Download or read book Colloquium series in integrated systems physiology written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology From Molecule to Function to Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology from Molecule to Function to Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2009* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology written by Granger JP Granger DN (editors) and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ascites written by Jens H. Henriksen and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2013-06-01 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume deals with the history, aetiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, prognosis, and rational treatment of ascites. During the past decade, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of ascites has increased substantially and more specific therapies are now based on aetiology and pathophysiology. It is the intention of this book to review recent progress in pathophysiology of ascites and therapies based on pathophysiology. Although the different types of ascites have a different aetiology and very different pathophysiology, the development of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is always a bad clinical sign. It has a severe prognosis, which is mainly dependent on the aetiology and progression of the underlying disease. However, among patients with ascites, the prognosis may be very different, mainly owing to the presence of portal venous hypertension, malignancy in the abdominal cavity, and end-stage congestive heart failure. The addition of complications like the hepatorenal syndrome and bacterial peritonitis, whether spontaneous or secondary, adds heavily to the bad prognosis. Since hepatic ascites are by far the most complex with respect to pathophysiology, complications, and treatment, emphasis is put on the description of this entity. Ascites of other aetiologies are mentioned along with hepatic ascites, in particular, if the pathophysiology differs from ascites of hepatic origin.
Download or read book The Biliary System written by David Q.-H. Wang and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-12-15 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The liver is a vital organ involved in numerous metabolic processes such as cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, biliary lipid secretion, and bile formation. Cholesterol balance across the liver has a crucial effect on influencing plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol concentrations. Cholesterol and bile acid biosyntheses are primarily modulated by negative feedback regulatory mechanisms through the sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2 (SREBP-2) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathways, respectively. The conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver can balance the fecal excretion of bile acids, which is an important route for the removal of cholesterol from the body. Bile formation begins in the bile canaliculi, and maintenance of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids results in a continuous secretion of bile. Hepatic secretion of biliary lipids is determined mainly by a group of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are located on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes, which are regulated by various nuclear receptors. Bile acids promote bile flow by their osmotic effects. Also, they are essential for the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins and play an important role in aiding the digestion of dietary fat. Bile acids function as signaling molecules and anti-inflammatory agents to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism by rapidly activating nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways. This eBook summarizes the progress in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and the physical-chemistry of biliary lipids, with emphasis on biliary lipid metabolism that is regulated by nuclear receptors in the hepatobiliary system.
Download or read book Stroke written by Jens Minnerup and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke is a major global health problem because of its large contribution to mortality, morbidity, and disability. The most common form of stroke is ischemic stroke which accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. During the past decade, our knowledge of the molecular and cellular processes that contribute to stroke pathophysiology has increased substantially and offers many targets for future therapeutic strategies. This book provides an overview of the current knowledge of stroke pathophysiology and the mechanisms that interfere with recovery and regeneration. Moreover, this book reviews the latest advances in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
Download or read book Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation Second Edition written by Roland N. Pittman and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-18 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
Download or read book Sepsis written by Christian Lehmann and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-11 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Variability in pathogenesis and complex pathophysiology often delay diagnosis and create significant challenges for clinical studies in this group of critically ill patients. Mainly for those reasons, there is no therapy approved so far to overcome the underlying immune dysregulation. This book provides an overview about the state of the art of sepsis diagnostics and potential future therapies. Chapter 1 focuses on the immunologic staging of sepsis—the key for successful treatment of the dysregulated hot response. Chapter 2 reveals similarities in the immune response in sepsis and cancer—opening new avenues for novel therapies. Chapter 3 introduces an important modulator of the immune response—the endogenous cannabinoid system and elucidates its role in organ dysfunction in sepsis. Facing the increasing bacterial resistance to classical antibiotics, Chapter 4 discusses two unique mechanisms to treat infection and inflammation in sepsis: iron chelation, and the sphingosine pathway. The authors, all experts in experimental and clinical sepsis research, seek to provide further understanding of the complexities of the immune response as the physiological basis for the development of new therapeutics in sepsis.
Download or read book Integrated Systems Physiology Custom Edition written by Silverthorn and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Vascular Biology of the Placenta written by Yuping Wang and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-23 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. Proper vascular development in the placenta is fundamental to ensuring a healthy fetus and successful pregnancy. This book provides an up-to-date summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding placental vascular biology and discusses the relevance of this vascular bed to the functions of the human placenta.
Download or read book Colonic Motility written by Sushil K. Sarna and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.
Download or read book Physiology and Pathophysiology of Digestion written by D. Neil Granger and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2018-09-13 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collaboration of two physiologists and a gastroenterologist provides medical and graduate students, medical and surgical residents, and subspecialty fellows a comprehensive summary of digestive system physiology and addresses the pathophysiological processes that underlie some GI diseases. The textual approach proceeds by organ instead of the traditional organization followed by other GI textbooks. This approach lets the reader track the food bolus as it courses through the GI tract, learning on the way each organ's physiologic functions as the bolus directly or indirectly contacts it. The book is divided into three parts: 1) Chapters 1-3 include coverage of basic concepts that pertain to all (or most) organs of the digestive system, salivation, chewing, swallowing, and esophageal function, 2) Chapters 4-6 are focused on the major secretory organs (stomach, pancreas, liver) that assist in the assimilation of a meal, and 3) Chapters 7 and 8 address the motor, transport, and digestive functions of the small and large intestines. Each chapter includes its own pathophysiology and clinical correlation section that underscores the importance of the organ's normal function.
