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Book Commander s Handbook for the Joint Interagency Coordination Group

Download or read book Commander s Handbook for the Joint Interagency Coordination Group written by Joint Warfighting Center and published by . This book was released on 2007-03-01 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. Scope The Commander's Handbook for the Joint Interagency Coordination Group provides techniques and procedures that are evolving in the joint community and being incorporated into joint publications. 2. Purpose This handbook serves as a bridge between the evolving JIACG and its migration into doctrine. As such, it is intended to inform doctrine writers, educators, and trainers about the JIACG and its potential for further inclusion in joint doctrine, education, and training. It fills the existing void between emerging concepts and published joint doctrine. It also presents well developed definitions that have been harmonized with current and evolving joint doctrine and discusses those "best practices" that have proven of value during on-going military operations, exercises, and experimentation. This handbook provides potential joint and Service users a definitive publication on "how" a JIACG may be organized and employed to support interagency coordination at the operational level, particularly during the planning and execution of a joint operation. 3. Application The handbook is meant to educate the joint community about the JIACG and to offer some useful techniques and procedures that can be used in the combatant commands by joint force commanders and their staffs. The handbook focuses on JIACG coordination of interagency efforts in deploying and employing joint forces in concert with the other instruments of national power. 4. Command The recommendations in this handbook are based on best practices observed during current operations, exercises, experimentation, and prototyping, as well as existing joint doctrine. Commanders may tailor specific elements to conform to their individual staff requirements.

Book Commander s Handbook for the Joint Interagency Coordination Group

Download or read book Commander s Handbook for the Joint Interagency Coordination Group written by Joint Warfighting Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This handbook serves as a bridge between the evolving JIACG and its migration into doctrine. As such, it is intended to inform doctrine writers, educators, and trainers about the JIACG and its potential for further inclusion in joint doctrine, education, and training. It fills the existing void between emerging concepts and published joint doctrine. It also presents well developed definitions that have been harmonized with current and evolving joint doctrine and discusses those 'best practices' that have proven of value during on-going military operations, exercises, and experimentation. This handbook provides potential joint and Service users a definitive publication on 'how' a JIACG may be organized and employed to support interagency coordination at the operational level, particularly during the planning and execution of a joint operation" -- p. i.

Book Joint Officer Handbook  JOH  Staffing and Action Guide

Download or read book Joint Officer Handbook JOH Staffing and Action Guide written by United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Staff. J-7 and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a practical and easily accessible guide for those new to the joint environment and staff assignments. With input from serving action officers and senior leaders, here are the competencies and behaviors of highly effective and successful joint staff officers which provide a roadmap for career self development. This is the most current joint information available for managing staff activities.

Book Commander s handbook for joint time sensitive targeting

Download or read book Commander s handbook for joint time sensitive targeting written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook is designed for joint force commanders and their staffs to assist them in rapid target engagement. It is meant to be a resource tool for the joint force commander joint force headquarters and the joint force components. Though consistent with joint and Service doctrine it is not a doctrinal publication. Joint Publication 3-60 Joint Doctrine for Targeting, 17 January 2002 is the authoritative publication and has an appendix for time-sensitive targeting considerations. As we learned from experiences in such locales as Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan our ability to engage time-sensitive targets in a timely efficient and effective manner is a requisite for successful military operations. US forces are faced with an ever-increasing threat from adversaries that pose (or could pose) a direct danger and demand an immediate response. The complexities of engaging time-sensitive targets require joint force commanders and their staffs to fully appreciate the coordination and integration that are required to minimize the chance of fratricide and other collateral effects. This Handbook provides examples from combatant commands and joint task forces to assist in the prosecution of time-sensitive targets.

