Download or read book Continuous Culture as a Method for Studying Rumen Fermentation written by Daryl Griffin Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Theoretical and Methodological Basis of Continuous Culture of Microorganisms written by Ivan Málek and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical and Methodological Basis of Continuous Culture of Microorganisms deals with the continuous cultivation of microorganisms. The book contains six chapters and opens with a discussion of the origins, principles, and development of continuous cultivation methods. This is followed by separate chapters on continuous systems (open, closed, semi-continuous systems), theoretical analysis of continuous culture systems, techniques of continuous laboratory cultivations, experimental applications of continuous cultivation, and industrial continuous fermentations.
Download or read book Effect of Various Forms of Fat on Rumen Fermentation in Continuous Culture at Varying PH written by Paul Merril Webster and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Application of Molecular Techniques to Assess Changes in Ruminal Microbial Populations and Protozoal Generation Time in Cows and Continuous Culture written by Sanjay Kumar Reddy Karnati and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Manipulation of the fermentation of the feeds by the microorganisms in the fore stomach of cattle (rumen) offers a potential approach to minimize waste excretion. However, the conventional evaluation of digestibility of feeds does not describe the microbial mechanisms involved in ruminal digestion. Examining microbial diversity using culture-independent techniques allows greater understanding of the function of complex microbial ecosystems such as the rumen. For the first set of experiments, ruminal and omasal samples were obtained from cows supplemented with different sources of methionine (Met). The objectives in this set of experiments were to study how Met supplementation affected microbial populations in the rumen and if omasal sampling provided a representative sample of ruminal bacteria. Neither the protozoal counts nor the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) banding patterns derived from protozoa were different among the dietary treatments or for ruminal vs. omasal samples. As revealed by DGGE, bacterial populations clustered by treatments in ruminal and in omasal samples. The next experiments were performed in dual flow continuous culture fermenters to study the interaction between ruminal protozoa, methanogens and eubacteria in a controlled environment. We used microbial inhibitors to selectively suppress different functional groups of microbes in the presence or absence of protozoa. The fermenters were fed either no additive, 5% animal-vegetable, monensin, or bromoethanesulfonate (BES, 250 uM). For the defaunated sub-period, total N flow and digestibilities of NDF and OM were significantly higher and ammonia concentration was lower. Protozoal counts were not different between treatments. Defaunation did not affect total VFA production but decreased the acetate: propionate ratio. Biohydrogenation was impaired in the defaunated fermenters but the flow of cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was unaffected by defaunation or by treatments other than added fat. Defaunation and BES changed methanogen populations despite not decreasing methane production. Monensin did not affect methanogen populations but tended to decrease methane. Defaunation changed eubacterial populations, but the effect of treatments were harder to ascertain. In conclusion, the culture-independent methods allowed us assess the changes in microbial populations in the rumen and in continuous culture. Our modified continuous culture system allowed us assess the changes in microbial populations in the rumen and in continuous culture. Our modified continuous culture system retained a diverse protozoal population, allowing us to study the interaction between ruminal protozoa, methanogens and eubacteria in a controlled environment.
Download or read book Engineering Rumen Metabolic Pathways Where We Are and Where Are We Heading written by Emilio M. Ungerfeld and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-03-13 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants were domesticated in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago and have since become an inseparable part of human diet, society, and culture. Ruminants can transform inedible plant fiber and non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk, wool and traction, thus allowing human utilization of non-tillable land and industrial by-products. The nutritional flexibility of ruminants is conferred by the rumen´s complex microbial community. Driven by rising income and population growth in emergent economies, the global demand for livestock products, including milk and meat from ruminants, has been increasingly growing, and is predicted to continue growing in the next few decades. The increase in production necessary to satisfy this rising demand is putting much pressure on already dwindling natural resources. There are also concerns about the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, potent greenhouse gases associated to ruminant production. The need to make ruminant production more efficient in the use of natural resources poses a big challenge to ruminant science, and within it, rumen microbiology. Recent years have seen important advances in basic and applied rumen microbiology and biochemistry. The knowledge generated has significant implications for the efficiency and sustainability of ruminant production and the quality of ruminant products for human health. The present compilation is an update of recent advances in rumen microbiology and ruminant digestion and fermentation, including original research, reviews, and hypothesis and theory articles. We hope that the experimental results, discussion, models and ideas presented herein are useful to foster future research contributing to sustainable ruminant production.
