Download or read book Comparative Analysis of Vitamin A Retinol Regulated Genes in African American and Caucasian Prostate Cancer Patients written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vitamin A (retinol) and its related metabolites like retinoic acid (RA) have great potential in their roles as prostate cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents by exerting regulation on cell growth and differentiation. Several studies have shown that there is a reduction in retinoid levels and retinoid receptors (e.g. RARBeta2) in prostate cancer. RA is being used to treat patients with prostate cancer and has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and reverse the events of carcinogenesis in animal models of prostate cancer. There is a disparity in prostate cancer among the African-American population and we hypothesize that more severe disruptions of retinoid signaling occur, contributing to this disparity. The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying causes for the clinical behavior of prostate cancer in African-Americans as compared to Caucasian patients. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown the expression of LRAT, an enzyme responsible for retinol esterification and storage as retinyl esters, to be reduced in tumor tissue specimens from prostate cancer patients as compared to adjacent nonmalignant tissue. Understanding the role of retinoid signaling in prostate carcinogenesis will lead to improved chemoprevention strategies and to the development of novel therapies for this disease.
Download or read book Isolation of Novel Prostate Cancer Tumor Suppressor Genes in African American and Caucasian Men Thru Laser Microdissection and Representational Difference Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We used RDA to identify homozygously deleted DNA clones within metastatic prostate cancer xenograft DNA, and found that all of the homozygously deleted clones mapped to a single region of chromosome 12p. We confirmed that the metastatic lesions from this patient also contained this homozygous deletion, and then analyzed this region in a series of 41 metastatic tumors from 19 patients, where we found that 50% of patients' tumors show loss. This 12p deletion occurs with similar frequency in caucasians and african-americans based on our small sample. We mapped this genomic region, and found that two previously identified potential candidate genes ETV(tel) and CDKN1B(p27) are located there. Analysis of these genes has revealed no sequence changes consistent with an important tumor suppressor role. Extensive analysis of p27 for possible mutational or methylation changes was negative. Major observations from our work include the finding of a homozygous deletion on chromosome 12p in metastatic prostate cancer, considered to be a major indicator that an important gene is nearby on chromosome 12p. Further analysis of this region revealed unexpected high degree of allelic loss in this region. Specific genes in the region were analyzed, and p27 appears to be the likely target, inactivated by loss of one copy. Further analysis was curtailed due to lack of funding.
Download or read book Comparison of Stroma associated Gene Expression in African American and Caucasian American Prostate Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globally, prostate cancer is the most common invasive malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Prostate cancer incidence is significantly higher in the United States compared to most other countries, due to dietary and environmental factors. Well-established risk factors for prostate cancer include increasing age, African ancestry, and a family history of prostate cancer1. African Americans have a higher incidence at a younger age, more aggressive forms of the disease, and shortest survival for all major cancers, and disparities persist despite an improved understanding of early detection, genetics, and socioeconomic risk factors1. Ethnicity/race is the major risk factor, after adjusting for age in this type of cancer. In prostate cancer, the tumor microenvironment (stroma) is considered to be a niche which favors tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis2. Interaction with cancer cells can lead to genetic changes in stroma cells. Active stromal components mostly contain smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells3. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are functionally and structurally different from fibroblasts, which exist adjacent to the normal epithelium. These cells, when mixed with normal prostate epithelial cells, can induce their malignant transformation4. Microarray analyses have identified pathways that are significantly associated with tumor and stromal tissues in prostate cancer5. 20% of these pathways are extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion molecules, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition5. In addition previous studies analyzing microarray data showed significantly modified gene expression between African American and Caucasian American stromal tissue6. Tissue microarrays are a useful technique for profiling protein expression in a large number of samples and is applied in this thesis project for the purpose of the microarray results optimization, validation, and its racial disparity outcomes in prostate cancer, as well as to determine if products of differentially expressed genes in tumor versus stroma of prostate cancer tissues follow the same pattern as transcript levels. We were going to quantify the proteins of interest using immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort of African American and Caucasian American prostate cancer samples.
