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Book Consolidation in International Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Consolidation in International Commercial Arbitration written by Lara M. Pair and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This analysis includes material up to 28 June 2011"--Page vii.

Book Jurisdiction  Admissibility and Choice of Law in International Arbitration  Liber Amicorum Michael Pryles

Download or read book Jurisdiction Admissibility and Choice of Law in International Arbitration Liber Amicorum Michael Pryles written by Neil Kaplan and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2016-04-24 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The distinguished international lawyer Michael Pryles, who launched a meteoric career as an arbitrator after many years of teaching and writing on conflicts of law and other topics, has made a mark on arbitral law and practice that is recognized worldwide. In this book, over forty prominent arbitrators and arbitration scholars offer insightful essays on the thorny matters of jurisdiction, admissibility and choice of law in arbitration – topics which have long interested Professor Pryles and are of wide interest. Among the specific issues and topics examined are the following: • res judicata; • investment arbitration; • free trade agreements; • party autonomy; • application of provisional measures; • issue estoppel; • evidentiary inferences; • interim measures; • emergency and default proceedings; • the intersection of financing and jurisdiction; • consolidation of cases; and • non-contractual claims. Remarkable for its roster of highly distinguished contributors, this book is the only in-depth treatment of its subject. By turns thought-provoking and practical, it is bound to appeal to and be put to use by arbitrators and other lawyers who handle international cases. It will also prove of great value to global law firms and companies doing transnational business.

Book Shareholders  Claims for Reflective Loss in International Investment Law

Download or read book Shareholders Claims for Reflective Loss in International Investment Law written by Lukas Vanhonnaeker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, investor-state tribunals have often permitted shareholders' claims for reflective loss despite the well-established principle of no reflective loss applied consistently in domestic regimes and in other fields of international law. Investment tribunals have justified their decisions by relying on definitions of 'investment' in investment agreements that often include 'shares', while the no-reflective-loss principle is generally justified on the basis of policy considerations pertaining to the preservation of the efficiency of the adjudicatory process and to the protection of other stakeholders, such as creditors. Although these policy considerations militating for the prohibition of shareholders' claims for reflective loss also apply in investor-state arbitration, they are curable in that context and must be balanced with policy considerations specific to the field of international investment law that weigh in favor of such claims: the protection of foreign investors in order to promote trade and investment liberalization.

Book Arbitration in Egypt

    Book Details:
  • Author : Ibrahim Shehata
  • Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
  • Release : 2021-10-05
  • ISBN : 9403512644
  • Pages : 481 pages

Download or read book Arbitration in Egypt written by Ibrahim Shehata and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-10-05 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Egypt, and in particular the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (CRCICA), has clearly cemented its status as a preferred seat for arbitration cases in both the Middle East–North Africa (MENA) region and the African continent. To assist parties with a need or desire to arbitrate disputes arising in these regions – whether commercial or investment – this incomparable book, the first in-depth treatment in any language of arbitration practice under Egyptian law, provides a comprehensive overview of the arbitration process and all matters pertaining to it in Egypt, starting with the arbitration agreement and ending with the recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award. Citing more than 2,500 cases – both awards and arbitral-related court judgments – the book’s various chapters examine in detail how Egypt’s arbitration law, based on the UNCITRAL model law, encompasses such internationally accepted arbitral provisions and aspects as the following: application of the New York Convention; concept of arbitrability; choice of applicable law; formation of the arbitral tribunal; selection, rights, duties, liability, and challenge of arbitrators; arbitral procedures; evidence and experts and burden of proof; form and content of arbitral awards; annulment and enforcement procedures; interaction between Sharia law and arbitration; role of Egypt’s Technical Office for Arbitration (TOA); and judicial fees. Special issues such as third-party funding and public policy as well as particular areas of dispute such as construction, sports, real estate, labor and employment, tax, competition, intellectual property, and technology transfer are all covered. The author offers practical guidelines tailored to arbitration in these specific areas of law. An added feature is the many figures and other visuals that accompany the text. For whoever is planning to or is currently practicing arbitration in the Middle East, this matchless book gives arbitrators, in-house counsel and arbitration practitioners everything that is needed to answer any question likely to arise. This book should be on the shelf of every practitioner and academic wishing to comprehend arbitration in Egypt as construed by the Egyptian Courts. Review/Testimonial: “The book is an excellent contribution to understand and assess Egyptian international arbitration law and practice and invaluable guide for lawyers, arbitrators and academics working on arbitration cases connected to Egypt for three main reasons: First, a case law perspective that adds considerable value to the book. The author examines not only the text of laws but also the case law. On every issue, Mr Shehata quotes the positions of Egyptian courts, especially those of the Egyptian Cassation Court. With more than 2,500 cases cited, the book is a precious source to discover the Egyptian decisions originally only in Arabic. Through an analysis and commentary of a great number of decisions rendered by various levels of Egyptian courts, the book offers the most reliable source with regard to the interpretation and the application of the Law No. 27 of 1994 and the international conventions by Egyptian courts. Second, a complete and far-reaching analysis. The book covers all aspects of the arbitration process from the arbitration agreement to the enforcement of arbitral awards. It includes the specific arbitration sectors such as sport arbitration, construction arbitration and investment arbitration. This coverage makes the book one of the reference work on the whole regime of arbitration in Egypt. Third, an up-to-date study, which takes into account rule changes and up-to-date developments on new trends, such as third-party funding, optional clauses, virtual hearings, the use of tribunal secretaries and issues of ethics in arbitration.” Source / Reviewer: Professor Walid Ben Hamida, University of Paris-Saclay, France. ICC DISPUTE RESOLUTION BULLETIN 2021 | ISSUE 3 |

