Download or read book Comparative Study on Open System Digestion Vs Microwave assisted Digestion Methods for Trace Element Analysis in Agricultural Soils written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this work was to evaluate two different digestion procedures for the determination of the concentration of trace and major elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) in five hundred randomly selected soil samples from LUCAS Soil Survey. The two procedures employed in sample preparation are the open vessel digestion, which is described in the ISO 11466:1995 [1], and the microwave assisted digestion, implemented in the prEN16174 document [2]. Certified Reference Materials (NIST 2711 and BCR 141R) were also analysed using both pre-treatment approaches in order to determine sample recoveries and assess quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of the methods. Results obtained with samples and CRMs analysis are useful to compare the two tested digestion procedures for recovery rate, safety, cost and time taken. The results obtained from reference materials and soil samples revealed a good agreement between both procedures and the certified values. T-test was also employed to evaluate the hypothesis of equal mean between concentration determined after the open vessel and microwave-assisted digestions. This test demonstrates that, for the majority of the elements, the hypothesis is verified. The microwave procedure was then recommended as the method for the digestion of the 22 000 soil samples of the LUCAS Soil Survey, based on good precision and accuracy, speed and safety.

Download or read book Microwave Assisted Sample Preparation for Trace Element Determination written by Erico Marlon Moraes Flores and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-05-03 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microwave-Assisted Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis describes the principles, equipment, and applications involved in sample preparation with microwaves for trace element analysis. The book covers well-established applications as well as new trends in this field. Hot topics such as sample preparation for speciation, metabolomics, and halogen determination, as well as the alternatives of sample preparation for special samples (for example, carbon nanotubes, polymers, petroleum products), are also discussed. The use of microwaves in sample preparation has increased in recent decades. Several applications of microwaves for sample preparation can be found in the literature for practically all types of sample matrices, especially for the determination of trace elements by atomic spectrometric techniques, safely and cleanly reducing the time involved in this step. Microwave-assisted sample preparation is not only a tool for research but also for routine analysis laboratories; the state-of-the-art in sample preparation in trace element analysis. This book is the only resource for chemists specifically focused on this topic. The first book to describe the principles, equipment, and applications in microwave-assisted sample preparation Written by experts in the field who provide a comprehensive overview of the important concepts Introduces new alternatives and trends in microwave-assisted techniques

Download or read book Optimization of Microwave assisted Acid Digestion Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal and Coal Fly Ash written by Dejan Savic and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis written by Zoltan Mester and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-12-16 with total page 1339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the collection of a sample, every analytical chemist will agree that its subsequent preservation and processing are of paramount importance. The availability of high performance analytical instrumentation has not diminished this need for careful selection of appropriate pretreatment methodologies, intelligently designed to synergistically elicit optimum function from these powerful measurement tools. Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis is a modern, comprehensive treatise, providing an account of the state-of-the art on the subject matter. The book has been conceived and designed to satisfy the varied needs of the practicing analytical chemist. It is a multi-author work, reflecting the diverse expertise arising from its highly qualified contributors. The first five chapters deal with general issues related to the determination of trace metals in varied matrices, such as sampling, contamination control, reference materials, calibration and detection techniques. The second part of the book deals with extraction and sampling technologies (totaling 15 chapters), providing theoretical and practical hints for the users on how to perform specific extractions. Subsequent chapters overview seven major representative matrices and the sample preparation involved in their characterization. This portion of the book is heavily based on the preceding chapters dealing with extraction technologies. The last ten chapters are dedicated to sample preparation for trace element speciation. - First title to provide comprehensive sample preparation information, dealing specifically with the analysis of samples for trace elements. - The 39 chapters are authored by international leaders of their fields.