Download or read book Development of Methods for Maintaining the Rumen Microbial Population in Continuous Culture written by William Henry Rufener and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Methods in Gut Microbial Ecology for Ruminants written by Harinder P.S. Makkar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-02-23 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asaresultofvarioushumanactivities,suchasincreaseinhumanpopulation,decrease in arable land due to soil degradation, urbanization, industrialization and associated increase in the demand for livestock products, dramatic changes are occurring in the global ruminant livestock sector. These changes includeshift inthesize of regional livestock populations and in the types of management and feeding systems under which ruminant livestock are held, and increased demand of a wider range of quality attributes from animal agriculture, not just of the products themselves but also of the methods used in their production. The livestock sector will need to respond to newchallengesofincreasinglivestockproductivitywhileprotectingenvironmentand human health and conservingbiodiversity and natural resources. The micro-organisms in the digestive tracts of ruminant livestock have a profound in?uence on the conversion offeedinto end products, which can impact on the- imal and theenvironment. As the livestock sector grows particularly in developing countries, there will be an increasing need to understand these processes for b- ter management and use ofbothfeed and other natural resources that underpinthe development of sustainable feeding systems.
Download or read book The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem written by P.N. Hobson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 741 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Preface to the first edition of this book explained the reasons for the publication of a comprehensive text on the rumen and rumen microbes in 1988. The microbes of the ruminant's forestomach and those in related organs in other animals and birds provide the means by which herbivorous animals can digest and obtain nutriment from vegetation. In turn, humans have relied, and still do rely, on herbivores for much of their food, clothing and motive power. Herbivores also form the food of carnivorous animals and birds in the wild. The importance of the rumen microorganisms is thus apparent. But, while a knowledge of rumen organisms is not strictly neces sary for the normal, practical feeding of farm animals, in recent years there has been much more emphasis on increasing the productivity of domesti cated animals and in rearing farm animals on unusual feedstuffs. Here, a knowledge of the reactions of the rumen flora, and the limits to these reactions, can be invaluable. In addition, anaerobic rumen-type microor ganisms are found in the intestines of omnivores, including humans, and can be implicated in diseases of humans and animals. They are also found in soils and natural waters, where they playa part in causing pollution and also in reducing it, while the same organisms confined in artificial systems are essential for the purification of sewage and other polluting and toxic wastes.
Download or read book A Method for the Study of Microbial Ecosystems Development and Evaluation written by James William Fester and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Rumen Protozoa written by Alan G. Williams and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All ruminants are dependent on the microorganisms that live in their forestomach - the rumen - to break down ingested feed constituents into a form that the host animal can utilize. Protozoa are part of this complex ruminal population and are essential for the nutritional well-being and productivity of the host ruminant. Over 30 different genera (nearly 300 species) of protozoa from the rumen ecosystem have been described since their initial discovery nearly 150 years ago. This book brings together, for the first time, the available information on these protozoa. It comprehensively describes the characteristic anatomical features of value for their identification and includes detailed sections on techniques and methodologies for the isolation and cultivation of these fastidious, oxygen-sensitive microorganisms. Their occurrence, biochemistry, physiology, and role in the ruminal ecosystem are fully reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to potential improvement of the nutrition and productivity of the host ruminant through manipulation of the protozoal population and its activities.
Download or read book Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa written by B.A. Dehority and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only rumen protozoa lab guide featuring line drawings created by a leading scientist in the field Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa is a unique lab guide for learning how to count and identify rumen protozoa. In this guide, Professor Dehority has created line drawings of rumen protozoa that emphasize morphological features and size measurements. The book also provides keys for identifying genera and species, and it contains classifications and descriptions of the different orders and families of rumen ciliate protozoa. Procedures for counting rumen protozoa and identifying individual species are included as well. Laboratory Manual for Classification and Morphology of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa will be an excellent identification guide for protozoologists, microbiologists, dairy scientists, and any researcher or student working with rumen protozoa.