Download or read book Hepatic Circulation written by W. Wayne Lautt and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2009-11-17 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hepatic circulation is unique among vascular beds. The most obvious unique features include the dual vascular supply; the mechanism of intrinsic regulation of the hepatic artery (the hepatic arterial buffer response); the fact that portal blood flow, supplying two thirds of liver blood flow, is not controlled directly by the liver; the fact that 20% of the cardiac output rushes through the most vascularized organ in the body, driven by a pressure gradient of only a few millimeters of mercury; the extremely distensible capacitance and venous resistance sites; the unidirectional acinar blood flow that regulates parenchymal cell metabolic specialization; and the high concentration of macrophagic (Kupffer) cells filtering the blood. The liver is the only organ reported to have regional blood flow monitored by the autonomic nervous system. This mechanism, when dysfunctional, accounts for the hepatorenal syndrome and offers a mechanistic therapeutic target to treat this syndrome. The trigger for liver regeneration is dependent on hepatic hemodynamics so that chronic liver blood flow regulates liver cell mass. In severe liver disease, the whole body circulation is reorganized, by forming portacaval shunts, to accommodate the increased intrahepatic venous resistance. These shunts protect the venous drainage of the splanchnic organs but lead to loss of major regulatory roles of the liver. The development of knowledge of the hepatic vasculature is presented from a historical perspective with modern concepts summarized based on the perspective of the author's four decades of devotion to this most marvelous of organs. Table of Contents: Acknowledgements / Historical Perspectives / Overview / Fluid Exchange / Capacitance / Resistance in the Hepatic Artery / Resistance in the Venous System / Fetal and Neonatal Hepatic Circulation / In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Approaches / Nitric Oxide / Adenosine / Hepatic Nerves / Hepatic Circulation and Toxicology / Hepatorenal Syndrome / Integrative Hepatic Response to Hemorrhage / Blood Flow Regulation of Hepatocyte Proliferation / Multiple Mechanisms Maintaining a Constant Hepatic Blood Flow to Liver Mass Ratio / Pathopharmacology and Repurposing Drugs as a Research Strategy / References
Download or read book Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense System written by Peter R. Kvietys and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2014-11-01 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gastrointestinal mucosal defense system serves to minimize mucosal injury by either ingested or endogenously produced noxious substances. The mucosal defense system is stratified into pre-epithelial (alkaline mucus), epithelial (dynamic epithelial lining), and post-epithelial (microcirculation) components. The mucus lining the epithelial surface presents a diffusional barrier to ingested material (e.g., lipids) and also serves as an unstirred layer in which a pH gradient can be established to prevent acid-induced injury. The epithelial lining prevents entrance of any toxic material to the interstitium and, should it be damaged, it is rapidly resealed by migration of adjacent viable epithelial cells to cover the defect. Any acid or other material that has entered the interstitium is washed out by an intense neurogenic hyperemia. In general, the mucosal defense system is quite effective and any adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with the normal course of nutrient assimilation are minimal. However, there are two situations in which the mucosal defense system is known to be ineffective and result in gastric mucosal injury: inadvertent ingestion of H. pylori. or intentional ingestion of NSAIDs. H. pylori can penetrate the mucus layers and cause epithelial injury and inflammation, while at the same time preventing its clearance by the host immune system. NSAIDs weaken the mucus layer and cause epithelial cell injury. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Introduction / The Mucus Layer / Epithelial Lining / Gastrointestinal Circulation / Integration of Mucosal Defense / Mucosal Defense System: Physiologic / Mucosal Defense System: H. pylori / Mucosal Defense System: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) / Overall Summary and Conclusions / References / Author Biographies
Download or read book The Endocannabinoid System in Local and Systemic Inflammation written by Melanie E. M. Kelly and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2017-03-29 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the role of the endocannabinoid system in local and systemic inflammation, with individual chapters written by experts in the field of cannabinoid research and medicine. The topics explore the actions of the endocannabinoid system on the immune system, including neuroinflammation in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's, as well as local and systemic inflammatory conditions affecting organs including the eye (uveitis and corneal inflammation), the bladder (interstitial cystitis), pancreas (diabetes), cardiovascular system (stroke), joints (arthritis), and sepsis. The objective of this book is to provide knowledge transfer on the use of cannabinoids in inflammatory disease by critically examining preclinical and clinical research on the immunomodulatory actions of the endocannabinoid system, with specific emphasis on the actions of cannabinoids in diseases where inflammation is a prominent component. By drawing these results together, we seek to provide further understanding of the complexities of endocannabinoid system modulation of immune function and identify potential uses and limitations for cannabinoid-based therapeutics.
Download or read book The Renin Angiotensin System and the Kidney written by Xiao C. Li and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most important endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) humoral systems in the regulation of blood pressure, cardiovascular, and kidney function in health and disease. The RAS has remarkably evolved from the initial discovery of the rate-limiting enzyme renin to a complex biochemical and physiological cascade involving more than a dozen members. Currently, there are up to five axes or pathways identified in the RAS; each has its substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and downstream signaling pathways. These include the renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the APA/ANG III/AT2 receptor, the ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/prorenin receptor (PRR), and the ANG IV/AT4 receptor (IRAP) pathways. Accordingly, the roles of the RAS have expanded well beyond the classic endocrine paradigm as a powerful vasoconstrictor, a potent aldosterone stimulator, or a sodium-retaining hormonal system. The goals of this article are to review and discuss the current insights into and new perspectives on the expression, localization, and novel actions of the RAS with a focus in the kidney. Special emphasis will be placed on recently discovered new members of the RAS derived from studies using innovative mutant rats or mice that either overexpress (knockin) or are deficient (knockout) of a particular substrate, enzyme, ANG peptide, or receptor. This new knowledge will help improve our understanding how each of these pathways act directly or indirectly to regulate blood pressure, cardiovascular and kidney function in physiology, and can be targeted to treat hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases.
