Download or read book Comparative Performance of Nuclear and Cryogenic Chemical Space Propulsion Systems written by Duane W. Dugan and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Propulsion for Lunar and Cislunar Transportation Systems written by Reinald G. Finke and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear (NERVA) solid-core propulsion systems are compared to advanced cryogenic (F2/H2 and O2/H2) chemical propulsion systems for an orbit-to-orbit vehicle operating in the earth-moon space. The orbit-to-orbit vehicle is assumed to use propellants delivered by a reusable earth-to-orbit shuttle (EOS). High-velocity-increment missions (lunar and geostationary orbit) are emphasized. Optimum operating regimes for reusable and expendable chemical and nuclear systems are indicated. (Author).
Download or read book NBS Technical Note written by and published by . This book was released on 1975-02 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Comparison of Propulsion Systems for Potential Space Mission Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A derivative of the NERVA nuclear rocket engine was compared with a chemical propulsion system and a nuclear electric propulsion system to assess the relative capabilities of the different propulsion system options for three potential space missions. The missions considered were (1) orbital transfer from low earth orbit (LEO) to geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO), (2) LEO to a lunar base, and (3) LEO to Mars. The results of this comparison indicate that the direct-thrust NERVA-derivative nuclear rocket engine has the best performance characteristics for the missions considered. The combined high thrust and high specific impulse achievable with a direct-thrust nuclear stage permits short operating times (transfer times) comparable to chemical propulsion systems, but with considerably less required propellant. While nuclear-electric propulsion systems are more fuel efficient than either direct-nuclear or chemical propulsion, they are not stand-alone systems, since their relatively low thrust levels require the use of high-thrust ferry or lander stages in high gravity applications such as surface-to-orbit propulsion. The extremely long transfer times and inefficient trajectories associated with electric propulsion systems were also found to be a significant drawback.
Download or read book A Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Propulsion Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparing Nuclear Propulsion Technologies for Crewed Missions to Mars written by Nisha Khan and published by . This book was released on 2023-10-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparing Nuclear Propulsion Technologies for Crewed Missions to Mars Current chemical propulsion systems are limited in their ability to support crewed missions to Mars due to their low propellant efficiency and long mission times. Nuclear propulsion technologies offer a potential solution to these challenges, as they are capable of producing higher thrust and propellant efficiency than chemical rockets. This paper compares three nuclear propulsion technologies for crewed missions to Mars: nuclear electric propulsion (NEP), nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP), and nuclear fusion propulsion (NFP). Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the best choice for a crewed Mars mission will depend on a number of factors, including mission requirements, cost, and risk. NEP systems are the most mature of the three technologies, and they have already been used successfully in a number of space missions. NEP systems use a nuclear reactor to generate electricity, which is then used to power an electric thruster. NEP systems are very efficient, but they produce relatively low thrust. As a result, NEP systems require longer mission times than other nuclear propulsion technologies. NTP systems are less mature than NEP systems, but they offer the potential for higher thrust and shorter mission times. NTP systems use a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant gas, which is then expelled through a nozzle to produce thrust. NTP systems are more efficient than chemical rockets, but they are also more complex and expensive to develop. NFP systems are the most advanced of the three technologies, but they are also the most speculative. NFP systems would use the fusion of atomic nuclei to generate energy, which could then be used to power a variety of propulsion systems. NFP systems have the potential to offer even higher thrust and shorter mission times than NTP systems, but they are still in the early stages of development.
Download or read book Movement and Maneuver in Deep Space written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-04 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This analytical study looks at the importance of Deep Space Operations and recommends an approach for senior policy leaders. Section 1 presents a capability requirements definition with candidate solutions and technology strategies. Section 2 recommends an acquisition and organizational approach. Section 3 provides an extended strategic rationale for deep space operations as a national priority.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.This chapter of Air University's Space Horizons Research Group presents capability requirements, potential solutions, and strategic rationale for achieving movement and maneuver advantage in deep space. In this context, deep space is anything beyond geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). Driving the research are two primary assumptions underpinning the need for investment in deep space propulsion. The first assumption is that growing international activity, commerce, and industry in space extends the global commons, thus creating a military-economic imperative for the United States Department of Defense (DoD) to expand its protection of U.S. interests by defending space lines of communication. Although there are wide-ranging reasons to expand the space-faring capabilities of the human species, from the capitalistic to the existential, the fact of its occurrence offers the U.S. immense strategic opportunity. Section 1, operating on this assumption, recommends capability-based requirements for deep space operations given a projected future operating environment. There are many candidate technologies for in-space propulsion systems. Presented here, in brief, are the most relevant to deep space operations based on their current or potential capabilities and the recommendations of experts interviewed for this study. By no means is the list all-inclusive, but it serves as a foundation for further investigation. Only a sampling of performance measures are included in order to provide context for comparison. In general, performance goals for advanced propulsion include improvements in thrust levels, specific impulse (LP), power, specific mass (or specific power), volume, system mass, system complexity, operational complexity, commonality with other spacecraft systems, manufacturability, durability, safety, reliability, and cost.Chemical Propulsion - Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) * Nuclear-Thermal Propulsion (NTP) and Nuclear-Electric Propulsion (NEP) * Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) * Directed Energy-Driven Technology * Solar Thermal Propulsion * Electric Propulsion - Hall Effect, Field Reverse Configuration, and Electrospray Thrusters * Mach Effect Thrusters (MET) * EmDrive * Technology Survey Summary * Propulsion Assessment Approaches: Existing and Breakthrough * Existing Technology: Using Measures of Performance and Design Reference Missions * Breakthrough Propulsion: Applying Vision and Rigor in Pioneering Research * Assessment Approach Summary * Technology Strategy * Acquisition and Organizational Approach