Book DSCA Handbook

    Book Details:
  • Author : United States. Department of Defense
  • Publisher : United States Department of Defense
  • Release : 2010
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 584 pages

Download or read book DSCA Handbook written by United States. Department of Defense and published by United States Department of Defense. This book was released on 2010 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-in one resource includes the Tactical Commanders and Staff Toolkit plus the Liaison Officer Toolkit. Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA)) enables tactical level Commanders and their Staffs to properly plan and execute assigned DSCA missions for all hazard operations, excluding Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, high yield Explosives (CBRNE) or acts of terrorism. Applies to all United States military forces, including Department of Defense (DOD) components (Active and Reserve forces and National Guard when in Federal Status). This hand-on resource also may be useful information for local and state first responders. Chapter 1 contains background information relative to Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) including legal, doctinal, and policy issues. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the incident management processes including National Response Framework (NRF), National Incident Management Systems (NIMS), and Incident Command System (ICS) as well as Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Chapter 3 discuses the civilian and military responses to natural disaster. Chapter 4 provides a brief overview of Joint Operation Planning Process and mission analyis. Chapter 5 covers Defense Support of Civilian Authorities (DSCA) planning factors for response to all hazard events. Chapter 6 is review of safety and operational composite risk management processes Chapters 7-11 contain Concepts of Operation (CONOPS) and details five natrual hazards/disasters and the pertinent planning factors for each within the scope of DSCA.

Book Handbook for Military Participation in the Interagency Management System for Reconstruction and Stabilization

Download or read book Handbook for Military Participation in the Interagency Management System for Reconstruction and Stabilization written by Us Joint Forces Command and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook for Military Participation in the Interagency Management System for Reconstruction and Stabilization is Book One in a set of five handbooks developed to assist the joint force commander design, plan, and execute a whole-of-government approach. Included with the series is an overview J7/J9 Pamphlet, Executive Summary of the Unified Action Handbook Series, that describes the handbooks, suggests how they should be used, and identifies the significant interrelationships among them. The handbook outlines joint force roles and responsibilities in the Interagency Management System (IMS) and existing interagency coordination authorities and mechanisms. It aligns with the USG Planning Framework for Reconstruction, Stabilization, and Conflict Transformation. It will also align with the IMS Guide under development at the Department of States' Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization.

Book U  S  Joint Forces Army Command Commander s Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy  Joint Warfighting Center   Covering Afghanistan  Iraq  Al Qaeda  War on Terror  Petraeus

Download or read book U S Joint Forces Army Command Commander s Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy Joint Warfighting Center Covering Afghanistan Iraq Al Qaeda War on Terror Petraeus written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-23 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As U.S. Joint Forces Command continues to interact with the combatant commands and Services, we recognize that there is no universal agreement on the best way to plan and execute a strategic communication and related activities strategy. Additionally, there is very little doctrinal guidance, consequently we have updated this pre-doctrinal handbook to help joint force commanders and their staffs understand alternative perspectives, techniques, procedures, "best practices," and organizational options. Strategic communication must be at the heart of U.S. Government efforts to inform and influence key audiences in support of U.S. national interests, policies, and objectives. We seek to achieve this influence by understanding and engaging them with coordinated programs, plans, themes, messages, images, and products synchronized with the actions of all instruments of national power. The U.S. military plays an instrumental supporting role in strategic communication, primarily through information operations, public affairs, visual information, and defense support to public diplomacy. Strategic communication considerations should be associated with every military operation across the entire range of military operations from routine, recurring military activities in peacetime through major operations. Every commander should develop a coordinated and synchronized communication strategy and provide guidance for the support and execution of a coherent effort. Effectively synchronized strategic communication has the potential to achieve national, theater-strategic and operational-level objectives in a manner that could lessen the requirement for combat in many operations. This is especially the case in circumstances where the focus of operations is on gaining and maintaining support of the relevant population, such as in counterinsurgency and other operations associated with irregular warfare. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * CHAPTER I * STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES * - Preserving Influence * - Providing Unified Action * - Guidance and Capability Shortfalls * - Addressing Shortfalls * CHAPTER II * ESTABLISHED POLICY AND GUIDANCE * - National Strategic Communication * - Department of State Organization, Processes, and Products * - Department of Defense Organization, Processes, and Guidance * - Joint Doctrine * - Definition Inadequacies * - Nesting * - The Battle of the Narrative * CHAPTER III * CURRENT PRACTICES AND INITIATIVES * SECTION A: JOINT FORCE PRACTICES * - General * - Option 1: Increased Command Emphasis * - Option 2: Tasking an Existing Staff Leader * - Option 3: Direct Planning Team Integration * - Option 4: Centralized Control of All Communication Strategy-Related Activities Under a Separate Directorate * - Option 5: Communication Strategy Director With Small Coordination Staff and Supporting Communication Strategy Working Group * - Key Leader Engagement * - Cards * - Dialogue * - MNF-I Best Practices * - Operational-Level Challenges and Enablers * - USSOUTHCOM's Mani Effort * SECTION B. OTHER STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION INITIATIVES * - Strategic Communication Joint Integrating Concept Development * - Strategic Communication Education * CHAPTER IV * PLANNING AND ASSESSMENT * - General * - Understanding the Operational Environment * - Planning Sequence and Key Considerations * - Some Short, Medium, and Long-Term Planning Techniques * - Assessment * CHAPTER V * OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS * - General * - Policy * - Doctrine * - Organization * - Training * - Materiel * - Leadership and Education * - Personnel * - Facilities * - Conclusion

