 3, and (N=734) chapter 4. Chapter 2 assesses sex work as a mediator in the association between female sex and elevated HIV incidence using modern mediational analyses. Chapter 3 identifies factors associated with time to HIV seroconversion using Cox regression and assesses the robustness of these associations using novel sensitivity analyses. Chapter 4 explores sex differences in the environmental and psychological correlates of injection risk, using generalized linear regression. Results: Chapter 2 demonstrates that HIV incidence is significantly higher among female PWID (1.75 per 100 person years [PY], 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2- 2.7, vs. 0.95 per 100 PY, 95% CI=0.6-1.4), and that sex work mediates the association between female sex and HIV incidence (proportion mediated=86.0%, p=0.01). Chapter 3 highlights sex work (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=2.20, 95% CI=1.03-4.68); methamphetamine injection (aHR=2.13, 95% CI=1.04-4.35); and methamphetamine and heroin co-injection (aHR=2.09, 95% CI=1.13-3.85) as drivers of HIV seroconversion, and shows that these associations are relatively robust to unmeasured confounding. In chapter 4 among both sexes, using syringes from a safe source, and safe injection self-efficacy were associated with lower injection risk (b=0.87, 95% CI=0.82-0.94, and b=0.80, 95% CI=0.76-0.84, respectively). Among females, incarceration (b=1.22, 95% CI=1.09-1.36) and syringe confiscation (b=1.16, 95% CI=1.01-1.33) were associated with elevated injection risk, whereas, among males sex work (b=1.16, 95% CI=1.04-1.30), and polysubstance use (b=1.22, 95% CI=1.13-1.31) were associated with elevated injection risk. Conclusions: Interventions should be sex-specific, incorporate sexual risk reduction, consider drug use behaviors, and address environmental influences of HIV risk among PWID in Tijuana.
Download or read book Polydrug Use and Risk of HIV and Overdose Among People who Inject Drugs in San Diego California and Tijuana Baja California Mexico written by Meredith Meacham and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Patterns of polydrug use among people who inject drugs (PWID) may be differentially associated with overdose as well as with unique risk factors for HIV transmission. Objective: Examine patterns of polydrug use among PWID in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, and San Diego, California and the relationship of these patterns to HIV risk behavior and overdose. Methods: These analyses use data from two prospective cohort studies of PWID in San Diego (N=576) (Chapter 2) and Tijuana (N=735) (Chapters 2-4). Chapter 2 assesses prevalence and correlates of methamphetamine and heroin co-injection in a binational sample of PWID from both San Diego and Tijuana using logistic regression. Chapter 3 applies latent class analysis to identify classes of polydrug use and multinomial logistic regression to determine associations with HIV risk behaviors and overdose among PWID in Tijuana. Chapter 4 applies latent transition analysis to describe dynamic statuses of polydrug use at baseline and 6 month follow up, determine probabilities of transitioning between statuses, and examine whether these probabilities are modified by self-report needed for help for drug use. Results: Chapter 2 findings show that prevalence of heroin and methamphetamine co-injection in the past 6 months was 39.9% overall, was higher in Tijuana (55.8%) than in San Diego (19.8%), and was significantly associated with HIV injection risk behavior in both locations and associated with overdose only in San Diego. Chapter 3 findings show that PWID in Tijuana exhibited 5 distinct patterns of substance use behaviors. Compared to primarily heroin injectors, polydrug and polyroute class membership was associated with HIV injection and sexual risk behaviors. Chapter 4 findings showed that over a third (39.1%) of PWID in Tijuana transitioned to a different subgroup of heroin and methamphetamine polydrug use over 6 months. Those who reported greater need for help for drug use were more likely to transition to subgroups characterized by greater polydrug and polyroute use 6 months later. Conclusions: Findings highlight the heterogeneity in substance use patterns among PWID in Tijuana and San Diego and demonstrate that polydrug and polyroute users are a high-risk subgroup who may require more tailored prevention and treatment interventions.
Download or read book Preventing HIV Transmission written by National Research Council and Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-09-14 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses the interface of two major national problems: the epidemic of HIV-AIDS and the widespread use of illegal injection drugs. Should communities have the option of giving drug users sterile needles or bleach for cleaning needs in order to reduce the spread of HIV? Does needle distribution worsen the drug problem, as opponents of such programs argue? Do they reduce the spread of other serious diseases, such as hepatitis? Do they result in more used needles being carelessly discarded in the community? The panel takes a critical look at the available data on needle exchange and bleach distribution programs, reaches conclusions about their efficacy, and offers concrete recommendations for public policy to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. The book includes current knowledge about the epidemiologies of HIV/AIDS and injection drug use; characteristics of needle exchange and bleach distribution programs and views on those programs from diverse community groups; and a discussion of laws designed to control possession of needles, their impact on needle sharing among injection drug users, and their implications for needle exchange programs.
Download or read book Problems of Drug Dependence written by College on Problems of Drug Dependence (U.S.). Scientific Meeting and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring.