Download or read book Gastrointestinal Microbiology written by Arthur C. Ouwehand and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-06-05 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference supplies a comprehensive and current overview of every aspect of gastrointestinal microbiota. Expertly written chapters cover conventional and molecular techniques for the study of differing microbial populations, as well as the analysis of microbial activity and interaction with host bodies. Illustrative and up-to-date, this source
Download or read book The Effects of Dietary Yeast Extracts on Rumen Microbiota and Fermentation in a Dual Flow Continuous Culture Fermentation System written by Lauren M. Baker and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary yeast supplements are a popular feed additive in ruminant diets as its inclusion can favorably alter the rumen microbiota and fermentation, and subsequently improve animal health and production. Yeast are a rich source of amino acids, peptides, organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Inclusion of nutrient-rich yeast and yeast extracts in the diet promote the growth of select groups of rumen microbiota, subsequently improving digestibility, volatile fatty acids, and pH profile. However, the large variability within yeast types and composition has created inconsistent results on these parameters, and further investigation into yeast product variability is crucial for understanding its use in ruminant diets.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate six novel yeast extract treatments, different by origin and processing, and their influence on the abundance and diversity of rumen bacteria, protozoa numbers, digestibility, pH, and methane production. The study utilized a 6 x 6 Latin square design using dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (n = 6), including six 10-d periods consisting of 7-d of adaptation followed by 3-d of sample collection. Dietary yeast extract treatments were included at 4% on a dry matter (DM) basis of the total diet, where treatments and basal diets were combined and added to the fermenters twice daily in equal proportions (109 g DM total per fermenter/d). Treatments included 1) a Brewer's yeast extract with crude protein (CP) > 60% and a high degree of protein hydrolysis (BrE), 2) a blend of Brewer's yeast extract and Baker's peptone with CP > 65% and a mixture of high and low levels of protein hydrolysis and nucleotides (BrEPN), 3) a blend of Baker's yeast extract with CP > 50% and a mixture of high and medium levels of protein hydrolysis and nucleotides (BENH), 4) a blend of Baker's yeast peptone and yeast extract with CP > 65% and a mixture of high and low levels of protein hydrolysis and nucleotides (BEPN), 5) a blend of Baker's yeast peptone, Brewer's yeast autolysate, and Baker's yeast extract with CP > 50% and medium protein hydrolysis (BEPBrA), and 6) a blend of Baker's yeast extracts with CP > 60% and a mixture of medium and low levels of protein hydrolysis and nucleotides (BENL). Fermenter pH was recorded every minute using indwelling pH sensors, methane concentration was determined in triplicate twice daily at the time of feeding via a real-time gas analyzer system, and protozoa and bacteria samples were enumerated via microscopic and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Bacterial DNA was extracted from harvested bacterial pellets for high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to determine bacterial abundance and diversity. Effluent samples were dried to determine DM disappearance and apparent digestibilities. Fermenter pH, methane, apparent digestibilities, and protozoa and bacteria enumerations were statistically analyzed via the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Fermenter pH, protozoa and bacteria counts, methane concentration, apparent digestibility, and bacterial abundance and diversity were not different across treatments. Yeast extract treatments provided at an inclusion rate of 4% on a DM basis, resulted in no differences on rumen microbiota and fermentation across treatments. Further examination of these yeast extract treatments in a dose-response study to determine efficacy as well as an in vivo study to determine their impact on animal health and production parameters could provide greater insight into the differences of yeast extract origin and processing in the rumen.
Download or read book An Introduction to Rumen Studies written by J. W. Czerkawski and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1986 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Various Fat and Protein Sources on Microbial Fermentation in Continuous Culture of Rumen Contents written by Grant Ira Crawford and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants written by Y. Ruckebusch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two questions could not be avoided in the avant-propos of this book; (i) what is the importance to man of ruminant livestock, and (ii) what results of practical relevance in the growing mountain of scientific verbiage could be found in the Proceedings of this Symposium. Herbivores are an integral and critical part of the natural ecosystem which must be preserved because of their impact on human welfare. Wh at makes ruminants especially important to man is that they can thrive on fibrous forage and are thus the only viable enterprise over much of the earth's surface where crop growing is impracti cable. They contribute a wide array of products in addition to 50000 000 tonnes ofmeat (1977) and represent a 'capital reserve' that can be drawn upon in times of emergency: milk for example (450000000 tonnes) can make the difference between subsistence and starvation. About 60% of the world's meat and 80 % of the milk are produced by one third of the world ruminant population in the developed regions and as much as 99 % of the power for agriculture is provided by the ruminant population in developing countries. For the next two decades, a probable increase by 30 % for . cattle and buffalo and more than 40 % for sheep and goats is expected by improving health, fertility, nutrition and genetic potential rather than feed resources.
Download or read book Journal of animal science written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
