Download or read book Considerations for an Active and Passive Scanner to Assay Nuclear Waste Drums written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radioactive wastes are generated at many DOE laboratories, military facilities, fuel fabrication and enrichment plants, reactors, hospitals, and university research facilities. At all of these sites, wastes must be separated, packaged, categorized, and packed into some sort of container--usually 208-L (55-gal) drums--for shipment to waste-storage sites. Prior to shipment, the containers must be labeled, assayed, and certified; the assay value determines the ultimate disposition of the waste containers. An accurate nondestructive assay (NDA) method would identify all the radioisotopes present and provide a quantitative measurement of their activity in the drum. In this way, waste containers could be routed in the most cost-effective manner and without having to reopen them. Currently, the most common gamma-ray method used to assay nuclear waste drums is segmented gamma-ray scanning (SGS) spectrometer that crudely measures only the amount of 235U or 239Pu present in the drum. This method uses a spatially-averaged, integrated, emitted gamma-ray-intensity value. The emitted intensity value is corrected by an assumed constant-attenuation value determined by a spatially-averaged, transmission (or active) measurement. Unfortunately, this typically results in an inaccurate determination of the radioactive activities within a waste drum because this measurement technique is valid only for homogeneous-attenuation or known drum matrices. However, since homogeneous-attenuation matrices are not common and may be unknown, other NDA techniques based on active and Passive CT (A PCT) are under development. The active measurement (ACT) yields a better attenuation matrix for the drum, while the passive measurement (PCT) more accurately determines the identity of the radioisotopes present and their activities. 9 refs., 2 figs.
Download or read book Nondestructive Assay Using Active and Passive Computed Tomography written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has over 600,000 transuranic (TRU) waste drums temporarily stored at nearly 40 sites within the United States. Contents of these drums must be characterized before they are transported for permanent disposal. Traditional gamma-ray methods used to characterize nuclear waste introduce errors that are related to nonuniform measurement responses associated with unknown radioactive source and matrix material distributions. These errors can be reduced by application of tomographic techniques, that measure these distributions. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed two tomographic-based waste assay systems. They use external radioactive sources and tomography-protocol to map the attenuation within a waste drum as a function of mono-energetic gamma-ray energy in waste containers. Passive tomography is used to localize and identify specific radioactive waste contents within the same waste containers. Reconstruction of the passive data via the active images allows internal waste radioactivities in a drum to be corrected for any overlying heterogeneous materials, thus yielding an absolute assay of the waste radioactivities. Calibration of both systems requires only point source measurements and are independent of matrix materials. The first system is housed at LLNL and was developed to study and validate research concepts. The second system is being developed with Bioimaging Research, Inc. (BIR) and is housed within a mobile waste characterization trailer. This system has traveled to three DOE facilities to demonstrate the active and passive computed tomography capability. Both systems have participated in and successfully passed the requirements of formal DOE-sponsored intercomparison studies. The systems have measured approximately 1 to 100 grains of plutonium within a variety of waste matrix materials. Laboratory and field results from these two systems over the past several years show that both systems are capable of a precision of 1 to 4% and an accuracy of better than 30% of the true values of known standards for all drums measured.
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-10 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book LANL s Mobile Nondestructive Assay and Examination Systems for Radioactive Wastes written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to accurately and rapidly measure nuclear material within drums and examine their contents without having to unpack the drums saves time, reduces characterization costs and minimizes radiation exposure. Over the past two years, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has developed and fielded a suite of mobile nondestructive assay and examination systems for use primarily on its own transuranic (TRU) waste but that also have application to low level, mixed and hazardous wastes. It has become obvious that systems like these are generally useful and have applications at other Department of Energy (DOE) production and environmental technology sites. Mobile capabilities present a potential cost savings where waste drums have to be transported to a fixed NDA facility. In other cases they fill a void where there is no fixed facility available because construction costs are prohibitive (as in the case of small quantity sites) or the available facilities may not meet current or evolving safety standards. Rather than bringing waste to a facility to be characterized, one can bring the characterization capability to the waste. The three systems described are: (1) mobile radiography system; (2) mobile segmented/tomographic gamma scanner; and (3) mobile passive/active neutron assay system.
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Download or read book British Journal of Non destructive Testing written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Passive Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Materials written by Doug Reilly and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Nondestructive Assay of 55 gallon Drums Containing Uranium and Transuranic Waste Using Passive active Shufflers written by Phillip M. Rinard and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Metals Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 1516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Anthologia graeca ad palatini codicis fideni edita written by and published by . This book was released on 1829 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Management 2 written by and published by Thomas Telford Publishing. This book was released on 1989 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All aspects of waste management are covered in this book, though the disposal of radioactive waste is the primary focus. Authors from a wide international spectrum provide a broad context for the discussion of technical and policy matters.
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1022 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 1162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Commerce Business Daily written by and published by . This book was released on 1999-05 with total page 1974 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
