Download or read book Coral Records of Radiocarbon Variability in the Central Tropical Pacific During the Last Millennium written by Laura Katharine Zaunbrecher and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Coral Records of Central Tropical Pacific Sea surface Temperature and Salinity Variability Over the 20th Century written by Intan Suci Nurhati and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate forecasts of future regional temperature and rainfall patterns in many regions largely depend on characterizing anthropogenic trends in tropical Pacific climate. However, strong interannual to decadal-scale tropical Pacific climate variability, combined with sparse spatial and temporal coverage of instrumental climate datasets in this region, have obscured potential anthropogenic climate signals in the tropical Pacific. In this dissertation, I present sea-surface temperature (SST) and salinity proxy records that span over the 20th century using living corals from several islands in the central tropical Pacific. I reconstruct the SST proxy records via coral Sr/Ca, that are combined with coral oxygen isotopic (d18O) records to quantify changes in seawater d18O (hereafter d18Osw) as a proxy for salinity. Chapter 2 investigates the spatial and temporal character of SST and d18Osw-based salinity trends in the central tropical Pacific from 1972-1998, as revealed by corals from Palmyra (6°N, 162°W), Fanning (4°N, 159°W) and Christmas (2°N, 157°W) Islands. The late 20th century SST proxy records exhibit warming trends that are larger towards the equator, in line with a weakening of equatorial Pacific upwelling over this period. Freshening trends revealed by the salinity proxy records are larger at those sites most affected by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), suggesting a strengthening and/or an equatorward shift of the ITCZ. Taken together, the late 20th century SST and salinity proxy records document warming and freshening trends that are consistent with a trend towards a weakened tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient under continued anthropogenic forcing. Chapter 3 characterizes the signatures of natural and anthropogenic variability in central tropical Pacific SST and d18Osw-based salinity over the course of 20th century using century-long coral proxy records from Palmyra. On interannual timescales, the SST proxy record from Palmyra tracks El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The salinity proxy record tracks eastern Pacific-centered ENSO events but is poorly correlated to central Pacific-centered ENSO events - the result of profound differences in precipitation and ocean advection that occur during the two types of ENSO. On decadal timescales, the coral SST proxy record is significantly correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), suggesting that strong dynamical links exist between the central tropical Pacific and the North Pacific. The salinity proxy record is significantly correlated to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), but poorly correlated to the NPGO, suggesting that, as was the case with ENSO, these two modes of Pacific decadal climate variability have unique impacts on equatorial precipitation and ocean advection. However, the most striking feature of the salinity proxy record is a prominent late 20th century freshening trend that is likely related to anthropogenic climate change. Taken together, the coral data provide key constraints on tropical Pacific climate trends, and when used in combination with model simulations of 21st century climate, can be used to improve projections of regional climate in areas affected by tropical Pacific climate variability.
Download or read book Issues in Global Environment Freshwater and Marine Environments 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Global Environment—Freshwater and Marine Environments: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Freshwater Research. The editors have built Issues in Global Environment—Freshwater and Marine Environments: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Freshwater Research in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Global Environment—Freshwater and Marine Environments: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book A Quasi Continuous Reconstruction of Central Tropical Pacific Climate Variability Throughout the Mid to Late Holocene Inferred from Line Island Fossil Corals written by Niko Westphal and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Coral Records of Ocean atmosphere Variability written by R. B. Dunbar and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book El Ni o Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate written by Michael J. McPhaden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive and up-to-date information on Earth’s most dominant year-to-year climate variation The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean has major worldwide social and economic consequences through its global scale effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulation, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and other natural systems. Ongoing climate change is projected to significantly alter ENSO's dynamics and impacts. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate presents the latest theories, models, and observations, and explores the challenges of forecasting ENSO as the climate continues to change. Volume highlights include: Historical background on ENSO and its societal consequences Review of key El Niño (ENSO warm phase) and La Niña (ENSO cold phase) characteristics Mathematical description of the underlying physical processes that generate ENSO variations Conceptual framework for understanding ENSO changes on decadal and longer time scales, including the response to greenhouse gas forcing ENSO impacts on extreme ocean, weather, and climate events, including tropical cyclones, and how ENSO affects fisheries and the global carbon cycle Advances in modeling, paleo-reconstructions, and operational climate forecasting Future projections of ENSO and its impacts Factors influencing ENSO events, such as inter-basin climate interactions and volcanic eruptions The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the editors.