Book The International Arbitration Rulebook

Download or read book The International Arbitration Rulebook written by Arif Hyder Ali and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The numerous arbitral regimes around the world differ in subtle yet complex ways. These variations can have a profound effect on the procedural rights and obligations of the parties. Broadly speaking, the choice of regime will impact the way in which an arbitration is conducted; its duration and expense; the outcome of the dispute; and the ultimate enforceability of the award. To inform the parties’ choice, this book is the first to deal specifically and in depth with a broad range of institutional and ad hoc arbitration rules on a comparative basis. It provides a practical guide to the rules in one book—a one-stop shop—from a distinctly “rule” and “guide” point of view. This book has its genesis in the authors’ experience as practitioners and educators in international commercial and investor-state arbitration—and as advisers to, and trainers for, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, judges and government officials around the world. This comprehensive, descriptive and analytical “road map” covers the broad range of issues addressed in nine representative major sets of arbitration rules. The authors detail the distinct ways in which rules governing such important issues as the following may differ among the various arbitral regimes: the governance structure and role of the administering institutions in the arbitration, including case management and administrative support; the critical and recommended issues to be established in the agreement to arbitrate, such as the place of arbitration and the governing law among others; the requirements and best practices for starting the arbitration on the right foot; the procedures for selecting, appointing and challenging arbitrators; the impact of the initial procedural conference on the proceedings; the rules on presenting the case in chief: written submissions, documentary evidence, witness and expert testimony and more; the costs and fees of leading institutions; the procedures and standards for award scrutiny and enforceability; and a range of special and innovative procedures such as expedited proceedings, interim relief and consolidation of proceedings. The comparative analysis is organized around the chronological phases of an international arbitration and supported by rule comparison tables and clear explanations of each step of the process. With this eminently practical book, contract negotiators, counsel and arbitrators can confidently navigate any international arbitration. Thorough coverage of the applicable rules and guidelines enables parties and/or the tribunal to design bespoke arbitration procedures based upon the various rules of leading regimes. Arbitral institutions can survey the different approaches and identify emerging best practices in the design and drafting of arbitral regimes. All in all, this volume is a useful guide and comprehensive framework of rules for both arbitration practitioners and users of arbitration services, as well as for students and teachers of international arbitration.