Download or read book Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation written by Josep M. Bayona and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 2998 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation is a complete treatment of the theory and methodology of sampling in all physical phases and the theory of sample preparation for all major extraction techniques. It is the perfect starting point for researchers and students to design and implement their experiments and support those experiments with quality-reviewed background information. In its four volumes, fundamentals of sampling and sample preparation are reinforced through broad and detailed sections dealing with Biological and Medical, Environmental and Forensic, and Food and Beverage applications. The contributions are organized to reflect the way in which analytical chemists approach a problem. It is intended for a broad audience of analytical chemists, both educators and practitioners of the art and can assist in the preparation of courses as well in the selection of sampling and sample preparation techniques to address the challenges at hand. Above all, it is designed to be helpful in learning more about these topics, as well as to encourage an interest in sampling and sample preparation by outlining the present practice of the technology and by indicating research opportunities. Sampling and Sample preparation is a large and well-defined field in Analytical Chemistry, relevant for many application areas such as medicine, environmental science, biochemistry, pharmacology, geology, and food science. This work covers all these aspects and will be extremely useful to researchers and students, who can use it as a starting point to design and implement their experiments and for quality-reviewed background information There are limited resources that Educators can use to effectively teach the fundamental aspects of modern sample preparation technology. Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation addresses this need, but focuses on the common principles of new developments in extraction technologies rather than the differences between techniques thus facilitating a more thorough understanding Provides a complete overview of the field. Not only will help to save time, it will also help to make correct assessments and avoid costly mistakes in sampling in the process Sample and sample preparation are integral parts of the analytical process but are often less considered and sometimes even completely disregarded in the available literature. To fill this gap, leading scientists have contributed 130 chapters, organized in 4 volumes, covering all modern aspects of sampling and liquid, solid phase and membrane extractions, as well as the challenges associated with different types of matrices in relevant application areas

Download or read book Comparison of Different Methods for the Digestion and Analysis of Trace Elements in Vegetation written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Quantitative determination of the concentrations of trace elements in vegetation is important in studies dealing with environmental impact, nutrition effects and geochemical exploration. However, the great diversity of sample preparation and analytical methods used in the determination of trace elements in different plant material makes the inter-comparison of results reported in scientific literature difficult. The objective of this investigation was to compare the effects of different sample preparation, particularly cleaning, drying and digestion, used prior to the determination of the concentrations of ten trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in plant material"--Abstract.

Download or read book Evaluating Soil Contamination written by W. Nelson Beyer and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food written by Miguel de la Guardia and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mineral elements are found in foods and drink of all different types, from drinking water through to mothers’ milk. The search for mineral elements has shown that many trace and ultratrace-level elements presented in food are required for a healthy life. By identifying and analysing these elements, it is possible to evaluate them for their specific health-giving properties, and conversely, to isolate their less desirable properties with a view to reducing or removing them altogether from some foods. The analysis of mineral elements requires a number of different techniques – some methods may be suitable for one food type yet completely unsuited to another. The Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food is the first book to bring together the analytical techniques, the regulatory and legislative framework, and the widest possible range of food types into one comprehensive handbook for food scientists and technologists. Much of the book is based on the authors’ own data, most of which is previously unpublished, making the Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food a vital and up-to-the-minute reference for food scientists in industry and academia alike. Analytical chemists, nutritionists and food policy makers will also find it an invaluable resource. Showcasing contributions from international researchers, and constituting a major resource for our future understanding of the topic, the Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food is an essential reference and should be found wherever food science and technology are researched and taught.

Download or read book Applied Spectroscopy written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Sava River written by Radmila Milačič and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-05 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comprehensive overview of environmental aspects of the Sava River, which is the greatest tributary to the Danube River and the major drainage river system of South Eastern Europe. Hydroelectric power plants, river traffic, intensive agricultural activities, heavy industry and floods have considerable influence on the environment and biota in the basin. Summarizing the results that were gathered in the course of EU, bilateral and national projects, the book highlights the most important stressors and helps readers to better understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on the function of river basins. Topics include: transboundary water cooperation between the riparian countries; climate change projection, including its impact on flood hazards; evaluation of anthropogenic pollution sources; pollution of sediments, metal bioavailability and ecotoxicological and microbiological characterization of the river. The biological part also addresses quality aspects related to wildlife in river aquatic ecosystems (algae, macrophytes, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates and fish) and riparian ecosystems (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). The general state of biodiversity and pressures caused by invasive aquatic species are also discussed.

