Download or read book Report on the Status of the Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Performance written by Kenneth H. Thomas and published by Irwin Professional Publishing. This book was released on 1993-01 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The equality and breadth of bank lending practices are under microscopic scrutiny from community groups, Congress, financial regulatory agencies and the media. To say that subjective interpretation and sporadic enforcement have made the Community Reinvestment Act one of the most controversial regulations ever imposed upon banking is an understatement. As front page headlines charge discriminatory lending practices, as CRA is linked to urban blight and the L.A. riots, and as previously confidential bank CRA ratings are disclosed, banking's least liked law becomes ever more controversial, emotionally charged and unpopular. Enforcement of CRA is high on the Clinton agenda in a shift from previous administrations. New justice department investigations, lawsuits and penalties, powerful and well-organized community groups, and heightened attention from the public and media all promise to make CRA the most talked about regulatory issue of the 1990s. Furthermore, it will increasingly become a major component in the approval of impending bank mergers and any proposed new powers for the banking industry. Yet, if the truth be known, CRA ratings are alarmingly subjective. While repeatedly alleged, these charges have never been documented - until now. In this seminal work, bringing together years of analysis and research, CRA expert Kenneth H. Thomas presents the first truly objective, in-depth evaluation of CRA assessment and performance. Dr. Thomas reveals actual cases of CRA grade inflation and deflation - including the previously unreported case of apparent regulatory favoritism involving the controversial acquisition of one of America's largest failed banks. Sure to spark additional debate, this landmark work is required reading for anyone in the CRA triangle - bankers, community groups and bank regulators. Community Reinvestment Performance sheds new light on banking's least liked law; uncovers what bankers, community groups and regulators really think about CRA; provides the first historical analysis of CRA performance from 1982 - 1992; and includes innovative recommendations for improving CRA with an emphasis on public policy issues.
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act written by Roland E. Brandel and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proposals to Enhance the Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Provisions Aimed at Strengthening the Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investment Performance Measurement written by Bruce J. Feibel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-04-21 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many investment books include a chapter or two on investment performance measurement or focus on a single aspect, but only one book addresses the breadth of the field. Investment Performance Measurement is a comprehensive guide that covers the subjects of performance and risk calculation, attribution, presentation, and interpretation. This information-packed book covers a wide range of related topics, including calculation of the returns earned by portfolios; measurement of the risks taken to earn these returns; measurement of the risk and return efficiency of the portfolio and other indicators of manager skill; and much more. By reviewing both the concepts of performance measurement and examples of how they are used, readers will gain the insight necessary to understand and evaluate the management of investment funds. Investment Performance Measurement makes extensive use of fully worked examples that supplement formulas and is a perfect companion to professional courses and seminars for analysts. Bruce J. Feibel, CFA, is Product Manager at Eagle Investment Systems, an investment management software provider located in Newton, Massachusetts. He is responsible for overseeing the development of Eagle's investment performance measurement, attribution, and AIMR/GIPS compliance software. Prior to joining Eagle, Mr. Feibel was a principal at State Street Global Advisors. He earned his BS in accounting from the University of Florida.
