Download or read book Consequences of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Administration in the Rat written by Megan M. W. Straiko and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular drug of abuse that produces long-term decreases in neurochemical markers of 5-HT that are believed to be indicative of selective toxicity to the 5-HT nerve terminal. A potential mechanism underlying this proposed neurotoxicity involves reactive nitrogen species. In vivo microdialysis studies demonstrated that MDMA increases extracellular nitrite/nitrate (NOx), a marker of NO, and that this is iNOS dependent. However, iNOS-dependent MDMA-induced NOx formation is unrelated to long-term 5-HT toxicity, as iNOS inhibition had no effect on long-term MDMA-induced 5-HT depletion. Histological evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT nerve terminal damage is inconsistent. Antibodies to the cleaved form of the microtubule associated protein tau (C-tau) were used to characterize neurotoxicity produced by psychostimulant drugs. Amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), both DA-depleting compounds, produced an increase in C-tau immunoreactivity, whereas the 5-HT-depleting drugs MDMA, para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and the prototypic 5-HT neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) did not. C-tau was localized to astrocytes, not neurons, suggesting that C-tau is not a direct marker of neuronal damage, but may be an alternative indicator of reactive gliosis. Furthermore, these data are in agreement with previous findings that AMPH and METH produce reactive gliosis, whereas MDMA, PMA and 5,7-DHT do not. Human users of MDMA have reported cognitive/behavioral deficits following chronic use, including impaired sexual function and reduced sexual motivation. In the rat, prior treatment with MDMA may alter the rewarding properties of other drugs of abuse. Given the potential similarities in neural pathways mediating the rewarding properties of drugs and sex, studies were designed to assess the effect of MDMA on the response to a natural reward, i.e., sex, in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Rats treated with a 5-HT-depleting regimen of MDMA exhibited no impairment in sexual function, but failed to form CPP to sex, potentially indicating impairments in the neural circuits mediating sexual reward. These studies indicate that iNOS contributes to MDMA-induced NO formation, but not 5-HT depletion, and that MDMA does not produce an appreciable glial response as indicated by increased C-tau formation. Furthermore, MDMA administration is accompanied by failure to exhibit behavior associated with the rewarding properties of sex.

Download or read book Mechanisms Underlying the Acute and Long term Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy on Social Interaction in the Rat written by Murray Robert Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Acute and Long Term Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy in Rats written by Kirsten Claire Morley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book MDMA Administration Affects Cognition in the Rat written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine analog. MDMA causes cognitive impairment in humans. Work done in primates corroborates this evidence. A reliable rat model of cognitive deficits has not been established. Experiment 1 examined the effect of a single-day dose regimen of MDMA (4 x 15mg/kg) on Sprague-Dawley rats in spatial learning on the Morris water maze (MWM), path integration learning in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM), and novel object recognition (NOR). The MDMA-treated animals made more errors than controls on the last three days of CWM testing. MWM and NOR revealed no differences. At the end of behavioral testing, serotonin (5-HT) was depleted in the MDMA-treated group in the hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex and dopamine (DA) was depleted in the striatum. Since human MDMA use likely involves multiple doses, Experiment 2 examined the effects of a multiple-day dose regimen of MDMA on behavior. There were 3 treatment groups: (1) a 1-day/week for 5 weeks regimen of MDMA (15 mg/kg x 4/day), (2) a 1-day/week for 5 weeks regimen of saline (SAL, 4/day), and (3) a 1-day/week for 4 weeks regimen of saline and a 1-day regimen of MDMA on the fifth week. Subjects were given the following behavioral tests: elevated zero maze (EZM), locomotor activity, marble burying, CWM, MWM (3 phases), NOR, locomotion with methamphetamine challenge, and a delayed MWM probe trial. There were no differences between controls and the MDMA-treated groups in MWM or NOR. In the CWM, both MDMA treated groups showed significant deficits in learning. The 5-dose MDMA group showed increased anxiety in EZM and more locomotor activity following methamphetamine challenge. Examination of monoamines had 5-HT and DA reductions, similar to Experiment 1. Experiment 3 was designed to determine the time-course (across 5 weeks) for the DA depletions resulting from a single-day of MDMA administration. MDMA treatment depleted DA in the striatum during the first week, but levels recovered in weeks 2 through 4, and then were decreased again at week 5. These experiments show that MDMA causes impairments in complex brain functioning.

Download or read book Ecstasy The Complete Guide written by Julie Holland and published by Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. This book was released on 2001-08 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the world's leading experts on MDMA, "Ecstasy: The Complete Guide" takes the first unbiased look at the risks and the benefits of this unique drug, including the science of how it works; its promise as a treatment for depression, post-traumatic stress disorders, and other mental illnesses; and how to minimize the risks of use.

