Download or read book Comparative Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity and DNA Repair Kinetics of Drinking Water Disinfection By products written by Justin A. Pals and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparative Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Drinking Water Disinfection By products written by Yahya Kargalioglu and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cytotoxicity Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Emerging Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts written by Claire Frances McGuigan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed unintentionally when organic matter in raw water reacts with disinfectants used to kill pathogens. Epidemiological studies have shown that an increased risk of bladder cancer is associated with consumption of chlorinated water, but little is known of the toxicity of many DBPs. This thesis examined the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and genotoxic properties of phenazine and halobenzoquinone (HBQ) DBPs in human cells. Cytotoxicity was examined with an impedance-based real-time cell analysis (RTCA) instrument, mutagenicity was examined with the Ames test (bacterial reverse mutation assay), and genotoxicity was examined with the alkaline comet assay. Phenazine showed differential toxicity in human cell lines, producing an antiproliferative cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells but a genotoxic effect in T24 cells. The BJ/XPA RTCA in vitro assay was developed and validated to provide high-throughput screening of cytotoxicity and nucleotide excision repair (NER)-mediated DNA damage simultaneously. Selected HBQs were examined with the BJ/XPA assay; the position, type, and number of substitutions on the benzoquinone ring affected cytotoxicity. All tested HBQs caused substitution mutations in the Ames test under at least some of the experimental conditions. 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DCMBQ) was the most potent HBQ compound tested, demonstrating cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity. Follow-up experiments indicated that N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, reduced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity when added concomitantly with DCMBQ. Both the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of DCMBQ appeared to be mediated, at least in part, by the formation of reactive oxygen species. DCMBQ-induced genotoxicity appeared to be refractory to repair and may involve formation of complex oxidatively generated clustered lesions. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are required for HBQ DBPs, particularly DCMBQ, to further determine their toxic effects. In summary, the original contributions of this research are: 1) the development of a novel in vitro method to simultaneously assess cytotoxicity and NER-mediated genotoxicity; 2) new information on the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and genotoxic properties of halobenzoquinone DBPs; 3) discovery of cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of phenazine; and 4) evidence of potential toxic mechanisms of action of DCMBQ.
Download or read book Some Drinking water Disinfectants and Contaminants Including Arsenic written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC. This book was released on 2004 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A working group of 23 experts from 13 countries met in Lyon to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenicity of arsenic (mostly naturally occurring) as a contaminant of drinking-water, and of the water-disinfectant chloramine. The working group also evaluated or re-evaluated four chlorination by-products found in drinking-water, namely chloral hydrate, di- and trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (also known as MX). High-level exposure to arsenic in drinking-water occurs in some regions such as China, Latin America, Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Working Group reviewed epidemiological studies of human cancer (mainly ecological studies in Taiwan and Chile, and several case-control and cohort studies) in relation to arsenic in drinking-water. Arsenic in drinking-water (primarily inorganic, as arsenate and to a lesser extent arsenite) was evaluated as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for an increased risk for cancer of the urinary bladder, lung and skin. Studies on inorganic arsenic in experimental animals provided limited evidence for its carcinogenicity, but sufficient evidence was found in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid (an organic form of arsenic), which produced urinary bladder tumours in rats and lung tumours in mice after oral administration.
Download or read book Genotoxicity Assessment written by Alok Dhawan and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2013-07-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic toxicology is recognized by geneticists and researchers concerned with the genetic impact of man-made chemicals. In Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field provide comprehensive genetic toxicology protocols. These include in vitro and in vivo protocols on mutation assays, cytogenetic techniques, and primary DNA damage, assays in alternate to animal models, and updated ICH guidelines. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, the chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid research students and scientists working in regulatory toxicology as well as biomedical, biochemical and pharmaceutical sciences.
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for N nitrosodimethylamine written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for 1 2 dibromoethane written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Nitrophenols written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Test No 489 In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-26 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The in vivo alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay, also called alkaline Comet Assay is a method measuring DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells.
Download or read book Toxicology Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes annual author and subject indexes.
Download or read book Mammalian Cell Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Disinfection By products written by and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2009 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project represents basic research to generate quantitative, comparative in vitro mammalian cell toxicity data of emerging DBPs and related compounds. It is the first systematic cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analysis of its kind --
Download or read book Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Clemens von Sonntag and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-08-31 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though ozone has been applied for a long time for disinfection and oxidation in water treatment, there is lack of critical information related to transformation of organic compounds. This has become more important in recent years, because there is considerable concern about the formation of potentially harmful degradation products as well as oxidation products from the reaction with the matrix components. In recent years, a wealth of information on the products that are formed has accumulated, and substantial progress in understanding mechanistic details of ozone reactions in aqueous solution has been made. Based on the latter, this may allow us to predict the products of as yet not studied systems and assist in evaluating toxic potentials in case certain classes are known to show such effects. Keeping this in mind, Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment: From Basic Principles to Applications discusses mechanistic details of ozone reactions as much as they are known to date and applies them to the large body of studies on micropollutant degradation (such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors) that is already available. Extensively quoting the literature and updating the available compilation of ozone rate constants gives the reader a text at hand on which his research can be based. Moreover, those that are responsible for planning or operation of ozonation steps in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants will find salient information in a compact form that otherwise is quite disperse. A critical compilation of rate constants for the various classes of compounds is given in each chapter, including all the recent publications. This is a very useful source of information for researchers and practitioners who need kinetic information on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, each chapter contains a large selection of examples of reaction mechanisms for the transformation of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fuel additives, solvents, taste and odor compounds, cyanotoxins. Authors: Prof. Dr. Clemens von Sonntag, Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany and Prof. Dr. Urs von Gunten, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, and Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Chlordane written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products Food and Drinking water written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC Monographs on the Evaluat. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of the IARC Monographs provides an assessment of the carcinogenicity of 18 chemicals present in industrial and consumer products or food (natural constituents, contaminants, or flavorings) or occurring as water-chlorination by-products. The compounds evaluated include the widely used plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the food contaminant 4-methylimidazole. In view of the limited agent-specific information available from epidemiological studies, the IARC Monographs Working Group relied mainly on carcinogenicity bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to evaluate the carcinogenic hazards to humans exposed to these agents.
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for DDT DDD DDE Update written by Obaid Faroon and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-08 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DDT is a pesticide that was once widely used to control insects. Both DDD and DDE are breakdown products of DDT. This profile includes: (1) The examination, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic info. and epidemiologic evaluations on DDT/DDD/DDE to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated chronic health effects; (2) A determination of whether adequate info. on the health effects of DDT/DDD/DDE is available to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health of chronic health effects; and (3) Identification of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans. Illus.