Download or read book Global Climate Change and Response of Carbon Cycle in the Equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans and Adjacent Landmasses written by Hodaka Kawahata and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-12-08 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To understand the global warming mechanism, global mapping of primary production was carried out under the GCMAPS program. The program was concerned with marine and terrestrial environmental changes, which affect carbon cycle on the regional and global scales. On the regional scale, warm phase of ENSO (El Niño / Southern Oscillation) has been shown to affect economic activities in many countries. The keyword for understanding mechanism of global warming is 'primary productivity'. The earth observation satellites (EOS) like the ADEOS of Japan, and the SeaWiFS, Sea Star and Terra of the U.S.A. provided much required data for modeling and verification of primary production estimates on both land and ocean.The knowledge gained during the GCMAPS program has been documented in this book. Interpretation of the data suggests that global warming, which causes temperature and sea level rise, and changes in climate and ecosystems, is likely to have the largest influence on mankind. The first half of this book discuss changes in marine environments. Physical and chemical oceanographic properties of the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans are presented. Changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide, flux and composition of settling particles and biological communities in the surface ocean have also been discussed. In addition to this, over hundred years of environmental records based upon coral skeletons are presented. Estimations of primary production and its utilization in validating satellite imagery data were conducted in the western North Pacific. Primary productivity estimates based upon the validated satellite imagery are presented on the global scale. Climate change modeling of primary production in global oceans is also presented.The latter half of this book deals with changes in terrestrial environments. Primary productivity estimates for different types of ecosystems (e.g., forest, grassland) are presented together with soil carbon dynamics. Also, biomass and productivity estimation and environmental monitoring based upon remote sensing techniques are presented with a model analysis of the relationship between climate perturbations and carbon budget anomalies in global terrestrial ecosystems. This book elucidates integrated aspects of the global carbon cycle involving marine and terrestrial environments. - Discusses a current understanding of the biogeochemical processes on land and ocean - Provides global mapping of primary production based on satellite imagery data and modelling - Presents the latest interpretations of relationships between carbon cycle and climatic change
Download or read book Marine Science Frontiers for Europe written by Gerold Wefer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europe is a continent with a high coast-to-surface ratio, and European seas encompass a broad range of settings and regimes. The sustainable development of living and non-living marine resources, the protection of the marine environment and the provision of marine-based services are critical to economic prosperity and to the quality of life of European citizens. Addressing these concerns, marine-science researchers conducted a workshop reviewing major topics of European marine research. This publication contains overview and thematic background papers, as well as reports and recommendations for future research covering topics such as ocean-climate coupling, biogeochemistry, coastal and shelf processes, and ecosystem functioning/biodiversity.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs written by David Hopley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-26 with total page 1226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reefs are the largest landforms built by plants and animals. Their study therefore incorporates a wide range of disciplines. This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs. Currently coral reefs are under high stress, most prominently from climate change with changes to water temperature, sea level and ocean acidification particularly damaging. Modern reefs have evolved through the massive environmental changes of the Quaternary with long periods of exposure during glacially lowered sea level periods and short periods of interglacial growth. The entries in this encyclopedia condense the large amount of work carried out since Charles Darwin first attempted to understand reef evolution. Leading authorities from many countries have contributed to the entries covering areas of geology, geography and ecology, providing comprehensive access to the most up-to-date research on the structure, form and processes operating on Quaternary coral reefs.
Download or read book Natural Climate Variability on Decade to Century Time Scales written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-08-30 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of relevant subjects, including the characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean environments as well as the methods used to describe and analyze them, such as proxy data and numerical models. They clearly demonstrate the range, persistence, and magnitude of climate variability as represented by many different indicators. Not only do natural climate variations have important socioeconomic effects, but they must be better understood before possible anthropogenic effects (from greenhouse gas emissions, for instance) can be evaluated. A topical essay introduces each of the disciplines represented, providing the nonscientist with a perspective on the field and linking the papers to the larger issues in climate research. In its conclusions section, the book evaluates progress in the different areas and makes recommendations for the direction and conduct of future climate research. This book, while consisting of technical papers, is also accessible to the interested layperson.