Download or read book Isolation of Novel Prostate Cancer Tumor Suppressor Genes in African American and Caucasian Men Thru Laser Microdissection and Representation Difference Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant progress has been made for all three specific aims. Specific Aim 1: Obtaining metastatic prostate cancer DNA of quality sufficient for Representational Difference Analysis (RDA), has been achieved using alternate means. Specific Aim 2: Employ RDA to identify DNA regions which have been homozygously deleted, has been achieved with identification of a novel region of homozygous deletion on chromosome 12p (Cancer Research, 58, 5652-5655, 1998). Specific Aim 3: To prioritize regions of homozygous deletion based on frequency of deletion of this region in metastatic tumors, and to identify candidate genes within these regions, has been achieved, with previously unidentified deletion of the identified chromosome 12p region in 50% of metastatic prostate cancers studied (Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer 25:270-276, 1999) . Examination of genes within this region suggests that p27 or TEL to be likely candidates. These results validate this approach and additional studies are underway to identify additional genomic regions of interest in metastatic prostate cancer.
Download or read book Genomic Association Study of Ancestry Matched African American Prostate Cancer Cases and Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American men have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings, although the definitive reasons for them are unknown. While both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility, results from multiple studies consistently implicate a strong genetic component to this cancer. However, a specific gene that is consistently and reproducibly associated with prostate cancer risk in any population has not been identified. Association studies examining the frequency of common but specific genetic variants in study populations with and without a particular disease (i.e., case-control) is a powerful way to detect the influence of common genetic variants capable of affecting disease risk. While these types of studies are powerful, they are not without limitations, including the tendency to be confounded due to population stratification (a critical issue in admixed populations like African Americans), and the requirement for large, well-matched, and well-characterized study populations. While there has been extensive use of case control studies to identify genetic risk variants in Caucasian populations, corresponding studies in the African American prostate cancer population have been less extensive, typically being much smaller than their Caucasian counterparts, with little or no effort to address the critical issue of population stratification as a confounder. It is now quite clear that unless cases are well matched to controls in terms of genetic heterogeneity in such studies, spurious associations will and undoubtedly have been observed and reported. In this study, the author uses Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) to match African American prostate cancer cases and controls for the purposes of performing association studies without confounding by population stratification.
Download or read book Genetic Association Study of Ancestry Matched African American Prostate Cancer Cases and Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American men have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings although the definitive reasons for this are unknown. While both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility, results from multiple studies consistently implicate a strong genetic component of this cancer. However, a specific gene which is consistently and reproducibly associated with prostate cancer risk in any population has not been identified. Association studies examining the frequency of common but specific genetic variants in study populations with and without a particular disease (i.e. case-control) is a powerful way to detect the influence of common genetic variants capable of affecting disease risk. While these types of studies are powerful, they are not without limitations, including the tendency to be confounded due to population stratification (a critical issue in admixed populations like African American), and the requirement for large, well matched, and well characterized study populations. While there has been extensive use of case control studies to identify genetic risk variants in Caucasian populations, corresponding studies in the African American prostate cancer population have been less extensive, typically being much smaller than the Caucasian counterparts, with little or no efforts to address the critical issue of population stratification as a confounder. It is now quite clear that unless cases are well matched to controls in terms of genetic heterogeneity in such studies, spurious associations will and undoubtedly have been observed and reported. In this study we use Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) to match African American prostate cancer cases and controls for the purposes of performing association studies without confounding by population stratification.
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C Vitamin E Selenium and Carotenoids written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-27 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series of quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is the newest framework for an expanded approach developed by U.S. and Canadian scientists. This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes provides reference intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for different groups based on age and gender, along with a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), designed to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.