Download or read book Comparison of the Bioavailability of Elemental Waste Laden Soils Using in Vivo and in Vitro Analytical Methodology and Refinement of Exposure written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors hypotheses are: (1) the more closely the synthetic, in vitro, extractant mimics the extraction properties of the human digestive bio-fluids, the more accurate will be the estimate of an internal dose; (2) performance can be evaluated by in vivo studies with a rat model and quantitative examination of a mass balance, calculation and dose estimates from model simulations for the in vitro and in vivo system; and (3) the concentration of the elements Pb, Cd, Cr and selected Radionuclides present in the bioavailable fraction obtained with a synthetic extraction system will be a better indicator of contaminant ingestion from a contaminated soil because it represents the portion of the mass which can yield exposure, uptake and then the internal dose to an individual. As of April 15, 1998, they have made significant progress in the development of a unified approach to the examination of bioavailability and bioaccessibility of elemental contamination of soils for the ingestion route of exposure. This includes the initial characterization of the soil, in vitro measurements of bioaccessibility, and in vivo measurements of bioavailability. They have identified the basic chemical and microbiological characteristics of waste laden soils. These have been used to prioritize the soils for potential mobility of the trace elements present in the soil. Subsequently they have employed a mass balance technique, which for the first time tracked the movement and distribution of elements through an in vitro or in vivo experimental protocol to define the bioaccessible and the bioavailable fractions of digested soil. The basic mass balance equation for the in vitro system is: MT = MSGJ + MIJ + MR. where MT is the total mass extractable by a specific method, MSGJ, is the mass extracted by the saliva and the gastric juices, MIJ is the mass extracted by the intestinal fluid, and MR is the unextractable portion of the initial mass. The above is based upon the use of a synthetic digestive bio-fluids model that includes the saliva, gastric juices, and intestinal fluids. The system has been devised to sequentially extract elements from soil by starting with an extraction by the saliva and carrying the entire mixture to the subsequent bio-fluids for further extraction. The residence time of the soil in each extractant and the liquid to mass ratio in the gastric juices are based upon typical values known for the human digestive system. Experiments were conducted to examine the sensitivity of the extractions to changes in these major variables. The results indicated the lack of significant extraction after 2 h of residence in gastric fluid. The range of variation of the liquid to mass ratio was element dependent over the interval 100:1 and 5,000:1. The final values used for the extraction protocol were: 2 h residence time, and a ratio of 1,000:1. Details of the chemical composition of the extraction protocol are found in Hamel, 1998.

Download or read book Comparison of Four Digestion Procedures Not Requiring Perchloric Acid for the Trace element Analysis of Plant Material written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perchloric acid (HClO/sub 4/) is often used to destroy organic material contained in plant tissue during sample preparation for trace-element analysis. However, since perchloric acid is an extremely strong oxidizing agent that can cause fire and explosion when in contact with combustible materials, its use is best avoided when proper safety equipment and training is unavailable. A comparison was made of four digestion procedures that do not require perchloric acid: wet digestion with nitric and sulfuric acids; wet digestion with nitric acid alone; a repeated wet digestion with nitric acid; and direct dry ashing. Each procedure was used to digest National Bureau of Standards orchard leaves (SRM 1571). To investigate the effect of possible filter paper adsorption on the determination of trace elements, digested samples were either filtered or not filtered before analysis. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was employed to determine concentrations of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn in each digested sample. Recoveries of each element and the relative error of each determination for each digestion procedure were then calculated. A statistical analysis of these data indicates that the direct dry ashing procedure is best suited for multi-element analysis. Dry ashing is appropriate to recover As, Be, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, and Zn. The nitric-sulfuric acids, nitric acid, and repeated nitric acid digestion procedures were deemed poor for multi-element analysis; however, each proved useful for the recovery of certain individual elements, including Cd, Pb, and Zn. Sample filtration significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) lowered the recovery of Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn from the digested samples. Conversely, the recovery of As, Mo, and Sr was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) higher in samples filtered before analysis when compared to the recovery of these elements in unfiltered samples.