Book International Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration written by Gary B. Born and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2014-10-01 with total page 5391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Gary Born's International Commercial Arbitration is an authoritative 4,408 page treatise, in three volumes, providing the most comprehensive commentary and analysis, on all aspects of the international commercial arbitration process, that is available. The first edition of International Commercial Arbitration is widely acknowledged as the preeminent commentary in the field. It was awarded the 2011 Certificate of Merit by the American Society of International Law and was voted the International Dispute Resolution Book of the Year by the Oil, Gas, Mining and Infrastructure Dispute Management list serve in 2010. The first edition has been extensively cited in national court decisions and arbitral awards around the world. The treatise comprehensively examines the law and practice of contemporary international commercial arbitration, thoroughly explicating all relevant international conventions, national arbitration statutes and institutional arbitration rules. It focuses on both international instruments (particularly the New York Convention) and national law provisions in all leading jurisdictions (including the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration). Practitioners, academics, clients, institutions and other users of international commercial arbitration will find clear and authoritative guidance in this work. The second edition of International Commercial Arbitration has been extensively revised, expanded and updated, to include all material legislative, judicial and arbitral authorities in the field of international arbitration prior to January 2014. It also includes expanded treatment of annulment, recognition of awards, counsel ethics, arbitrator independence and impartiality and applicable law. Overview of volumes: Volume I, covering International Arbitration Agreements,provides a comprehensive discussion of international commercial arbitration agreements. It includes chapters dealing with the legal framework for enforcing international arbitration agreements; the separability presumption; choice of law; formation and validity; nonarbitrability; competence-competence and the allocation of jurisdictional competence; the effects of arbitration agreements; interpretation and non-signatory issues. Volume II, covering International Arbitration Procedures, provides a detailed discussion of international arbitral procedures. It includes chapters dealing with the legal framework for international arbitral proceedings; the selection, challenge and replacement of arbitrators; the rights and duties of international arbitrators; selection of the arbitral seat; arbitration procedures; disclosure and discovery; provisional measures; consolidation, joinder and intervention; choice of substantive law; confidentiality; and legal representation and standards of professional conduct. Volume III, dealing with International Arbitral Awards, provides a detailed discussion of the issues arising from international arbitration awards. It includes chapters covering the form and contents of awards; the correction, interpretation and supplementation of awards; the annulment and confirmation of awards; the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards; and issues of preclusion, lis pendens and staredecisis.

Book A Guide to the SCC Arbitration Rules

Download or read book A Guide to the SCC Arbitration Rules written by Jakob Ragnwaldh and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2019-12-11 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) is one of the world’s leading arbitral institutions, registering about 200 new cases each year, approximately half of them being international cases in commercial and investment treaty disputes. True to the SCC tradition of offering a cost-efficient and flexible procedure, the SCC’s current Arbitration Rules, which came into force in 2017, introduced important new mechanisms enhancing the efficiency of the proceedings. This guide to the SCC Arbitration Rules, the first and only available commentary in English, addresses the Rules and their appendices article by article in the order in which they appear in the Rules. Focusing primarily on how the Rules are applied in practice, the authors bring together their combined extensive experience of conducting SCC arbitrations as counsel, arbitrators and members of the SCC Board and Secretariat, to provide thorough and user-friendly guidance on the SCC proceedings from start to finish, including the new features introduced in 2017 such as summary procedure, joinder and multiple-contract arbitrations, as well as the new appendix addressing certain aspects specific to investment treaty arbitration. Covering all the general issues such as appointment and removal of arbitrators, the proceedings before the arbitral tribunal, making of awards and decisions, the following issues are also addressed: emergency arbitrator proceedings; consolidation of cases; the appointment of an administrative secretary; particular characteristics of investment treaty disputes; and costs of the arbitration. This guide is sure to appeal to arbitrators, external counsel and party representatives who choose to adopt the SCC Arbitration Rules, whether they are based in Sweden or elsewhere. Practitioners will confidently approach any case under the SCC Arbitration Rules with full awareness of applicable rules of procedure and practice.

Book International Dispute Resolution

Download or read book International Dispute Resolution written by Vesna Lazić and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-26 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions in this book cover a wide range of topics within modern disputeresolution, which can be summarised as follows: harmonisation, enforcement andalternative dispute resolution. In particular, it looks into the impact of harmonisedEU law on national rules of civil procedure and addresses the lack of harmonisationin the US regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Furthermore,the law on enforcement is examined, not only by focusing on US law, but also onhow to attach assets in order to enforce a judgment. Finally, it addresses certain typesof alternative dispute resolution. In addition, the book looks into the systems andcultures of dispute resolution in several regions of the world, such as the EU, the US andChina, that have a high impact on globalisation. Hence, the book is diverse in the senseof dealing with multiple issues in the field of modern dispute resolution./div The book offers explorations of the impact of international rules and EU law on domesticcivil procedure, through case studies from, among others, the US, China, Belgium andthe Netherlands. The relevance of EU law for the national debate and its impact on theregulation of civil procedure is also considered. Furthermore, several contributions discussthe necessity and possibility of harmonisation in the emergency arbitrator mechanisms inthe EU. The harmonisation of private international law rules within the EU, particularlythose of a procedural nature, is juxtaposed to the lack thereof in the US. Also, the bookoffers an overview of the current dispute settlement mechanisms in China. The publication is primarily meant for legal academics in private international law andcivil procedure. It will also prove useful to practitioners regularly engaged in cross-borderdispute resolution and will be of added value to advanced students, as well as to those withan interest in international litigation and more generally in the area of dispute resolution. Vesna Lazić is Senior Researcher at the T.M.C. Asser Institute, Associate Professor ofPrivate Law at Utrecht University and Professor of European Civil Procedure at theUniversity of Rijeka. Steven Stuij is an expert in Private International Law and a PhD Candidate/GuestResearcher at the Erasmus School of Law, Rotterdam. Ton Jongbloed is Guest Editor on this volume./div