Download or read book Complementary Oncology written by Josef Beuth and published by Georg Thieme Verlag. This book was released on 2005-10-19 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of every four deaths occurring in the United States today is due to cancer, and the number of diagnoses continues to increase. Fortunately, however, cancer treatments are improving, which means more and more patients are surviving for longer periods. Complementary methods have played an important role in these treatments, showing benefits such as a higher quality of life, reduced instance and severity of the side effects of standard therapy, and a general improvement of the patient's immunological state. Indeed, these methods - from carefully monitored nutrition, exercise, and psychological support to enzyme substitution, phytotherapy, hyperthermia and microbiology therapy - are critical to a treatment's overall success. More than ever, doctors need accurate, up-to-date information about which methods have been proven in scientifically based clinical studies (EBM) to be acceptable for use in conjunction with standard treatment methods. In this unique book, experts ranging across medical disciplines present data on the efficacy of these methods as they are currently being used, the necessary scientific background, and practical advice for introducing them into practice. With illustrations, tables, and detailed descriptions, this book is an ideal reference and an invaluable tool for educating patients about this encouraging aspect of cancer therapy. Throughout, the contributors emphasize the latest scientifically and clinically tested treatments. A useful chart lays out in detail which treatments are applicable for various types of cancers and what effects they have been shown to cause. The word is out about the beneficial qualities of complementary therapies in the treatment of cancer. More physicians are offering it to their patients, and more and more patients are demanding it. You - and your patients - cannot afford to be without this valuable resource.
Download or read book Gunderson Tepper s Clinical Radiation Oncology E Book written by Joel E. Tepper and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 2356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary resource for the entire radiation oncology team, Gunderson & Tepper’s Clinical Radiation Oncology, 5th Edition, thoroughly covers all aspects of this complex and dynamic field. Concise, templated chapters cover the basic biology of oncologic disease processes as well as updated treatment algorithms, the latest clinical guidelines, and state-of-the-art techniques and modalities. More than 1,000 images—detailed anatomy drawings, radiographic images, and more—provide outstanding visual support for every area of the text. Divides content into three distinct sections for quick access to information: Scientific Foundations, Techniques and Modalities, and Disease Sites. Disease Site chapters include overviews summarizing the most important issues and concluding discussions on controversies and problems. Features new and expanded content on molecular and cellular biology and its relevance in individualized treatment approaches, stereotactic radiation therapy, radiosurgery, proton therapy, biologic therapy, precision radiation therapy, targeted radiation, dosing guidelines for better quality of life and improved patient outcomes, and more. Includes new chapters on Radiation Physics: Particle Therapy, Interventional Radiology, Radiation Therapy in the Elderly, Palliative Care, Quality and Safety, and Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy. Provides guidance on single-modality and combined-modality approaches, as well as outcome data including disease control, survival, and treatment tolerance. Includes access to videos on Intraoperative Irradiation, Prostate Brachytherapy, Penile Brachytherapy, and Ocular Melanoma.
Download or read book Nutritional Oncology written by George L. Blackburn and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-05-02 with total page 847 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutritional oncology is an increasingly active interdisciplinary field where cancer is investigated as both a systemic and local disease originating with the changes in the genome and progressing through a multi-step process which may be influenced at many points in its natural history by nutritional factors that could impact the prevention of cancer, the quality of life of cancer patients, and the risk of cancer recurrence in the rapidly increasing population of cancer survivors.Since the first edition of this book was published in 1999, the idea that there is a single gene pathway or single drug will provide a cure for cancer has given way to the general view that dietary/environmental factors impact the progression of genetic and cellular changes in common forms of cancer. This broad concept can now be investigated within a basic and clinical research context for specific types of cancer. This book attempts to cover the current available knowledge in this new field of nutritional oncology written by invited experts. This book attempts to provide not only the theoretical and research basis for nutritional oncology, but will offer the medical oncologist and other members of multidisciplinary groups treating cancer patients practical information on nutrition assessment and nutritional regimens, including micronutrient and phytochemical supplementation. The editors hope that this volume will stimulate increased research, education and patient application of the principles of nutritional oncology.NEW TO THIS EDITION:* Covers hot new topics of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in cancer cell growth * Includes new chapters on metabolic networks in cancer cell growth, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics* Presents substantially revised chapters on breast cancer and nutrition, prostate cancer and nutrition, and colon cancer and nutrition* Includes new illustrations throughout the text, especially in the breast cancer chapter * Includes integrated insights into the unanswered questions and clearly defined objectives of research in nutritional oncology * Offers practical guidelines for clinicians advising malnourished cancer patients and cancer survivors on diet, nutrition, and lifestyle * Provides information on the role of bioactive substances, dietary supplements, phytochemicals and botanicals in cancer prevention and treatment