Download or read book The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europe's "Black Death" contributed to the rise of nation states, mercantile economies, and even the Reformation. Will the AIDS epidemic have similar dramatic effects on the social and political landscape of the twenty-first century? This readable volume looks at the impact of AIDS since its emergence and suggests its effects in the next decade, when a million or more Americans will likely die of the disease. The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States addresses some of the most sensitive and controversial issues in the public debate over AIDS. This landmark book explores how AIDS has affected fundamental policies and practices in our major institutions, examining: How America's major religious organizations have dealt with sometimes conflicting values: the imperative of care for the sick versus traditional views of homosexuality and drug use. Hotly debated public health measures, such as HIV antibody testing and screening, tracing of sexual contacts, and quarantine. The potential risk of HIV infection to and from health care workers. How AIDS activists have brought about major change in the way new drugs are brought to the marketplace. The impact of AIDS on community-based organizations, from volunteers caring for individuals to the highly political ACT-UP organization. Coping with HIV infection in prisons. Two case studies shed light on HIV and the family relationship. One reports on some efforts to gain legal recognition for nonmarital relationships, and the other examines foster care programs for newborns with the HIV virus. A case study of New York City details how selected institutions interact to give what may be a picture of AIDS in the future. This clear and comprehensive presentation will be of interest to anyone concerned about AIDS and its impact on the country: health professionals, sociologists, psychologists, advocates for at-risk populations, and interested individuals.
Download or read book AIDS Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-02-01 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The AIDS virus is spread by human behaviors enacted in a variety of social situations. In order to prevent further infection, we need to know more about these behaviors. This volume explores what is known about the number of people infected, risk-associated behaviors, facilitation of behavioral change, and barriers to more effective prevention efforts.
Download or read book Drugs of Abuse The International Scene written by Mangai Natarajan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization and attendant modernization has increased both the supply and the demand for drugs around the world. Drug abuse is no longer the concern of only the developed world. Countries without histories of drug use, particularly developing countries, are now reporting problems of abuse because they have become transit points for international drug trafficking. Because the problem is now worldwide, a global strategy is needed for identifying, analyzing and developing strategies to deal with drug abuse and the associated problems for health and safety. This volume reviews the international status of drug abuse. Specific topics covered include drug abuse in the developing world, emerging drugs and poly drug use; gateway drugs, cultural views of drug use and state of the art methodologies employed in research on drug abuse.
Download or read book Label Me Human written by Evelyn Kallen and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 1860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Police Reform in Mexico written by Daniel Sabet and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-02 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The urgent need to professionalize Mexican police has been recognized since the early 1990s, but despite even the most well-intentioned promises from elected officials and police chiefs, few gains have been made in improving police integrity. Why have reform efforts in Mexico been largely unsuccessful? This book seeks to answer the question by focusing on Mexico's municipal police, which make up the largest percentage of the country's police forces. Indeed, organized crime presents a major obstacle to institutional change, with criminal groups killing hundreds of local police in recent years. Nonetheless, Daniel Sabet argues that the problems of Mexican policing are really problems of governance. He finds that reform has suffered from a number of policy design and implementation challenges. More importantly, the informal rules of Mexican politics have prevented the continuity of reform efforts across administrations, allowed patronage appointments to persist, and undermined anti-corruption efforts. Although many advances have been made in Mexican policing, weak horizontal and vertical accountability mechanisms have failed to create sufficient incentives for institutional change. Citizens may represent the best hope for counterbalancing the toxic effects of organized crime and poor governance, but the ambivalent relationship between citizens and their police must be overcome to break the vicious cycle of corruption and ineffectiveness.
Download or read book A Changing Epidemic and the Rise of Opioid and Stimulant Co Use written by Justin Strickland and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-08-02 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers written by Deanna Kerrigan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A global economic analysis of HIV infection amongst sex workers, finding that evidence based and rights affirming interventions are not implemented to the level that their efficacy warrants, and that doing so at scale would be cost effective and deliver significant returns on investment.
Download or read book Problems of Drug Dependence 2007 written by College on Problems of Drug Dependence (U.S.). Scientific Meeting and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Hidden Epidemic written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-03-28 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has the dubious distinction of leading the industrialized world in overall rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with 12 million new cases annually. About 3 million teenagers contract an STD each year, and many will have long-term health problems as a result. Women and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to these diseases and their health consequences. In addition, STDs increase the risk of HIV transmission. The Hidden Epidemic examines the scope of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provides a critical assessment of the nation's response to this public health crisis. The book identifies the components of an effective national STD prevention and control strategy and provides direction for an appropriate response to the epidemic. Recommendations for improving public awareness and education, reaching women and adolescents, integrating public health programs, training health care professionals, modifying messages from the mass media, and supporting future research are included. The book documents the epidemiological dimensions and the economic and social costs of STDs, describing them as "a secret epidemic" with tremendous consequences. The committee frankly discusses the confusing and often hypocritical nature of how Americans deal with issues regarding sexualityâ€"the conflicting messages conveyed in the mass media, the reluctance to promote condom use, the controversy over sex education for teenagers, and the issue of personal blame. The Hidden Epidemic identifies key elements of effective, culturally appropriate programs to promote healthy behavior by adolescents and adults. It examines the problem of fragmentation in STD services and provides examples of communities that have formed partnerships between stakeholders to develop integrated approaches. The committee's recommendations provide a practical foundation on which to build an integrated national program to help young people and adults develop habits of healthy sexuality. The Hidden Epidemic was written for both health care professionals and people without a medical background and will be indispensable to anyone concerned about preventing and controlling STDs.
