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Book Efficient Simulation of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

Download or read book Efficient Simulation of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes written by Zhouyuan Zhu and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulating thermal processes is usually computationally expensive because of the complexity of the problem and strong nonlinearities encountered. In this work, we explore novel and efficient simulation techniques to solve thermal enhanced oil recovery problems. We focus on two major topics: the extension of streamline simulation for thermal enhanced oil recovery and the efficient simulation of chemical reaction kinetics as applied to the in-situ combustion process. For thermal streamline simulation, we first study the extension to hot water flood processes, in which we have temperature induced viscosity changes and thermal volume changes. We first compute the pressure field on an Eulerian grid. We then solve for the advective parts of the mass balance and energy equations along the individual streamlines, accounting for the compressibility effects. At the end of each global time step, we account for the nonadvective terms on the Eulerian grid along with gravity using operator splitting. We test our streamline simulator and compare the results with a commercial thermal simulator. Sensitivity studies for compressibility, gravity and thermal conduction effects are presented. We further extended our thermal streamline simulation to steam flooding. Steam flooding exhibits large volume changes and compressibility associated with the phase behavior of steam, strong gravity segregation and override, and highly coupled energy and mass transport. To overcome these challenges we implement a novel pressure update along the streamlines, a Glowinski scheme operator splitting and a preliminary streamline/finite volume hybrid approach. We tested our streamline simulator on a series of test cases. We compared our thermal streamline results with those computed by a commercial thermal simulator for both accuracy and efficiency. For the cases investigated, we are able to retain solution accuracy, while reducing computational cost and gaining connectivity information from the streamlines. These aspects are useful for reservoir engineering purposes. In traditional thermal reactive reservoir simulation, mass and energy balance equations are solved numerically on discretized reservoir grid blocks. The reaction terms are calculated through Arrhenius kinetics using cell-averaged properties, such as averaged temperature and reactant concentrations. For the in-situ combustion process, the chemical reaction front is physically very narrow, typically a few inches thick. To capture accurately this front, centimeter-sized grids are required that are orders of magnitude smaller than the affordable grid block sizes for full field reservoir models. To solve this grid size effect problem, we propose a new method based on a non-Arrhenius reaction upscaling approach. We do not resolve the combustion front on the grid, but instead use a subgrid-scale model that captures the overall effects of the combustion reactions on flow and transport, i.e. the amount of heat released, the amount of oil burned and the reaction products generated. The subgrid-scale model is calibrated using fine-scale highly accurate numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. This approach significantly improves the computational speed of in-situ combustion simulation as compared to traditional methods. We propose the detailed procedures to implement this methodology in a field-scale simulator. Test cases illustrate the solution consistency when scaling up the grid sizes in multidimensional heterogeneous problems. The methodology is also applicable to other subsurface reactive flow modeling problems with fast chemical reactions and sharp fronts. Displacement front stability is a major concern in the design of all the enhanced oil recovery processes. Historically, premature combustion front break through has been an issue for field operations of in-situ combustion. In this work, we perform detailed analysis based on both analytical methods and numerical simulation. We identify the different flow regimes and several driving fronts in a typical 1D ISC process. For the ISC process in a conventional mobile heavy oil reservoir, we identify the most critical front as the front of steam plateau driving the cold oil bank. We discuss the five main contributors for this front stability/instability: viscous force, condensation, heat conduction, coke plugging and gravity. Detailed numerical tests are performed to test and rank the relative importance of all these different effects.

Book Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences

Download or read book Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences written by W. H. Shafer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 22 (thesis year 1977) a total of 10,658 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 227 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 22 reports theses submitted in 1977, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Book Efficient Simulation of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