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 2616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status written by Dominic J. Harrington and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status provides a comprehensive understanding of the limitations of commonly used approaches used for the evaluation of vitamin status, reducing harm in the general health setting. It outlines the application of ‘Best Practice’ approaches to the evaluation of vitamin status, giving physicians and other healthcare professionals the opportunity to make evidence-based interventions. Nearly every metabolic and developmental pathway in the human body has a dependency on at least one micronutrient. Currently, the clinical utility of approaches taken by laboratories for the assessment of vitamin status is generally poorly understood, missing the opportunity to diagnosis vitamin deficiencies. This essential reference gives clinical and biomedical scientists an understanding of the limitations of commonly used approaches to the evaluation of vitamin status in the general health setting through change in practice. Nutritionists and dietitians gain an understanding of more sophisticated markers of vitamin status. Describes specialist assays in sufficient detail to enable laboratories to replicate what is being performed by expert groups Provides detailed information that supports laboratories in the setting up of methods for the evaluation of vitamin status Informs laboratories looking for third party providers of specialist investigations Provides an essential overview of reference ranges for each vitamin
Download or read book Diet and Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.
Download or read book Prostate Cancer Prevention written by Jack Cuzick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-15 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prostate cancer is by far the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of death due to cancer. It comprises a mixed group of tumours displaying varying clinical behaviour: while some have a very aggressive course, others are rather indolent. Prevention of prostate cancer and discrimination between aggressive and indolent forms are important clinical goals and the acquisition of significant new evidence on means of achieving these aims makes this book particularly timely. A wide range of topics are covered by leading authorities in the field. The biology and natural history of prostate cancer are reviewed and the role of lifestyle and dietary factors, assessed. Detailed attention is paid to risk prediction biomarkers and to the role of novel high-throughput nucleic acid-based technologies in improving risk prediction and thereby allowing tailored approaches to cancer prevention. Potential means of chemoprevention of prostate cancer are also reviewed in depth, covering the very positive new data on the impact of aspirin as well as evidence regarding 5α-reductase inhibitors, DFMO and lycopene. Guidance is provided on the differentiation of aggressive from indolent disease and the policy and research implications of recent findings are examined. This book will be of interest to both clinicians and researchers.
Download or read book Retinoid Signaling Pathways written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-04-29 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retinoid Signaling Pathways, Volume 637, the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. Sections in this release include The chemistry and biochemistry of Vitamin A and its natural derivative, Biosynthesis of retinoic acids, Biodegration of retinoic acids mediated by retinoid binding proteins, Retinoic acid homeostasis, Cryo Electron Microscopy to study retinol update via the STRA6 receptor, Immuno-detection of retinoic acid synthesis enzymes in the brain, classical pathway of gene regulation by retinoids, Protein-protein interactions in the regulation of retinoid acid receptors activity, and much more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology series Includes the latest information on retinoid signaling pathways
Download or read book The Fat Soluble Vitamins written by H. DeLuca and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first demonstration of the existence of a vitamin and the full recognition of this fact are often attributed to the work of McCollum, who found that a sub stance in butterfat and cod-liver oil was necessary for growth and health of ani mals fed purified diets. It became obvious that an organic substance present in microconcentrations was vital to growth and reproduction of animals. Following the coining of the word vitamine by Funk, McCollum named this fat-soluble sub stance vitamin A. We can, therefore, state that vitamin A was certainly one of the first known vitamins, yet its function and the function of the other fat-soluble vitamins had remained largely unknown until recent years. However, there has been an explosion of investigation and new information in this field, which had remained quiescent for at least two or three decades. It is now obvious that the fat-soluble vitamins function quite differently from their water-soluble counter parts. We have learned that vitamin D functions by virtue of its being converted in the kidney to a hormone that functions to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism. This new endocrine system is in the process of being elucidated in detail, and in addition, the medical use of these hormonal forms of vitamin D in the treatment of a variety of metabolic bone diseases has excited the medical com munity.
