Download or read book Comparison of Costs and Effects of Separate California Vehicle Emission Standards written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book State and Federal Standards for Mobile Source Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emissions from mobile sources contribute significantly to air pollution in the United States. Such sources include cars and light- and heavy-duty trucks; diesel-powered cranes, bulldozers, and tractors; and equipment such as lawnmowers that run on small gasoline engines. The role of state versus federal government in establishing mobile-source emissions standards is an important environmental management issue. With this in mind, Congress called on EPA to arrange an independent study of the practices and procedures by which California develops separate emissions standards from the federal government and other states choose to adopt the California standards. The report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical procedures used by states to develop or adopt different emissions standards and a comparison of those policies and practices with those used by EPA. It also considers the impacts of state emissions standards on various factors including compliance costs and emissions. The report concludes that, despite the substantial progress in reducing emissions from mobile sources nationwide, more needs to be done to attain federal air-quality standards in many parts of the country. Additionally, California should continue its pioneering role in setting emissions standards for cars, trucks, and off-road equipment.

Download or read book The Journal of the Assembly During the Session of the Legislature of the State of California written by California. Legislature. Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 2190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cost Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.

Download or read book Journal of the Assembly Legislature of the State of California written by California. Legislature. Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 1996 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Journal of the Senate Legislature of the State of California written by California. Legislature. Senate and published by . This book was released on 1942 with total page 2008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Examining the Case for the California Waiver written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Assembly Final History written by California. Legislature. Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 1410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book California State Publications written by California State Library and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 1062 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book CSDOC Wastewater Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book California s Ozone reduction Strategy for Light duty Vehicles written by Lloyd S. Dixon and published by RAND Corporation. This book was released on 1996 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic costs and environmental effects are analyzed for California's multi-pronged strategy for reducing emissions from passenger cars and light-duty trucks, vehicles that are believed to account for a substantial fraction of ozone-producing emissions across the state. The study analyzes costs, emissions effects, effects on vehicle markets, and the distribution of costs for regulations. These regulations include those concerning new gasoline-powered vehicles only, others affecting both new and existing gasoline-powered vehicles, and also the extremely controversial zero-emission vehicle mandate. The study considers policy choice in the face of extreme uncertainty about the effects of several policy elements, particularly the scrappage program, enhanced vehicle inspection and maintenance, on-board emission diagnostic systems, and the zero-emission vehicle mandate. The zero-emission vehicle mandate poses major economic and environmental risks but there are also major risks to repealing the mandate altogether. The study concludes by suggesting principles for making zero-emission vehicle policy in the face a extreme uncertainty about the development of technology for battery-powered electric vehicles and the future effectiveness of policies to control emissions from gasoline vehicles.

Download or read book Senate Final History written by California. Legislature. Senate and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 1296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cost Effectiveness of the California Low Emission Vehicle Standards written by Thomas C. Austin and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Environmental Regulations on Energy Cost Use and Availability written by Patrick J. Martin and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Legislation and Programs in California and Other States written by William S. Grow and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Too Good to be True written by Robert N. Stavins and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California's Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 limits California's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020 to their 1990 level. Global climate change is a pressing environmental problem, and the best possible public policies will be required to address it. Therefore, analyses of prospective policies must themselves be of high quality, so that policymakers can reasonably rely on them when making the critical decisions they inevitably will face. In 2006, three studies were released indicating that California can meet its 2020 target at no net economic cost - raising questions about whether opportunities truly exist to substantially reduce emissions at no cost, or whether studies reaching such conclusions may simply severely underestimate costs. This paper provides an evaluation of these three California studies. We find that although opportunities may exist for some no-cost emission reductions, these California studies substantially underestimate the cost of meeting California's 2020 target. The studies underestimate costs by omitting important components of the costs of emission reduction efforts, and by overestimating offsetting savings that some of those efforts yield through improved energy efficiency. In some cases, the studies focus on the costs of particular actions to reduce emissions, but fail to consider the effectiveness and costs of policies that would be necessary to bring about such actions. While quantifying the full extent of the resulting cost underestimation is beyond the scope of our study, the underestimation is clearly economically significant. A few of the identified flaws individually lead to underestimation of annual costs on the order of billions of dollars. Hence, these studies do not offer reliable estimates of the cost of meeting California's 2020 target. Better analyses are needed to inform policymakers.

Download or read book Examining the Costs and Benefits of Technology Pathways for Reducing Fuel Use and Emissions from On road Heavy duty Vehicles in California written by Benjamin Rodriguez Sharpe and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In California and many places around the world, exhaust from heavy-duty (HD) diesel vehicles accounts for a major fraction of criteria pollutant emissions such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and HD vehicles are a significant consumer of petroleum-based fuels and a growing contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. California has been a leader in implementing a broad range of policy measures that promote the development and deployment of fuels and technologies to reduce fuel consumption and emissions from HD vehicles. This dissertation formulates an analytical method to investigate the costs and benefits of various technology pathways for HD vehicles that result in drastic reductions in criteria pollutant and GHG emissions.Though there are several studies that estimate the fuel use and emissions contribution of HD vehicles in California and the implications of accelerated advanced technology adoption over time, no studies investigate both the end-user and externality cost impacts of these sweeping technology changes to the HD fleet. This dissertation begins to fill this research gap. Taken together, private and external costs represent an approximation of total societal costs, which is used in a cost-benefit framework to explore the impact of various scenarios for introducing advanced fuel and technologies in the HD vehicle fleet out to 2050. The primary objective of this research is to examine the comparative emissions, fuel use, and total societal costs of six discrete technology adoption scenarios for California HD vehicles between 2010 and 2050.The results indicate that, compared to the Baseline, the five remaining scenarios provide net present value (NPV) savings between roughly 5% and 10% and significant reductions in emissions and fuel use. Total costs are dominated by vehicle retail, fuel, and maintenance expenses, and monetized externalities generally account for less than 5% of total costs. Compared to the Baseline, reduced petroleum-based fuel use makes up roughly 90% or more of the cost savings for each of the non-Baseline scenarios. For the HD fleet, reaching an 80% reduction in GHG emissions versus 1990 levels by 2050 requires that vehicle sales shift almost completely to zero tailpipe emission technologies by 2030, annual fuel consumption reductions in new vehicles are between 2% and 4% per year, and fuel feedstocks transition to low-carbon pathways. Results from this research suggest that if California is to dramatically transform the HD vehicle fleet over such a short timeframe, a combination of strong incentive programs and technology-forcing regulations are required.