Download or read book Multiple Modes of Tropical Pacific Climate Variability Recorded in the delta 18O of Corals from the Gilbert Islands Kiribati West Central Pacific written by Frank E. Urban and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Modeling Data Assimilation and Predictability written by Eugenia Kalnay and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, first published in 2002, is a graduate-level text on numerical weather prediction, including atmospheric modeling, data assimilation and predictability.
Download or read book Corals and Coral Reefs of the Gal pagos Islands written by Peter W. Glynn and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1983-01-01 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 00 This scientifically thorough,lucidly written work explores the nature, development, and extent of the archipelago's reef-building corals. Also included is an annotated list of the Scleractianian Corals by John W. Wells This scientifically thorough,lucidly written work explores the nature, development, and extent of the archipelago's reef-building corals. Also included is an annotated list of the Scleractianian Corals by John W. Wells
Download or read book Coral delta 18 O Records from Palau and Eastern Island written by Michael Cleveland Osborne and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral-based proxy records are one of the most powerful tools for extending our understanding of interannual to centennial modes associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. Such records are also crucial for constraining forecasts under various greenhouse gas emission scenarios. In this dissertation I present an examination of records obtained from two study sites: The Republic of Palau (7.5°N 134.5°E) and Easter Island (27°S 109°W). This dissertation is organized into five chapters and an appendix. Chapter 1 is an introduction to paleoclimate, ENSO, and coral-based proxy records. In Chapter 2, I present the analysis of four records from Palau that were sampled from diverse localities within this study region. We take advantage of the multiple instrumental products and previously published results in our evaluation of the Palau coral [delta] 18O ([delta] 18OCRL) signal. Our primary conclusion in Chapter 2 is that Palau [delta] 18OCRL is well suited to capture ENSO, regardless of the coral environmental setting. We also show that Palau [delta] 18OCRL is primarily related to salinity, with temperature exerting a secondary influence. In Chapter 3 we apply our [delta] 18OCRL calibration results from Palau to the pre-instrumental period. Our records exhibit excellent reproducibility over the 20th century, and show strong coherence with other tropical Pacific [delta] 18OCRL records. We identify a 23/24 year cycle which is robust throughout the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) following the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA). The Palau records show a long-term trend indicative of warming and/or freshening. Chapter 4 presents the results of three previously unpublished [delta] 18OCRL records from Easter Island, which resides in a region that is particularly devoid of high-resolution paleoclimate observations. All of the Easter Island corals display complex growth morphology. As a result, we deploy a range of techniques to develop age models. Our chief conclusion is that the Easter Island [delta] 18OCRL records closely follow hemispheric and global scale temperature trends over the 20th century. We also observe unique seasonal trends, which are likely attributable biases in seasonal carbonate precipitation and our age model schemes. Our analyses of the Easter Island [delta] 18OCRL records support the assertion that decadal variability across the Pacific basin originates in the tropics. All of the [delta] 18OCRL records presented in this dissertation represent significant contributions our understanding of Pan-Pacific climate variability over the past two centuries.
Download or read book Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific written by Peter W. Glynn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book documents and examines the state of health of coral reefs in the eastern tropical Pacific region. It touches on the occurrence of coral reefs in the waters of surrounding countries, and it explores their biogeography, biodiversity and condition relative to the El Niño southern oscillation and human impacts. Additionally contained within is a field that presents information on many of the species presented in the preceding chapters.
Download or read book Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2 000 Years written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-05 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for Earth during approximately the last 2,000 years and the implications of these efforts for our understanding of global climate change. Because widespread, reliable temperature records are available only for the last 150 years, scientists estimate temperatures in the more distant past by analyzing "proxy evidence," which includes tree rings, corals, ocean and lake sediments, cave deposits, ice cores, boreholes, and glaciers. Starting in the late 1990s, scientists began using sophisticated methods to combine proxy evidence from many different locations in an effort to estimate surface temperature changes during the last few hundred to few thousand years. This book is an important resource in helping to understand the intricacies of global climate change.
Download or read book Holocene Climate Variability written by E. Jansen and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 2004 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an update of results on the record of past ocean variability since the end of the ice age. This work gives an overview of many aspects of natural climate variability and give both scholars and students a means of keeping up to date on recent developments in the field.