Download or read book The Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act written by Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA; P.L. 95-128, 12 U.S.C. §§ 2901-2908) addresses how banking institutions meet credit needs in low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. The federal banking regulatory agencies—the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)—currently implement the CRA. The regulators conduct examinations to evaluate how banks are fulfilling the objectives of the CRA and issue performance ratings. Having a satisfactory or better CRA rating is desirable when banks request to merge with other banking institutions. The CRA, which was enacted in 1977, was subsequently revised in 1989 to require public disclosure of bank CRA ratings and for the CRA examination to have a four-tiered system of descriptive performance levels (i.e., Outstanding, Satisfactory, Needs to Improve, or Substantial Noncompliance). In 1995, the CRA examination was customized to account for differences in bank sizes and business models. In 2005, the bank size definitions were revised and indexed to the Consumer Price Index. The definition of community development was also modified to expand CRA opportunities for public welfare investments. In addition, the CRA has evolved to include consumer and business lending, community investments, and low-cost services that would benefit LMI areas and entities. Congressional concerns regarding the CRA stem from various perceptions of its effectiveness. Some contend that the CRA creates incentives for banks to make loans to unqualified borrowers likely to have repayment problems, which can translate into losses for lenders. Others are concerned that the CRA is not generating sufficient incentives to increase credit availability to qualified LMI borrowers, which may impede economic recovery for some following the 2007- 2009 recession. This report informs the congressional debate concerning the CRA's effectiveness in incentivizing bank lending and investment activity to LMI borrowers. After a discussion of the CRA's origins, it presents the CRA's examination process and bank activities that are eligible for consideration of CRA credits. Next, it discusses the difficulty of determining the CRA's influence on bank behavior. For example, it could be argued that, by encouraging lending in LMI neighborhoods, the CRA may also encourage the issuance of higher-risk loans. Regulators, however, generally do not award CRA credits for payday and most subprime (nontraditional mortgage) loans, even if these loans originated in LMI areas. This regulatory practice suggests the CRA has little or no influence on higher-risk lending. In addition, banks face a variety of financial incentives (e.g., capital requirements, the current interest rate environment, consumer credit demand, and consumer credit history) that influence how much (or how little) they lend to LMI borrowers. Because financial and CRA incentives concurrently exist, it is difficult to separate how much influence should be attributed solely to the CRA. Furthermore, compliance with CRA does not require adherence to lending quotas or benchmarks. In the absence of benchmarks, determining the extent to which CRA incentives have influenced LMI credit availability relative to other factors is not straightforward.
Download or read book Effective Implementation of the Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on General Oversight, Investigations, and the Resolution of Failed Financial Institutions and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Practical Portfolio Performance Measurement and Attribution written by Carl R. Bacon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-23 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Performance measurement and attribution are key tools in informing investment decisions and strategies. Performance measurement is the quality control of the investment decision process, enabling money managers to calculate return, understand the behaviour of a portfolio of assets, communicate with clients and determine how performance can be improved. Focusing on the practical use and calculation of performance returns rather than the academic background, Practical Portfolio Performance Measurement and Attribution provides a clear guide to the role and implications of these methods in today's financial environment, enabling readers to apply their knowledge with immediate effect. Fully updated from the first edition, this book covers key new developments such as fixed income attribution, attribution of derivative instruments and alternative investment strategies, leverage and short positions, risk-adjusted performance measures for hedge funds plus updates on presentation standards. The book covers the mathematical aspects of the topic in an accessible and practical way, making this book an essential reference for anyone involved in asset management.
Download or read book Credit to the Community written by Dan Immergluck and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the most comprehensive examination of community reinvestment and fair lending problems and policies currently available. It outlines the history of lending discrimination and redlining in U.S. mortgage and small business lending markets, and documents the persistence of such problems today. The author explains the role that government has played in developing banking and credit markets in the United States, from the creation of Alexander Hamilton's First Bank of the United States to the ongoing support government provides through the subsidization of secondary markets and through maintenance of critical regulatory infrastructure. Immergluck takes issue with those calling for deregulation of financial services - especially in the arena of fair lending and consumer protection - and gives new voice to rationales for social contract policies such as the Community Reinvestment Act. He provides new long-term analysis of the failure of federal bank regulators to enforce the CRA, and also shows how increased community activism and media attention have led to sporadic periods of stronger CRA enforcement. Finally, he recommends a number of policy changes that are needed to modernize the nation's fair lending and community reinvestment laws and make them more relevant for the 21st century.
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking and Financial Services. Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 written by United States and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Status of the Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Low Income Homeownership written by Nicolas P. Retsinas and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2004-05-28 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Brookings Institution Press and Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies publication A generation ago little attention was focused on low-income homeownership. Today homeownership rates among under-served groups, including low-income households and minorities, have risen to record levels. These groups are no longer at the margin of the housing market; they have benefited from more flexible underwriting standards and greater access to credit. However, there is still a racial/ethnic gap and the homeownership rates of minority and low-income households are still well below the national average. This volume gathers the observations of housing experts on low-income homeownership and its effects on households and communities. The book is divided into five chapters which focus on the following subjects: homeownership trends in the 1990s; overcoming borrower constraints; financial returns to low-income homeowners; low-income loan performance; and the socioeconomic impact of homeownership.