Book The DIS Arbitration Rules

    Book Details:
  • Author : Gustav Flecke-Giammarco
  • Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
  • Release : 2020-03-20
  • ISBN : 9041190236
  • Pages : 921 pages

Download or read book The DIS Arbitration Rules written by Gustav Flecke-Giammarco and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2020-03-20 with total page 921 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new arbitration rules of the German Arbitration Institute (Rules) entered into force on 1 March 2018. Drafted over an intense period of eighteen months by a committee of globally recognized experts with the active participation of nearly 300 arbitration practitioners, the Rules stand poised to attract parties seeking dispute resolution not only in Germany but also internationally. This extraordinary book, written by the drafters themselves, with more than 550 pages of comprehensive article-by-article commentary, is filled with practical insights and recommendations regarding the application of the Rules. Each provision of the new Rules is given its own chapter, in which the following issues and topics are examined in depth for the specific rule under analysis: use of the provision in practice; modifications from the corresponding provision in the 1998 Rules; relationship to the relevant sections of the German Code of Civil Procedure; comparison with relevant regulations and practices in German State court proceedings; detailed expert commentary, including analysis of case law and legal scholarship; DIS practice concerning the application of the provision; and comparison with similar provisions in other arbitration rules. An annex contains an extensive collection of reference materials, including forms, schedule of costs and texts of various international arbitration documents. The authors and editors have vast experience as counsel and arbitrators in proceedings conducted under the auspices of the DIS and other arbitral institutions. Their intimate familiarity with all aspects of DIS case administration is of immeasurable value to all stakeholders in arbitral proceedings. A genuine user’s guide, the book explains how the new Rules are likely to be applied in practice by the arbitral institution, arbitrators and parties. Its practical tips regarding the effective conduct of DIS arbitrations elucidate best practices for counsel and arbitrators and make DIS’ day-to-day case management and decision-making processes more transparent and predictable for users of all levels of experience and expertise.

Book The Guide to Energy Arbitrations

Download or read book The Guide to Energy Arbitrations written by John William Rowley and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book International Arbitration in Sweden

    Book Details:
  • Author : Annette Magnusson
  • Publisher : Kluwer Law International
  • Release : 2021-03-09
  • ISBN : 9789403525617
  • Pages : 560 pages

Download or read book International Arbitration in Sweden written by Annette Magnusson and published by Kluwer Law International. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Arbitration in Sweden', now in its second edition, is a compendious book penned by sixteen eminent practitioners that furnishes a practical guide to international arbitration in Sweden, whether ad hoc or institutional. Sweden is one of a handful of countries where the international arbitral process has reached a stage where the jurisprudence is replete with instances involving no local parties at all. In this context of credible neutrality, the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) has emerged as a leading global arbitral institution. Whether the matter at issue is a business transaction dispute or a politicized conflict involving obdurate parties, the richness of its body of decided cases manifests the SCC?s authority and reliability throughout the converging world of international arbitration.

Book Investment and Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Investment and Commercial Arbitration written by Christina Knahr and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the contributions to the Vienna Arbitration Forum on "Investment and Commercial Arbitration - Similarities and Divergences" which took place at the University of Vienna Law School in November 2008. The conference focused on topical issues in international investment arbitration and in commercial arbitration. Featuring speakers from academia, as well as legal practices, the Vienna Arbitration Forum addressed controversial topics and explored similarities and divergences. Table of Contents include: Consolidation of Proceedings in International Investment Arbitration * Consolidation of Proceedings in International Commercial Arbitration * The Limits of Party Autonomy in Investment Arbitration * Limits of Party Autonomy in International Commercial Arbitration * The Annulment of ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) Awards * Annulment of Arbitral Awards in International Commercial Arbitration * Independence, Impartiality and Duty of Disclosure in Investment Arbitration * Judicial Approaches to Arbitrator Independence and Impartiality in International Commercial Arbitration.