Download or read book Efficient Simulation of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes written by Zhouyuan Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulating thermal processes is usually computationally expensive because of the complexity of the problem and strong nonlinearities encountered. In this work, we explore novel and efficient simulation techniques to solve thermal enhanced oil recovery problems. We focus on two major topics: the extension of streamline simulation for thermal enhanced oil recovery and the efficient simulation of chemical reaction kinetics as applied to the in-situ combustion process. For thermal streamline simulation, we first study the extension to hot water flood processes, in which we have temperature induced viscosity changes and thermal volume changes. We first compute the pressure field on an Eulerian grid. We then solve for the advective parts of the mass balance and energy equations along the individual streamlines, accounting for the compressibility effects. At the end of each global time step, we account for the nonadvective terms on the Eulerian grid along with gravity using operator splitting. We test our streamline simulator and compare the results with a commercial thermal simulator. Sensitivity studies for compressibility, gravity and thermal conduction effects are presented. We further extended our thermal streamline simulation to steam flooding. Steam flooding exhibits large volume changes and compressibility associated with the phase behavior of steam, strong gravity segregation and override, and highly coupled energy and mass transport. To overcome these challenges we implement a novel pressure update along the streamlines, a Glowinski scheme operator splitting and a preliminary streamline/finite volume hybrid approach. We tested our streamline simulator on a series of test cases. We compared our thermal streamline results with those computed by a commercial thermal simulator for both accuracy and efficiency. For the cases investigated, we are able to retain solution accuracy, while reducing computational cost and gaining connectivity information from the streamlines. These aspects are useful for reservoir engineering purposes. In traditional thermal reactive reservoir simulation, mass and energy balance equations are solved numerically on discretized reservoir grid blocks. The reaction terms are calculated through Arrhenius kinetics using cell-averaged properties, such as averaged temperature and reactant concentrations. For the in-situ combustion process, the chemical reaction front is physically very narrow, typically a few inches thick. To capture accurately this front, centimeter-sized grids are required that are orders of magnitude smaller than the affordable grid block sizes for full field reservoir models. To solve this grid size effect problem, we propose a new method based on a non-Arrhenius reaction upscaling approach. We do not resolve the combustion front on the grid, but instead use a subgrid-scale model that captures the overall effects of the combustion reactions on flow and transport, i.e. the amount of heat released, the amount of oil burned and the reaction products generated. The subgrid-scale model is calibrated using fine-scale highly accurate numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. This approach significantly improves the computational speed of in-situ combustion simulation as compared to traditional methods. We propose the detailed procedures to implement this methodology in a field-scale simulator. Test cases illustrate the solution consistency when scaling up the grid sizes in multidimensional heterogeneous problems. The methodology is also applicable to other subsurface reactive flow modeling problems with fast chemical reactions and sharp fronts. Displacement front stability is a major concern in the design of all the enhanced oil recovery processes. Historically, premature combustion front break through has been an issue for field operations of in-situ combustion. In this work, we perform detailed analysis based on both analytical methods and numerical simulation. We identify the different flow regimes and several driving fronts in a typical 1D ISC process. For the ISC process in a conventional mobile heavy oil reservoir, we identify the most critical front as the front of steam plateau driving the cold oil bank. We discuss the five main contributors for this front stability/instability: viscous force, condensation, heat conduction, coke plugging and gravity. Detailed numerical tests are performed to test and rank the relative importance of all these different effects.

Book In situ Combustion Models for the Steam Plateau and for Fieldwide Oil Recovery

Download or read book In situ Combustion Models for the Steam Plateau and for Fieldwide Oil Recovery written by Abdurrahman Satman and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Combustion Assisted Gravity Drainage CAGD

Download or read book Combustion Assisted Gravity Drainage CAGD written by Hamid Rahnema and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion assisted gravity drainage (CAGD) is an integrated horizontal well air injection process for recovery and upgrading of heavy oil and bitumen from tar sands. Short-distance air injection and direct mobilized oil production are the main features of this process that lead to stable sweep and high oil recovery. These characteristics identify the CAGD process as a high-potential oil recovery method either in primary production or as a follow-up process in reservoirs that have been partially depleted. The CAGD process combines the advantages of both gravity drainage and conventional in-situ combustion (ISC). A combustion chamber develops in a wide area in the reservoir around the horizontal injector and consists of flue gases, injected air, and mobilized oil. Gravity drainage is the main mechanism for mobilized oil production and extraction of flue gases from the reservoir. A 3D laboratory cell with dimensions of 0.62 m, 0.41 m, and 0.15 m was designed and constructed to study the CAGD process. The combustion cell was fitted with 48 thermocouples. A horizontal producer was placed near the base of the model and a parallel horizontal injector in the upper part at a distance of 0.13 m. Peace River heavy oil and Athabasca bitumen were used in these experiments. Experimental results showed that oil displacement occurs mainly by gravity drainage. Vigorous oxidation reactions were observed at the early stages near the heel of the injection well, where peak temperatures of about 550°C to 690°C were recorded. Produced oil from CAGD was upgraded by 6 and 2°API for Peace River heavy oil and Athabasca bitumen respectively. Steady O2 consumption for both oil samples confirmed the stability of the process. Experimental data showed that the distance between horizontal injection and production wells is very critical. Close vertical spacing has negative effect on the process as coke deposits plug the production well and stop the process prematurely. CAGD was also laboratory tested as a follow-up process. For this reason, air was injected through dual parallel wells in a mature steam chamber. Laboratory results showed that the process can effectively create self-sustained combustion front in the previously steam-operated porous media. A maximum temperature of 617°C was recorded, with cumulative oil recovery of 12% of original oil in place (OOIP). Post-experiment sand pack analysis indicated that in addition to sweeping the residual oil in the steam chamber, the combustion process created a hard coke shell around the boundaries. This hard shell isolated the steam chamber from the surrounding porous media and reduced the steam leakage. A thermal simulator was used for history matching the laboratory data while capturing the main production mechanisms. Numerical analysis showed very good agreement between predicted and experimental results in terms of fluid production rate, combustion temperature and produced gas composition. The validated simulation model was used to compare the performance of the CAGD process to other practiced thermal recovery methods like steam assistance gravity drainage (SAGD) and toe to heel air injection (THAI). Laboratory results showed that CAGD has the lowest cumulative energy-to-oil ratio while its oil production rate is comparable to SAGD. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148220