Book Commander s Handbook for Assessment Planning and Execution

Download or read book Commander s Handbook for Assessment Planning and Execution written by Joint Staff and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-10-16 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides an understanding of the processes and procedures being employed by joint force commanders and their staffs to plan and execute assessment activities. It provides fundamental principles, techniques, and considerations related to assessment that are being employed in the field and are evolving toward incorporation in joint doctrine. Furthermore, this handbook supplements doctrinal publications by providing detailed guidance to conduct effects assessment, task assessment, and deficiency analysis. Commanders, assisted by their staffs and subordinate commanders, along with interagency and multinational partners and other stakeholders, will continuously assess the operational environment and the progress of the operation toward the desired end state in the time frame desired. Based on their assessment, commanders direct adjustments, thus ensuring the operation remains focused on accomplishing the mission. Assessment is applicable across the range of military operations. It offers perspective and insight, and provides the opportunity for self-correction, adaptation, and thoughtful results-oriented learning. Assessment is a key component of the commander's decision cycle, helping to determine the results of tactical actions in the context of overall mission objectives and providing potential recommendations for the refinement of future plans. Assessments provide the commander with the current state of the operational environment, the progress of the campaign or operation, and recommendations to account for discrepancies between the actual and predicted progress. Commanders then compare the assessment against their vision and intent and adjust operations to ensure objectives are met and the military end state is achieved. First, assessment must determine "where we are." The assessment process must examine the data received and determine, in relation to the desired effects, the current status of the operation and the operational environment. This is the most basic and fundamental question that assessment must answer. The second fundamental issue that assessment must address is "so what and why" (i.e., what does the data mean and what is its significance)? To answer this question, the assessment team will examine the measure of effectiveness indicators, both individually and in relation to each other. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, assessment must begin to address the "what's next?" Assessment must combine the analysis of the "where we are" and the "so what" and develop thoughtful, logical guidance for the command's planning efforts. Assessments are interrelated and interdependent. Although each level of assessment may have a specific focus and a unique battle rhythm, together they form a hierarchical structure in which the conduct of one level of assessment is crucial to the success of the next. Theater strategic and operational-level assessment efforts concentrate on broader tasks, effects, objectives, and progress toward the end state, while tactical-level assessment primarily focuses on task accomplishment. This handbook provides users with a pre-doctrinal reference describing how to conduct assessment execution and planning. Its primary purpose is to improve the US military's assessment process through educating the user on basics, best practices, and processes. This handbook was developed based on observations at combatant commands as well as joint task force staffs. It was developed in close coordination with, and used significant input from, both civilian and military subject matter experts. Assessment is a collaborative effort between the joint force, interagency and multinational partners, and other stakeholders. As such, this handbook addresses the necessity for an inclusive assessment process and effort at every level. It also presents some assessment resources developed by other stakeholders and currently in use throughout the world.

Book Commander s Handbook for Joint Time Sensitive Targeting

Download or read book Commander s Handbook for Joint Time Sensitive Targeting written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook is designed for joint force commanders and their staffs to assist them in rapid target engagement. It is meant to be a resource tool for the joint force commander joint force headquarters and the joint force components. Though consistent with joint and Service doctrine it is not a doctrinal publication. Joint Publication 3-60 Joint Doctrine for Targeting, 17 January 2002 is the authoritative publication and has an appendix for time-sensitive targeting considerations. As we learned from experiences in such locales as Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan our ability to engage time-sensitive targets in a timely efficient and effective manner is a requisite for successful military operations. US forces are faced with an ever-increasing threat from adversaries that pose (or could pose) a direct danger and demand an immediate response. The complexities of engaging time-sensitive targets require joint force commanders and their staffs to fully appreciate the coordination and integration that are required to minimize the chance of fratricide and other collateral effects. This Handbook provides examples from combatant commands and joint task forces to assist in the prosecution of time-sensitive targets.