Book International Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration written by Gary Born and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 1600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Gary Born's International Commercial Arbitration Volume I: International Arbitration Agreements , provides a comprehensive discussion of international commercial arbitration agreements. It includes chapters dealing with the legal framework for enforcing international arbitration agreements; the separability presumption; choice of law; formation and validity; nonarbitrability; competence-competence and the allocation of jurisdictional competence; the effects of arbitration agreements; interpretation and non-signatory issues.International Commercial Arbitration Second Edition Volume I: International Arbitration Agreements is part of his authoritative 3 volume treatise, International Commercial Arbitration, Second Edition, ISBN 9789041152190. The first edition of International Commercial Arbitration is widely acknowledged as the preeminent commentary in the field. It was awarded the 2011 Certificate of Merit by the American Society of International Law and was voted the International Dispute Resolution Book of the Year by the Oil, Gas, Mining and Infrastructure Dispute Management list serve in 2010. The first edition has been extensively cited in national court decisions and arbitral awards around the world.The second edition of International Commercial Arbitration has been extensively revised, expanded and updated, to include all material legislative, judicial and arbitral authorities in the field of international arbitration prior to January 2014.

Book Multiple Party Actions in International Arbitration

Download or read book Multiple Party Actions in International Arbitration written by R. Doak Bishop and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication from the International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) presents a collection of studies on the key issues found in complex international commercial and investment disputes. Renowned authors from Europe and North America consider issues from perspectives emanating from both the Anglo-American and Continental European legal systems. The authors consider international multiparty arbitration and its attendant problems from both a conceptual and practical perspective, beginning with the overarching legal problems of determining the proper parties to the arbitration and the ambit of contractual consent. Topics which are comprehensively examined include: Joiner of parties and consolidation of arbitral proceedings; the challenges of administration of multiparty arbitrations; investment arbitration involving multiple parties and multiparty issues in investor-state arbitration; classwide arbitration and arbitrating mass investor claims; lessons that can be learnt from mass claims processes; and enforcement issues. The book also includes a practitioner-oriented discussion of multiparty arbitration in the construction industry.

Book Arbitrating under the 2020 LCIA Rules

Download or read book Arbitrating under the 2020 LCIA Rules written by Maxi Scherer and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-07-12 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), the oldest of all major arbitral institutions, has, since its establishment well over a century ago, embodied the ideals that underlie the arbitral alternative and set its face against undue delay, soaring cost, complexity, and acrimony. Today, the LCIA administers cases arising under any system of law in any venue worldwide. Underscoring the institution’s international nature, and over 80% of parties in pending LCIA cases today are not of English nationality. This highly practical and user-friendly guide provides not only a thorough analysis of the 2020 LCIA Rules but also a comprehensive explanation of the basic principles governing LCIA arbitration, along with an in-depth analysis of complex issues that may arise in the course of LCIA proceedings. Among the new and revised rules affecting LCIA practice and procedure described in detail include the following: use of technology, accommodating virtual conferencing, remote hearings and electronically signed awards, as well as confirming the primacy of electronic communication with the LCIA; tools to expedite proceedings, including the possibility of early dismissal determinations; explicit consideration of data protection; issues relating to bribery, corruption, terrorist financing, fraud, tax evasion, money laundering and/or economic or trade sanctions; streamlined accommodations for consolidation, composite Requests and concurrent conduct of arbitrations; conduct of authorised representatives of a party; requirements for appointment and removal of tribunal secretaries; and revised schedules of arbitration and mediation costs. The twenty-six chapters of the book provide references to essential national court judgments, statutory provisions, up-to-date statistics, and bibliographical sources on LCIA arbitrations. The 2020 LCIA Rules reflect the most sophisticated current modifications of arbitral procedure, fully aligned with the needs of current global commercial activities. For this reason, and because many companies worldwide include LCIA arbitration clauses in their agreements, this book is invaluable to business executives and corporate counsel as well as to scholars of alternative dispute resolution.

Book International Commercial Arbitration  Commentary and Materials

Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration Commentary and Materials written by Gary Born and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 1171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Commercial Arbitration contains detailed commentary, case analyses, and practice pointers. Full annotations and footnotes provide invaluable research assistance, while clearly-written analyses identify and discuss critical issues. Representative international arbitral awards and national court decisions are excerpted, and detailed reference is made to leading institutional rules. Detailed appendices, an easy-to-use Table of Contents, and an extensive index to aid research and provide ready access to key materials. Co-publication with Kluwer Law International. North American sales rights only. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint. For class adoption a student edition is available for

Book Complex Arbitrations

    Book Details:
  • Author : Bernard Hanotiau
  • Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
  • Release : 2005-01-01
  • ISBN : 904112442X
  • Pages : 414 pages

Download or read book Complex Arbitrations written by Bernard Hanotiau and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an analysis of the issues arising from multiparty-multicontract arbitrations, including those involving States and groups of companies. This work analyses theories on the basis of which courts and arbitral tribunals determine who are parties to the arbitration clause; and whether an arbitration clause may be extended to non-signatories.