Book Performance Evaluation of Steam Enriched Air Co Injection Using Numerical Simulation

Download or read book Performance Evaluation of Steam Enriched Air Co Injection Using Numerical Simulation written by Aastha Bhardwaj and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: United States, Canada and Venezuela have the largest reserves of heavy oil and bitumen resources throughout the world. Economically challenged market is the major issue associated with the extraction and production of these resources. Steam - Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is one of the most successful extraction techniques used in the recovery of heavy oil and oil sand reserves. But the high cost of operations has made its application prone to decline with oil prices. In-Situ Combustion (ISC) is a proven method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) for reservoirs where either waterflooding or other EOR process are not very appealing. Oxygen has a higher energy density to react with bitumen when compared to steam on an equivalent volume basis. A hybrid method of steam and oxygen injection has a great potential in bitumen recovery. This method system shall increase the energy efficiency of the steam injection process by greatly reducing steam-oil ratio and overall operational cost. Detailed oil recovery mechanisms of co-injection are not understood very well due to the complex interactions between bitumen, steam and oxygen. In this research, the co-injection of steam and enriched air was simulated by using a pseudo component scheme, derived using Belgrave's Model. The behaviors and effects of co-injection on the detailed history matching parameters like temperature and oil production are thoroughly examined. Numerical simulation studies were performed to assess the competence of the co-injection of steam and enriched air over SAGD in recovery of heavy oil. CMG STARS was used in developing a numerical simulation models for the combustion tube test. Temperature profile and combustion front velocity were matched with the experimental results, of the steam - enriched air co-injection, to confirm that combustion kinetics were replicated correctly. A comparative analysis was performed between the pure steam injection against steam and enriched air coinjection in a one-dimensional combustion tube experiment model. The results showed that the cumulative production and the recovery factor were increased by a factor of 100% for the steam-enriched co-injection method when compared to pure steam injection. The results also show that the cumulative steam-oil ratio (cSOR) was reduced by a factor of 50% for the steam-enriched co-injection method. The kinetic model was investigated by varying reservoir properties to evaluate the possibility of being used in different reservoir environments. The sensitivity analysis on the processes was performed to evaluate the effects of the grid size, initial oil saturation, steam quality, steam injection rate, porosity, viscosity, and steam to air injection ratio. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted for the chemical reaction model by changing the frequency factor, activation energy and rate of reaction to indicate which parameter/ reaction is the most controlling factors in the process of combustion. The numerical model was upscaled to examine the kinetics and sustainability of the combustion front movement in a homogeneous Athabasca reservoir. The results for the hybrid process. were promising since the total oil recovery was increased by the factor of 40% and the cSOR was reduced by 35% when compared to conventional SAGD.

Book Heavy Oil Recovery by Forward In situ Combustion

Download or read book Heavy Oil Recovery by Forward In situ Combustion written by V. A. Adewusi and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Interpretation of In situ Combustion Thermal Oil Recovery Falloff Tests

Download or read book Interpretation of In situ Combustion Thermal Oil Recovery Falloff Tests written by Michael Obi Onyekonwu and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Energy Research Abstracts

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1992-10 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Fossil Energy Update

Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 878 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Journal of Petroleum Technology

Download or read book Journal of Petroleum Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Influence of the Reservoir Matrix on the Mechanism and Kinetics of the in Situ Combustion Process for Heavy Oil Recovery

Download or read book Influence of the Reservoir Matrix on the Mechanism and Kinetics of the in Situ Combustion Process for Heavy Oil Recovery written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this proposal is to obtain a better definition ofthe mechanism of heavy oil rcovery by the in situ combustion process, throughimproved measurement of fuel laydown dinetics. Specific objectives of thisproposal are: (i) Quantitative determination of the effects of the reservoirmatrix on the kinetics of fuel laydown. (ii) Definition of the extent towhich coke devolatilization reduces the fuel available for combustion. (iii)correlation of the kenetics obtained by TGA methods on fuel laydown and cokedevolatilization with those obtained above. (iv) Provision of improvedkinetic parameters as input to numerical simulations of the in situcombustion process.