Book Interorganizational Coordination During Joint Operations  Joint Publication 3 08

Download or read book Interorganizational Coordination During Joint Operations Joint Publication 3 08 written by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-10-27 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides joint doctrine for the coordination of military operations with US Government agencies; state, local, and tribal governments; intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. The Department of Defense conducts interorganizational coordination across a range of operations, with each type of operation involving different communities of interests and structures. This is especially pronounced for domestic and foreign operations, which are governed by different authorities and have considerably different US Government governing structures and stakeholders. Interorganizational coordination aids in this by enabling participants to do one or more of the following: Facilitate Unity of Effort. Achieving national strategic objectives requires the effective and efficient use of diplomatic, informational, military, and economic instruments of national power supported by interorganizational coordination. Achieve Common Objectives. Successful interorganizational coordination enables the USG to build international and domestic support, conserve resources, and conduct coherent operations that more effectively and efficiently achieve common objectives. Provide Common Understanding. Interorganizational coordination is critical to understanding the roles and relationships of participating military commands and relevant stakeholders as well as their interests, equities, and insight into the challenges faced. Such common understandings will be essential to enable stakeholders to operate effectively in the same space, identifying opportunities for cooperation and avoiding unnecessary conflict. Providing Strategic Direction. Strategic direction is the common thread that integrates and synchronizes the activities of the Joint Staff, combatant commands, Services, and combat support agencies. As an overarching term, strategic direction encompasses the processes and products by which the President, Secretary of Defense, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff provide policy and strategic guidance to DOD. Strategic direction is provided in a number of national level documents, some of which include the National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, National Military Strategy, National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, National Strategy for Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction, National Response Framework, National Strategy for Maritime Security, National Incident Management System, and Unified Command Plan. Within the USG, military and civilian agencies perform in both supported and supporting roles. However, this is not the support command relationship described in Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. Relationships between military and civilian agencies cannot be equated to military command authorities. Although there is no equivalent command relationship between military forces and civilian agencies and organizations, clearly defined relationships may foster harmony and reduce friction between the participants. The incident command system is a standardized on-scene emergency management construct specifically designed to provide for the adoption of an integrated organizational structure that reflects the complexity and demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries. Military policies, processes, and procedures are very different from those of civilian organizations. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training.

Book 21st Century U S  Military Manuals

Download or read book 21st Century U S Military Manuals written by U. S. Navy and published by . This book was released on 2018-04-03 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Joint Force Land Component Commander Handbook (JFLCC) provides guidance for planning and conducting land operations requiring the close coordination of Army forces and Marine Corps forces under the control of a joint force land component commander within a joint operations area. It presents considerations and options that joint force commanders can employ when designating a joint force land component commander and describes the authority and responsibilities of a joint force land component commander. This handbook describes guidance for establishing the command relationship based on the joint force commander's concept of operations. It addresses formation, functions, and organization of the joint force land component commander. It also discusses the operational questions of who, what, when, and how of operations in support of major operations or campaigns by a joint force commander. It is not the intent of this handbook to supplant approved joint doctrine; nor is it the intent to restrict the authority of the joint force commander from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner he deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission. The guidance in this handbook applies to combatant commanders, sub-joint task forces, and subordinate components of these commands.