Download or read book Trace Element Analysis of Food and Diet written by Namik K. Aras and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2006 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trace element analysis has a key role to play in quality control of food and diet. This timely book introduces the subject in a practical way - from sampling and the techniques available for trace analysis, to procedures for specific elements and data analysis. Beginning with a brief introduction and discussion of statistical evaluation of data, the subsequent chapter looks at trace analysis in general, with its essentials and terminology. Another section introduces sampling and preparation of foodstuffs such as wheat, potato, vegetables and milk. This is followed by descriptions of the various spectrometric techniques (atomic absorption, atomic emission, atomic fluorescence) that are available. Plasma techniques for both optical emission and mass spectrometry are presented, as are nuclear activation analysis and X-ray methods. A comparison of the various analytical techniques is provided, and a separate chapter handles speciation analysis. Finally, procedures for determining essential and toxic elements such as arsenic, iron, selenium and zinc are suggested, using several recent references. Detailed explanations and a simple format will appeal to laboratory technicians and graduate students, as well as more experienced researchers. Comprehensive coverage, coupled with illustrations and a guide to relevant literature and manufacturers, will make Trace Element Analysis of Food and Diet a valuable source of information for anyone working on analysis of trace elements in food, diet or other biological or environmental samples - particularly food engineers, agricultural scientists and government testing agency employees.

Download or read book Comparison of Five Microwave Digestion Methods for the Determination of Trace Metals in River Sediments Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Sectrometry ICP AES written by Firdaus T. Al-Harthy and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Foodstuffs Determination of Trace Elements Determination of Lead Cadmium Zinc Copper and Iron by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry AAS After Microwave Digestion written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 2003-04-24 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food products, Food testing, Chemical analysis and testing, Trace element analysis, Determination of content, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Metals, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Spectrophotometry

Download or read book Toxic Metals in Soil Plant Systems written by Sheila Ross and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1994-10-20 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While not all metals in Soil--plant systems are inherently toxic, particularly in low concentrations, there is an increasing incidence of metal pollution from aerial fallout, spoils, wastes and agricultural amendments including sewage sludge. Toxic Metals in Soil--Plant Systems discusses the processes of trace-metal cycling in contaminated ecosystems under conditions where their concentrations become toxic through high loading rates, long-term exposure or altered environmental conditions. Other environmental and pedological concentration mechanisms are discussed, including cation exchange and anion adsorption onto different soil materials. The book is divided into two sections; the first part discusses the sources and fates of metals in ecosystems, with an up-to-date review of the processes which control metal speciation in soils, metal uptake mechanisms, and plant responses to toxic metal concentrations in soils. A clear understanding of these processes and their interactions in soil is necessary before it is possible to instigate amelioration and restoration programmes for metal-contaminated land. In the second part of the book, a selection of case studies are presented which discuss metal toxicities and metal cycling in a range of different ecosystems, including managed agricultural systems, deciduous woodland, upland heather moorland, and tropical wetlands. In these studies a number of current issues are addressed, including the setting of toxicity thresholds for safe sewage sludge application to agricultural land, the accumulation of soil metals over time in aerially impacted systems, and metal transfers between ecosystem compartments, which are of particular concern in food crops. Providing an integrated view of toxic metals both in the soil and associated growing plants, this book covers a wide range of topics including agriculture, soil science, ecology and forestry and will be of use to researchers and environmental consultants working in these fields.

Download or read book Soil pollution a hidden reality written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-04-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.