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems written by David Buden and published by . This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in rockets that use fission reactors as the heat source has centered on manned flights to Mars. The demands of such missions require rockets that are several times more powerful than the chemical rockets in use today.Rocket engines operate according to the basic principles expressed in Newton's third law of motion: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In a chemical rocket, hot gases are created by chemical combustion; in a nuclear rocket heating of the propellant in a nuclear reactor creates hot gas. In either case, the hot gases flow through the throat of the rocket nozzle where they expand and develop thrust.Extensive development effort has been expended on nuclear rockets. The nuclear Rover/ NERVA rocket programs provide a very high confidence level that the technology for a flight nuclear rocket exists. These programs demonstrated power levels between 507 MWt and 4,100 MWt and thrust levels of up to 930 kN (200,000 Ibf). Specific impulse, a measure of rocket performance, was more than twice that of chemical rockets. Ground testing and technology development has been done on several concepts described in this book. However, though there appear to be no technical barriers to the development of a successful nuclear rocket, no nuclear rockets have been flown in space.This book describes the fundamentals of nuclear rockets, the safety and other mission requirements, developmental history of various concepts both in the U.S. and Russia, and it summarizes key developmental issues.
Download or read book Hydrogen future Fuel written by Neil A. Olien and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Comparison of Nuclear Propulsion Systems with a Chemical Rocket aerobrake System for a Mars Transfer Vehicle written by Paul H. Sager and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance Comparison of Electric and Chemical Propulsion Devices Aboard Select Spacecraft Performing High energy Maneuvers written by David B. Shannon and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance of Nuclear electric Propulsion Systems in Space Exploration written by Evelyn W. Speiser and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Case for Mars written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now possible to make general comparisons of candidate propulsion systems for human exploration of Mars. Preliminary review indicates that the propulsion system most likely to meet all mission requirements is the Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR). Advanced cryogenic chemical propulsion systems achieve a maximum specific impulse (Isp) of about 470 seconds. The Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) program of the 1960's built engines with Isp's of about 825 seconds. Performance of an NTR depends on achievable materials temperatures, but materials has progressed significantly since the 1960's. Also, some of the current research undertaken to improve chemical rocket performance, such as aerobraking or schemes to minify payload, applies to an NTR as well, although it is not essential. The NTR is reusable, and can be developed into a complete space transportation system. Only 3--4% of the nuclear fuel would be used in a Mars mission, and an engine can be used until about 40% of the fuel is expended. Nuclear thermal rockets can take mankind to the moon, to Mars, and beyond, but development must begin now. There is potential for orderly growth into nuclear concepts far beyond NERVA. Using chemical propulsion for lunar missions and delaying NTR development will only result in higher costs and delayed or cancelled Mars missions.
Download or read book Liquid Rocket Valve Components written by H. J. Ellis and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Space Nuclear Propulsion for Human Mars Exploration written by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-11-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Space Nuclear Propulsion for Human Mars Exploration identifies primary technical and programmatic challenges, merits, and risks for developing and demonstrating space nuclear propulsion technologies of interest to future exploration missions. This report presents key milestones and a top-level development and demonstration roadmap for performance nuclear thermal propulsion and nuclear electric propulsion systems and identifies missions that could be enabled by successful development of each technology.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion written by Dan M. Goebel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-12-22 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout most of the twentieth century, electric propulsion was considered the technology of the future. Now, the future has arrived. This important new book explains the fundamentals of electric propulsion for spacecraft and describes in detail the physics and characteristics of the two major electric thrusters in use today, ion and Hall thrusters. The authors provide an introduction to plasma physics in order to allow readers to understand the models and derivations used in determining electric thruster performance. They then go on to present detailed explanations of: Thruster principles Ion thruster plasma generators and accelerator grids Hollow cathodes Hall thrusters Ion and Hall thruster plumes Flight ion and Hall thrusters Based largely on research and development performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and complemented with scores of tables, figures, homework problems, and references, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters is an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are preparing to enter the aerospace industry. It also serves as an equally valuable resource for professional engineers already at work in the field.