Download or read book MDMA 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine written by Katrina Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Combined Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy and Methamphetamine Administration on the Brain and Behaviour of Rats written by Kelly Joanne Clemens and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience written by Jerry J. Buccafusco and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-08-29 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the most well-studied behavioral analyses of animal subjects to promote a better understanding of the effects of disease and the effects of new therapeutic treatments on human cognition, Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience provides a reference manual for molecular and cellular research scientists in both academia and the pharmaceutic

Download or read book Long term Effect of Subchronic Administration of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA on Sensorimotor Gating in Rats written by Daniela Mohr and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma on Cholinergic Neurons in the Rat Brain written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), an amphetamine analog, is a psychomotor stimulant and a popular drug of abuse. The effect of MDMA on the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) has been well documented. In contrast, very little is known about the influence of MDMA on other neurotransmitter systems. In view of feelings of heightened awareness and behavioral arousal in human MDMA users, and the role of the cholinergic system in processing environmental cues following novel and arousing stimuli, the influence of MDMA on acetylcholine (ACh) release was examined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Using in vivo microdialysis, it was determined that MDMA enhances the release of ACh in the PFC and hippocampus, possibly by mechanisms localized to these brain regions. In addition, it was also determined that MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC, but not hippocampus, is mediated by serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. Further studies examining the role of various 5-HT and DA receptors in the MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC indicate that receptors of the 5-HT4 and D1 subtype mediate the release of cortical ACh induced by MDMA. Whereas MDMA use has been associated with behavioral activation and cortical arousal immediately following drug intake, in the long term the drug is known to produce significant cognitive impairments. In view of the cognitive impairments following MDMA use and administration, and the central role of ACh in attentional processing and cognition, studies were designed to assess the influence of a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA, on the subsequent stimulation of ACh release in the PFC. Prior treatment with a 5-HT depleting regimen of MDMA resulted in decreased ACh release in response to subsequent administration of MDMA. In contrast, treatment with a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA did not significantly alter the subsequent stimulation of ACh release induced by application of tail pinch or by the novelty of an intruder rat. Thus, results from the present study indicate that although a 5-HT depleting regimen appears to inhibit subsequent MDMA-induced ACh release in the PFC, it has little impact on subsequent stimulation of ACh release by physiological stressors.

Download or read book Ecstasy The Clinical Pharmacological and Neurotoxicological Effects of the Drug MDMA written by Stephen J. Peroutka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1989-12-31 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The variety of viewpoints expressed in this book illustrate the many contro versies surrounding MDMA [1]. On the one hand, the proponents ofMDMA use believe this agent offers a unique psychoactive effect that may have important clinical applications, especially in the field of psychotherapy. On the other hand, the scientific data concerning the neurotoxic effects of the drug are unequivocal. The most striking feature of the human information of MDMA is the paucity of data that has been generated on the drug since it was patented in 1914. As pointed out by Beck (Chapter 6) and others, a clear need exists for better epidemiological and clinical data on MDMA. In the absence of such data, arguments both for and against the cotinued use ofMDMA with humans will be difficult to support. Unfortunately, the currently available data must be used to develop rational policies for potential human users of MDMA. At the present time, there are no data indicating that recreational doses of MDMA permanently damage the human brain. Nonetheless, based on a review of the contents of this book as well as on informal discussions with approximately 200 recreational users of MDMA, the following personal observations suggest that MDMA is radically different from other recreational drugs.

Download or read book A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Squirrel Monkey s Brain Saimiri Sciureus written by John A. Gergen and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ecstasy The Clinical Pharmacological and Neurotoxicological Effects of the Drug MDMA written by Stephen J. Peroutka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The variety of viewpoints expressed in this book illustrate the many contro versies surrounding MDMA [1]. On the one hand, the proponents ofMDMA use believe this agent offers a unique psychoactive effect that may have important clinical applications, especially in the field of psychotherapy. On the other hand, the scientific data concerning the neurotoxic effects of the drug are unequivocal. The most striking feature of the human information of MDMA is the paucity of data that has been generated on the drug since it was patented in 1914. As pointed out by Beck (Chapter 6) and others, a clear need exists for better epidemiological and clinical data on MDMA. In the absence of such data, arguments both for and against the cotinued use ofMDMA with humans will be difficult to support. Unfortunately, the currently available data must be used to develop rational policies for potential human users of MDMA. At the present time, there are no data indicating that recreational doses of MDMA permanently damage the human brain. Nonetheless, based on a review of the contents of this book as well as on informal discussions with approximately 200 recreational users of MDMA, the following personal observations suggest that MDMA is radically different from other recreational drugs.

Download or read book Thermoregulatory Behavioural and Neurochemical Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA and Related Stimulant Drugs written by Emily Jaehne and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is an amphetamine derivative widely used in rave party and club scenes. In some users, MDMA causes fatalities, most often due to acute hyperthermia which leads eventually to multi-organ failure. Other structurally related drugs, including methamphetamine and para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), as well as structurally unrelated cocaine, have also been associated with death due to hyperthermia, and are also often taken with or instead of MDMA. Harm minimisation advice to prevent this acute hyperthermia depends on appropriate thermoregulatory behaviour by drug users, an aspect of thermoregulation which had not been studied with respect to MDMA previously. The purpose of this thesis was to use a novel behavioural thermoregulation model in rats to investigate the effects of MDMA and other stimulant drugs on behavioural thermoregulation and related physiological parameters, as well as investigating residual neurochemical changes caused by these substances. The behavioural thermoregulation model used throughout most of this thesis involved rats being administered a drug, immediately prior to being confined to a set ambient temperature (30 ± 1o or 21.5 ± 1.5oC) for 30 minutes. Rats were then immediately allowed access to a thermally graded runway (11-41oC) where they were able to choose their preferred temperature for a further 4 hours. The final study consisted of giving rats a drug in their home cages at an elevated ambient temperature. Firstly, a dose-response study was conducted using MDMA, PMA, methamphetamine and cocaine. All drugs lead to a dose dependent increase in core temperature at high ambient temperature, and this led to animals seeking the cool end of the runway after MDMA, methamphetamine and cocaine administration, but not after PMA. Methamphetamine was the most potent drug at increasing core temperature, followed by MDMA and PMA, then cocaine as the least potent, however, MDMA and PMA showed steeper slopes on the dose-response curves than methamphetamine and cocaine. The second study consisted of rats receiving MDMA at 30 or 21.5oC for three consecutive days a week for one week or 6 weeks before being tested in the thermal gradient. The main findings of this study were that heart rate (HR) response to MDMA progressively decreased with repeated dosing over 6 weeks at both ambient temperatures, and that there was a difference in core temperature between rats treated for 6 weeks compared to 1 week when they were in the thermal gradient. The third study looked at the effects of MDMA in an animal model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat. We showed that FSL rats were much more sensitive to the effects of MDMA at a high ambient temperature compared to Sprague-Dawley controls, however there were limited differences in behaviour in the thermal gradient between the strains. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was no difference in blood or brain concentrations of MDMA, or its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) which could have explained the different responses. These concentrations also showed that the dosing regimens used throughout this thesis led to similar plasma concentration as those reported in human users. The final study was a pilot study done to see if proteomics could be a useful method to investigate the effects of MDMA and other stimulants on the brain after administration at a high ambient temperature. Rats were administered MDMA, methamphetamine or a combination, and several changes in protein expression were found. These were mostly evident in rats treated with MDMA which was in contrast to the effects on neurotransmitter concentration and acute hyperthermia, which was only seen in rats treated with MDMA and methamphetamine together. Three of the four results chapters in this thesis have been published or have been accepted for publication, while the fourth has been prepared as a manuscript ready for publication.

Download or read book The Effects of Acute and Binge 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Exposure on Learning and Memory in Rats written by Charlotte Jane Kay and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cognition and Addiction written by Antonio Verdejo García and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-29 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognition and Addiction: A Researcher’s Guide from Mechanisms Towards Interventions provides researchers with a guide to recent cognitive neuroscience advances in addiction theory, phenotyping, treatments and new vistas, including both substance and behavioral addictions. This book focuses on “what to know and “how to apply information, prioritizing novel principles and delineating cutting-edge assessment, phenotyping and treatment tools. Written by world renowned researcher Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, this resource will become a go-to guide for researchers in the field of cognitive neuroscience and addiction. Examines cognitive neuroscience advances in addiction theory, including both substance and behavioral addictions Discusses primary principles of cutting-edge assessment, phenotyping and treatment tools Includes detailed chapters on neuro-epidemiology and genetic imaging

Download or read book Long term Effects of 3 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA on Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Functioning written by Jodi Lynn Kohutek and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) popularly known as "Ecstasy" continues to gain popularity as a recreational drug that has been shown to increase serotonin and dopamine levels. The present study has demonstrated that repeated exposure to MDMA produces long-term damage to serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the rat brain.