Download or read book Comparing Arbuscular and Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Seven North American Forests and Their Response to Nitrogen Fertilization written by Jennifer Lyn Lansing and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycorrhizal fungi are found extensively in forest soils and play a crucial role in carbon and nitrogen cycling between plant and soil. However, little is known about how mycorrhizal communities differ between forest systems or what role they play in below ground carbon dynamics. This study addresses the basic ecological questions of how ECM and AM vary between gymnosperm and angiosperm host taxa in undisturbed forest ecosystems which vary in climate and soil characteristics. I use a manipulative N fertilization experiment to study the mycorrhizae between forest sites and their role in ecosystem cycling. AM and ECM percent colonized root length and colonized root length per minirhizotron frame differed between sites and between years. The extramatrical hyphae of all four major AM genera were present at all sites whereas spores, in low abundance, were mainly Glomus spp. Richness of ECM morphotypes was similar between sites at a variety of scales. Functional groups based on ECM morphological characters differed between sites and some fertilization effects were found. Site location was the most influential factor in determining mycorrhizal abundance, composition, and overall role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. At the P. edulis site, I intensively studied the abundance, diversity, composition, and spatial distribution of ECM using morphotyping and RFLP analysis. Years differed in ECM abundance and composition. ECM types differed in frequency across the landscape, abundance at any individual tree, and spatial aggregation. Each P. edulis tree was similar in ECM tip abundance, richness, and number of dominant ECM types. At all scales a few ECM types were dominant however there was temporal and tree to tree variability in which ECM were dominant. The individual tree is the most important sampling unit when assessing P. edulis ECM diversity and composition. Also at the P. edulis site, using RFLP analysis to identify ECM types and 14C to estimate age I found a differential response in the 14C signature of RFLP types to N fertilization indicating that N fertilization does not affect all ECM fungi similarly and functional differences in ECM fungi exist.
Download or read book Mycorrhizal Dynamics in Ecological Systems written by Michael F. Allen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-14 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interdisciplinary volume on dynamic interactions between plants and fungi and how they scale up to land management and global change.
Download or read book Trees in a Changing Environment written by Michael Tausz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-26 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book delivers current state-of-the-science knowledge of tree ecophysiology, with particular emphasis on adaptation to a novel future physical and chemical environment. Unlike the focus of most books on the topic, this considers air chemistry changes (O3, NOx, and N deposition) in addition to elevated CO2 effects and its secondary effects of elevated temperature. The authors have addressed two systems essential for plant life: water handling capacity from the perspective of water transport; the coupling of xylem and phloem water potential and flow; water and nutrition uptake via likely changes in mycorrhizal relationships; control of water loss via stomata and its retention via cellular regulation; and within plant carbon dynamics from the perspective of environmental limitations to growth, allocation to defences, and changes in partitioning to respiration. The authors offer expert knowledge and insight to develop likely outcomes within the context of many unknowns. We offer this comprehensive analysis of tree responses and their capacity to respond to environmental changes to provide a better insight in understanding likelihood for survival, as well as planning for the future with long-lived, stationary organisms adapted to the past: trees.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research written by Norman Carl Schenck and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taxonomy of the fungi forming endomycorrhizae; Morphology and histology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae; Methods for the recovery and quantitative estimation of propagules from soil; Quantification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plant roots; Production of endomycorrhizal inoculum; Procedures for inoculation of plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in the laboratory, greenhouse and field; Evaluationof plant response to colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Spore germination and axenic culture of endomycorrhizae; Taxonomy of ecto- and ectendomycorrhizal fungi; Morphology and development of ecto- and ectendomycorrhizae; Isolation, maintenance, and pure culture manipulation of ectomycorrhizal fungi; Production of ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum; Ectomycorrhizal inoculation procedures for greenhouse and nursery studies; Quantitative measurement of ectomycorrhizae on plant roots; Evaluation of plant response to inoculation; Radiotracer methods for mycorrhizal research; Electron mycroscopy of mycorrhizae; Mycorrhizae in interactions with other microorganisms.
Download or read book Ectomycorrhizae and Forest Biogeochemistry written by Nicholas Paul Rosenstock and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ectomycorrhizal communities may play a major role in preventing decreases in forest productivity associated with the depletion of nutrients caused by anthropogenic nitrogen and in facilitating increased productivity in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In my doctoral research I attempted to shed some light on the following question: As nutrient demand by forest trees is altered by human induced global change how will the functioning of ectomycorrhizal communities respond? In chapter 1, I present the results of a study of the effects of nitrogen fertilization on ectomycorrhizal communities in an Eastern US hardwood forest. I found the ectomycorrhizal communities of the organic and mineral horizon to be quite distinct, and that high, but not moderate levels of nitrogen fertilization altered the ectomycorrhizal community composition and decreased ectomycorrhizal species richness. I also found that ectomycorrhizal colonization intensity increased in the mineral soil, and when considered in conjunction with other studies conducted in the same research forest, this may indicate that the ectomycorrrhizal community is shifting in accordance with the shifting nutrient demands of the forest. In Chapter 2, I attempted to elucidate the role of soil heterogeneity in shaping fungal community composition in the mineral soil. Depth and soil carbon content were consistently correlated with fungal community composition. The parent material from which the overlying soil is derived and soil calcium content may be important in determining fungal community composition but our sampling scheme did not allow us to isolate these chemical factors from the potential influence of geographic location on fungal community. In chapter 3, I present a literature review that endeavored to determine whether there is potential for ectomycorrhizal communities or individuals to alter their mineral weathering capabilities and nutrient provision to host plants in response to altered nutrient demand from their host plants. Knowledge of the mechanisms that control belowground carbon allocation by plants in response to nutrient demand is limited, but there is a potential for plants to respond to increased demand of phosphorous and potassium by allocating more carbon to the fungal symbionts most adept at providing these nutrients. Future studies on ectomycorrhizal weathering should explicitly test the role of host nutrient demand in stimulating fungal weathering. In chapter 4, I investigated the role of plants, ectomycorrhizae, and low molecular weight organic acids in stimulating mineral weathering, as well as the potential for elevated carbon dioxide to affect biotic weathering. We found that plants, but not their associated ectomycorrhizae, stimulated weathering. Elevated CO2 did not affect weathering rates. The lack of an effect of ectomycorrhizal colonization may have been due to low levels of mycorrhizal colonization. The biotic weathering observed in this study was driven by the uptake of nutrient cations, and not by substrate acidification or root exudation. My doctoral research suggests that ectomycorrhizae may play an important role in mineral nutrient provision.
Download or read book Mycorrhizal Symbiosis written by Sally E. Smith and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roots of most plants are colonized by symbiotic fungi to form mycorrhiza, which play a critical role in the capture of nutrients from the soil and therefore in plant nutrition. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is recognized as the definitive work in this area. Since the last edition was published there have been major advances in the field, particularly in the area of molecular biology, and the new edition has been fully revised and updated to incorporate these exciting new developments. - Over 50% new material - Includes expanded color plate section - Covers all aspects of mycorrhiza - Presents new taxonomy - Discusses the impact of proteomics and genomics on research in this area
Download or read book The Importance and Conservation of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Forest Ecosystems written by Michael P. Amaranthus and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mycorrhizae Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry written by Zaki Anwar Siddiqui and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-27 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycorrhizal fungi are microbial engines which improve plant vigor and soil quality. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient uptake, water relations, ecosystem establishment, plant diversity, and the productivity of plants. Scientific research involves multidisciplinary approaches to understand the adaptation of mycorrhizae to the rhizosphere, mechanism of root colonization, effect on plant physiology and growth, biofertilization, plant resistance and biocontrol of plant pathogens. This book discusses and goes into detail on a number of topics: the molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants; the role of AM fungi in disease protection, alleviation of soil stresses and increasing grain production; interactions of AM fungi and beneficial saprophytic mycoflora in terms of plant growth promotion; the role of AM fungi in the restoration of native ecosystems; indirect contributions of AM fungi and soil aggregation to plant growth and mycorrhizosphere effect of multitrophic interaction; the mechanisms by which mycorrhizas change a disturbed ecosystem into productive land; the importance of reinstallation of mycorrhizal systems in the rhizosphere is emphasized and their impact on landscape regeneration, and in bioremediation of contaminated soils; Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and their importance in forest ecosystems and associations of ECM in tropical rain forests function to maintain tropical monodominance; in vitro mycorrhization of micro-propagated plants, and visualizing and quantifying endorhizal fungi; the use of mycorrhizae, mainly AM and ECM, for sustainable agriculture and forestry.
Download or read book Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae written by R. Agerer and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Response to Disturbance and Host Phenology written by Stefan F. Hupperts and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi is fundamental for tree growth and survival, particularly in the boreal forests of North America where low temperatures inhibit decomposition and consequently limit nutrient availability. The responses of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities to large-scale disturbances and host phenology are not well known, but are important for restoring and predicting carbon and nutrient cycling. To that end, I investigated the ectomycorrhizal fungal community present on roots of outplanted seedlings in sites that captured a gradient of above and belowground disturbances. Additionally, I monitored the extracellular enzyme secretions of ectomycorrhizal fungi during four phenological stages (host dormancy, leaf flush, full leaf expansion, leaf abscission) of mature Populus tremuloides stands to assess the potential decomposing activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in relation to changes in tree physiology. Contrary to my prediction, there was no difference in ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition across sites that differed in extent of above and belowground disturbances; composition was instead primarily affected by the species of seedling used to assay the soils. Further, I found relatively constant levels of enzyme secretions by ectomycorrhizas across phenological stages irrespective of the amount of carbon stored in roots, suggesting the enzymes I measured may be secreted to acquire nitrogen or phosphorus locked within organic matter. Additionally, potential enzyme activity was better predicted by the foraging strategy of ectomycorrhizal fungi, highlighting the functional roles of species. These findings emphasize the importance of planting a diverse community of trees in reclaimed soils to yield a diverse community of belowground fungi. Moreover, differences in potential enzyme activity of exploration types throughout phenological stages point to unique functional roles among fungi, which may change seasonally. Consequently, this research stresses the importance of restoring functional diversity in reconstructed ecosystems.
Download or read book Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to Global Forests written by Enzai Du and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-10-22 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in Global Forests: Spatial Variation, Impacts, and Management Implications provides the most comprehensive knowledge on spatial variation and ecological impacts of reactive nitrogen deposition in global forests, as well as forest management options to mitigate the negative impacts. Written and edited by international experts in the field, this book synthesizes recent research developments and insights in monitoring and modeling nitrogen deposition in global forests. The book also assesses ecological impacts of enhanced nitrogen deposition on forest structure and function and responses of forest ecosystems to decreasing nitrogen deposition in regions such as the European Union and North America. Finally, the book reviews indicators and thresholds for nitrogen saturation in global forests and analyzes remediation options to reduce impacts of excess nitrogen deposition. This is an important resource for researchers in forestry and biodiversity conservation, as well as graduate students, policymakers and others who want to understand environmental issues of reactive nitrogen deposition in global forests. - Offers a systematic view of the ecological impacts of enhanced nitrogen deposition - Provides the most comprehensive knowledge on spatial variation and the ecological impacts of reactive nitrogen deposition in global forests - Presents expert research and findings on forest management options to remediate negative impacts
Download or read book Impact of Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollution on Belowground Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure and Composition in the San Bernardino Mountains written by Ayesha Tasneem Sirajuddin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Applied Mycology written by Mahendra Rai and published by CABI. This book was released on 2009 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fungal kingdom consists of a wide variety of organisms with a diverse range of forms and functions. Fungi have been utilized for thousands of years and their importance in agriculture, medicine, food production and the environmental sciences is well known. New advances in genomic and metabolomic technologies have allowed further developments in the use of fungi in industry and medicine, increasing the need for a compilation of new applications, developments and technologies across the mycological field. Applied Mycology brings together a range of contributions, highlighting the diverse nature of current research. Chapters include discussions of fungal associations in the environment, agriculture and forestry, long established and novel applications of fungi in fermentation, the use of fungi in the pharmaceutical industry, the growing recognition of fungal infections, current interests in the use fungal enzymes in biotechnology and the new and emerging field of myconanotechnology. Demonstrating the broad coverage and importance of mycological research, this book will be of interest to researchers and students in all biological sciences.
Download or read book Aboveground Belowground Linkages written by Richard D. Bardgett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aboveground-Belowground Linkages provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in our understanding of the roles that interactions between aboveground and belowground communities play in regulating the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and their responses to global change. It charts the historical development of this field of ecology and evaluates what can be learned from the recent proliferation of studies on the ecological and biogeochemical significance of aboveground-belowground linkages. The book is structured around four key topics: biotic interactions in the soil; plant community effects; the role of aboveground consumers; and the influence of species gains and losses. A concluding chapter draws together this information and identifies a number of cross-cutting themes, including consideration of aboveground-belowground feedbacks that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, the consequences of these feedbacks for ecosystem processes, and how aboveground-belowground interactions link to human-induced global change.
Download or read book Mycorrhizal Colonization and Overall Fungal Communities Change in Response to Upland and Wetland Site Conditions in Acer Forests of the Virginia Coastal Plain written by James A. Martin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycorrhizal associations between plants and fungi involve the symbiotic transfer of soil nutrients from fungi to plant and the transfer of photosynthate from plant to fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are widespread occurring in about 67% of all angiosperms and nearly all non-Pinaceae gymnosperms. One of the primary nutrients provided by AM fungi is phosphorus. Wetland soils are subjected to period of low oxygen. Two primary factors proposed in the literature as limiting the extent of mycorrhizal colonization of wetland plants are: 1) the low oxygen environment; and 2) the presence of adequate available phosphorus characteristic of many wetlands. The present study evaluated AM colonization of Acer roots and the fungal community structure in paired upland/wetland locations in the Virginia Coastal Plain. The range of observed AM colonization, based on 60 samples collected on 11 dates covering 3 years, ranged from 4% to 55%. The average colonization by site ranged from 15% to 31%. Of the two wetland-upland paired sites, the difference in percent colonization was significant at only one location. In that location, the wetland site had a higher percent colonization than the upland site. Further, the site with the greatest percent colonization in this study was a wetland site. Overall, soil redox potential and available phosphorus concentration were not significant in explaining the difference in AM colonization of Acer roots. A comparison of fungal diversity between the pooled wetland site community and the pooled upland site community was conducted and the difference was significant (p = 0.003), but the upland sites exhibited the lower diversity. Communities from all sites were dissimilar. Proximity exerted a greater effect over community structure than did upland versus wetland status. That is, the paired upland/wetland sites at each location were more similar than any comparisons with other locations. This study concludes that forested wetland environments neither limit AM colonization nor reduce the overall fungal community.
Download or read book Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil written by Nancy Collins Johnson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-11-03 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage offers a better understanding of mycorrhizal mediation that will help inform earth system models and subsequently improve the accuracy of global carbon model predictions. Mycorrhizas transport tremendous quantities of plant-derived carbon below ground and are increasingly recognized for their importance in the creation, structure, and function of soils. Different global carbon models vary widely in their predictions of the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon pool, ranging from a large sink to a large source. This edited book presents a unique synthesis of the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems, as well as a clear examination of new discoveries and challenges for the future, to inform land management practices that preserve or increase below ground carbon storage. - Synthesizes the abundance of research on the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems from a variety of leading international researchers - Focuses on the specific role of mycorrhizal fungi in soil processes, with an emphasis on soil development and carbon storage, including coverage of cutting-edge methods and perspectives - Includes a chapter in each section on future avenues for further study