Book Commander s Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy

Download or read book Commander s Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy written by Joint Warfighting Center and published by . This book was released on 2010-06-24 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As U.S. Joint Forces Command continues to interact with the combatant commands and Services, we recognize that there is no universal agreement on the best way to plan and execute a strategic communication and related activities strategy. Additionally, there is very little doctrinal guidance, consequently we have updated this pre-doctrinal handbook to help joint force commanders and their staffs understand alternative perspectives, techniques, procedures, "best practices," and organizational options. Strategic communication must be at the heart of U.S. Government efforts to inform and influence key audiences in support of U.S. national interests, policies, and objectives. We seek to achieve this influence by understanding and engaging them with coordinated programs, plans, themes, messages, images, and products synchronized with the actions of all instruments of national power. The U.S. military plays an instrumental supporting role in strategic communication, primarily through information operations, public affairs, visual information, and defense support to public diplomacy. Strategic communication considerations should be associated with every military operation across the entire range of military operations from routine, recurring military activities in peacetime through major operations. Every commander should develop a coordinated and synchronized communication strategy and provide guidance for the support and execution of a coherent effort. Effectively synchronized strategic communication has the potential to achieve national, theaterstrategic and operational-level objectives in a manner that could lessen the requirement for combat in many operations. This is especially the case in circumstances where the focus of operations is on gaining and maintaining support of the relevant population, such as in counterinsurgency and other operations associated with irregular warfare. During the past five years, understanding of strategic communication and its impact on joint operations has continued to evolve across the joint community. These experiences and insights are described in this handbook. I encourage you to use the information in this handbook and provide feedback to help us capture value-added ideas for incorporation in emerging joint doctrine.

Book Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Download or read book Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms written by United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Foreign Humanitarian Assistance

Download or read book Foreign Humanitarian Assistance written by Department of Defense and published by . This book was released on 2019-07-19 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreign Humanitarian Assistance, Joint Publication 3-29, 14 May 2019 This publication provides fundamental principles and guidance to plan, execute, and assess foreign humanitarian assistance operations. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations, and it provides considerations for military interaction with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, multinational forces, and other interorganizational partners. Why buy a book you can download for free? We print the paperback book so you don't have to. First you gotta find a good clean (legible) copy and make sure it's the latest version (not always easy). Some documents found on the web are missing some pages or the image quality is so poor, they are difficult to read. If you find a good copy, you could print it using a network printer you share with 100 other people (typically its either out of paper or toner). If it's just a 10-page document, no problem, but if it's 250-pages, you will need to punch 3 holes in all those pages and put it in a 3-ring binder. Takes at least an hour. It's much more cost-effective to just order the bound paperback from Amazon.com This book includes original commentary which is copyright material. Note that government documents are in the public domain. We print these paperbacks as a service so you don't have to. The books are compact, tightly-bound paperback, full-size (8 1/2 by 11 inches), with large text and glossy covers. 4th Watch Publishing Co. is a HUBZONE SDVOSB. https: //usgovpub.com

Book Counterinsurgency Field Manual

    Book Details:
  • Author : The U.S. Army Marine Corps
  • Publisher : University of Chicago Press
  • Release : 2008-09-15
  • ISBN : 0226841529
  • Pages : 474 pages

Download or read book Counterinsurgency Field Manual written by The U.S. Army Marine Corps and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the U.S. military invaded Iraq, it lacked a common understanding of the problems inherent in counterinsurgency campaigns. It had neither studied them, nor developed doctrine and tactics to deal with them. It is fair to say that in 2003, most Army officers knew more about the U.S. Civil War than they did about counterinsurgency. The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual was written to fill that void. The result of unprecedented collaboration among top U.S. military experts, scholars, and practitioners in the field, the manual espouses an approach to combat that emphasizes constant adaptation and learning, the importance of decentralized decision-making, the need to understand local politics and customs, and the key role of intelligence in winning the support of the population. The manual also emphasizes the paradoxical and often counterintuitive nature of counterinsurgency operations: sometimes the more you protect your forces, the less secure you are; sometimes the more force you use, the less effective it is; sometimes doing nothing is the best reaction. An new introduction by Sarah Sewall, director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, places the manual in critical and historical perspective, explaining the significance and potential impact of this revolutionary challenge to conventional U.S. military doctrine. An attempt by our military to redefine itself in the aftermath of 9/11 and the new world of international terrorism, The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual will play a vital role in American military campaigns for years to come. The University of Chicago Press will donate a portion of the proceeds from this book to the Fisher House Foundation, a private-public partnership that supports the families of America’s injured servicemen. To learn more about the Fisher House Foundation, visit www.fisherhouse.org.

Book Command and control for joint air operations

Download or read book Command and control for joint air operations written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides fundamental principles and doctrine for the command and control of joint air operations throughout the range of military operations. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to govern the joint activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for US military involvement in multinational and interagency operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes doctrine for joint operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission.