Download or read book Collateral Requirements for Mandatory Central Clearing of Over the Counter Derivatives written by Daniel Heller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the end of 2012, all standardized over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives must be cleared with central counterparties (CCPs). In this paper, we estimate the amount of collateral that CCPs should demand to clear safely all interest rate swap and credit default swap positions of the major derivatives dealers. Our estimates are based on potential losses on a set of hypothetical dealer portfolios that replicate several aspects of the way that derivatives positions are distributed within and across dealer portfolios in practice. Our results suggest that major dealers already have sufficient unencumbered assets to meet initial margin requirements, but that some of them may need to increase their cash holdings to meet variation margin calls. We also find that default funds worth only a small fraction of dealers' equity appear sufficient to protect CCPs against almost all possible losses that could arise from the default of one or more dealers, especially if initial margin requirements take into account the tail risks and time variation in risk of cleared portfolios. Finally, we find that concentrating clearing of OTC derivatives in a single CCP could economize on collateral requirements without undermining the robustness of central clearing.
Download or read book Central Counterparties written by Jon Gregory and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-17 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical guidance toward handling the latest changes to the OTC derivatives market Central Counterparties is a practical guide to central clearing and bilateral margin requirements, from one of the industry's most influential credit practitioners. With up-to-date information on the latest regulations imposed after the global financial crisis, this book covers the mechanics of the clearing process and analyses the resulting consequences. Detailed discussion explains the ways in which the very significant clearing and margining rules will affect the OTC derivatives market and the financial markets in general, with practical guidance toward implementation and how to handle the potential consequences. Over-the-counter derivatives were blamed by many for playing a major role in the 2007 financial crisis, resulting in a significant attention and dramatic action by policymakers, politicians, and regulators to reduce counterparty credit risk which was seen as a major issue in the crisis. The two most important regulatory changes are the mandatory clearing of standardised OTC derivatives, and the requirements for bilateral margin posting in non-standard OTC contracts. Central Counterparties is a complete reference guide to navigating these changes, providing clarification and practical advice. Review the mitigation of counterparty credit risk with the historical development of central clearing Clarify the latest regulatory requirements imposed by Dodd-Frank, EMIR, Basel III and more Learn the mechanics of central clearing, with special attention to complex issues such as margin calculations, the loss waterfall, client clearing and regulatory capital rules Gain insight into the advantages and disadvantages of clearing and bilateral margin requirements, and the potential issues that arise As the clearing and margining mandates are phased in, the associated costs will be severe enough to dramatically shift the topology of the financial markets and transform the nature of risk. Central Counterparties provides the information, clarification and expert insight market practitioners need to get up to speed quickly.
Download or read book Central Counterparties written by Jon Gregory and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-25 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical guidance toward handling the latest changes to the OTC derivatives market Central Counterparties is a practical guide to central clearing and bilateral margin requirements, from one of the industry's most influential credit practitioners. With up-to-date information on the latest regulations imposed after the global financial crisis, this book covers the mechanics of the clearing process and analyses the resulting consequences. Detailed discussion explains the ways in which the very significant clearing and margining rules will affect the OTC derivatives market and the financial markets in general, with practical guidance toward implementation and how to handle the potential consequences. Over-the-counter derivatives were blamed by many for playing a major role in the 2007 financial crisis, resulting in a significant attention and dramatic action by policymakers, politicians, and regulators to reduce counterparty credit risk which was seen as a major issue in the crisis. The two most important regulatory changes are the mandatory clearing of standardised OTC derivatives, and the requirements for bilateral margin posting in non-standard OTC contracts. Central Counterparties is a complete reference guide to navigating these changes, providing clarification and practical advice. Review the mitigation of counterparty credit risk with the historical development of central clearing Clarify the latest regulatory requirements imposed by Dodd-Frank, EMIR, Basel III and more Learn the mechanics of central clearing, with special attention to complex issues such as margin calculations, the loss waterfall, client clearing and regulatory capital rules Gain insight into the advantages and disadvantages of clearing and bilateral margin requirements, and the potential issues that arise As the clearing and margining mandates are phased in, the associated costs will be severe enough to dramatically shift the topology of the financial markets and transform the nature of risk. Central Counterparties provides the information, clarification and expert insight market practitioners need to get up to speed quickly.
Download or read book International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards written by and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2004 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Collateral Netting and Systemic Risk in the OTC Derivatives Market written by Mr.Manmohan Singh and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-04-01 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To mitigate systemic risk, some regulators have advocated the greater use of centralized counterparties (CCPs) to clear Over-The-Counter (OTC) derivatives trades. Regulators should be cognizant that large banks active in the OTC derivatives market do not hold collateral against all the positions in their trading book and the paper proves an estimate of this under-collateralization. Whatever collateral is held by banks is allowed to be rehypothecated (or re-used) to others. Since CCPs would require all positions to have collateral against them, off-loading a significant portion of OTC derivatives transactions to central counterparties (CCPs) would require large increases in posted collateral, possibly requiring large banks to raise more capital. These costs suggest that most large banks will be reluctant to offload their positions to CCPs, and the paper proposes an appropriate capital levy on remaining positions to encourage the transition.
Download or read book Recommendations for Central Counterparties written by Group of Ten. Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Compulsory Central Clearing of OTC Derivatives written by Louise Gullifer and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New regulation brought in as a result of the global financial crisis mean that more reliance than ever is being placed on collateral, not just as mitigation of credit risk in bilateral financing transactions, but as one of the main techniques supporting the architecture of the regulated capital markets. This is particularly true in the derivatives market, where, for transactions which meet a specified degree of standardisation, compulsory clearing through central counterparties is being introduced pursuant to the decision taken at the G20 summit in Pittsburgh in September 2009.The Regulation introducing compulsory central clearing in Europe ('EMIR'),takes an ambivalent attitude towards collateral. On one hand, it makes the provision of collateral to central counterparties ('CCPs') compulsory,in order to protect CCPs from credit risk if their counterparties default. On the other hand, it mandates particular collateral holding models, in order to protect counterparties from the risk of CCP insolvency, and to protect clients from the risk of their clearing broker's insolvency.Both these requirements result in vastly increased demand for quality collateral.For many market participants this is only achievable at considerable cost. There is every incentive for the market to develop ways of reducing the amount of collateral that is required to be posted, and to enable the available collateral to 'go further'. The chief technique used is netting of transactions: the more netting there is, the less exposure and therefore the less collateral is required. One of the benefits of central clearing is reduction of exposure through multilateral netting. However, netting at lower levels brings its own costs and difficulties. The market challenge has been to produce a range of collateral holding models so that participants can choose the particular balance of risks and costs which suits them.The purpose of this paper is to examine the new structure in relation to central clearing,as well as some of the market solutions, to analyse the legal position of each under English law and the resulting mix of risks and protections offered by each technique.
Download or read book Central Counterparties Resolution An Unresolved Problem written by Mr.Manmohan Singh and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-03-20 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recovery and resolution regimes are being developed for central counterparties (CCPs). We analyse current resolution tools in the context of policy, which is to restore the critical functions of a failed CCP. We conclude that the toolkit is insufficient to avoid the costs of resolution being borne by taxpayers, and propose alternative policy suggestions for addressing the problem of a failed CCP.
Download or read book Collateral Management written by Michael Simmons and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-02-18 with total page 877 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insight into collateral management and its increasing relevance in modern banking In the wake of recent financial crises, firms of all sizes have adjusted their policies to incorporate more frequent instances of collateral management. Collateral Management: A Guide to Mitigating Counterparty Risk explains the connection between the need for collateral management in order to alleviate counterparty risk and the actions that firms must take to achieve it. Targeted at middle and back office managers seeking a hands-on explanation of the specifics of collateral management, this book offers a thorough treatment of the subject and attends to details such as internal record management, daily procedures used in making and receiving collateral calls, and settlement-related issues that affect the movements of cash and securities collateral. An expert in financial topics ranging from trade lifecycle to operational risk, author Michael Simmons offers readers insight into a field that, so far, is struggling to produce enough expertise to meet its high demand. Presents hands-on advice and examples from a bestselling, internationally renowned author who introduces his third book on operations and operations-related activities Explains the relationship between collateral management and preventing institutional defaults, such as the recent Lehman Brothers downfall Since 2008, firms have recognized and embraced the importance of collateral management, but this book will provide practitioners with a deeper understanding and appreciation of its relevance.
Download or read book Regulating Financial Derivatives written by Alexandra G. Balmer and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book puts forward a holistic approach to post-crisis derivatives regulation, providing insight into how new regulation has dealt with the risk that OTC derivatives pose to financial stability. It discusses the implications that post crisis regulation has had on central counterparties and the risk associated with clearing of OTC derivatives. The author offers a novel solution to tackle the potential negative externalities from the failure of a central counterparty and identifies potential new risks arising from post crisis reforms.
Download or read book Capital Requirements for Over the Counter Derivatives Central Counterparties written by Ms.Li Lin and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-01-08 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The central counterparties dominating the market for the clearing of over-the-counter interest rate and credit derivatives are globally systemic. Employing methodologies similar to the calculation of banks’ capital requirements against trading book exposures, this paper assesses the sensitivity of central counterparties’ required risk buffers, or capital requirements, to a range of model inputs. We find them to be highly sensitive to whether key model parameters are calibrated on a point-in-time versus stress-period basis, whether the risk tolerance metric adequately captures tail events, and the ability—or lack thereof—to define exposures on the basis of netting sets spanning multiple risk factors. Our results suggest that there are considerable benefits from having prudential authorities adopt a more prescriptive approach to for central counterparties’ risk buffers, in line with recent enhancements to the capital regime for banks.
Download or read book The Morning After The Impact on Collateral Supply After a Major Default written by Dermot Turing and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes to the regulatory system introduced after the financial crisis include not only mandatory clearing of OTC derivatives at central counterparties and margining of uncleared derivatives, but also prudential measures, including notably a “Liquidity Coverage Ratio” which obliges firms to set aside high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) as a stopgap against anticipated cash outflows. We examine factors which may affect the demand for HQLA in a severely stressed market following a hypothetical default of a major clearing member. Immediately following a major default, the amount of HQLA demanded by the whole market would spike. We estimate the size of the spike and draw conclusions as to whether the depth of the market is adequate to absorb it.
Download or read book Post Trade Processing of OTC Derivatives written by Olga Lewandowska and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The financial crisis of 2007–2009 exposed the weaknesses of the global over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market such as limited transparency regarding risk exposures, poor counterparty risk management practices, and the risk of contagion arising from interconnectedness in this market. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, regulators introduced worldwide legislative and regulatory changes aimed at increasing the transparency and stability of the financial markets. In this book, Dr. Olga Lewandowska explores those novel regulatory solutions and their impact. The main focus is on central counterparty (CCP) clearing that became mandatory for OTC derivatives under the new regulatory paradigm. In four research papers, she analyzes CCP from different risk perspectives and based on four diverse research methods. Her book offers a comprehensive assessment of the risk-reduction potential of the CCPs, their implications for the financial markets, and the practical challenges in the implementation of the recent financial market reforms.
Download or read book New Regulations and Collateral Requirements Implications for the OTC Derivatives Market written by Manmohan Singh and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper provides a snapshot of the changing collateral space and how this will impact the regulatory push to move over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives to CCPs. With continued quantitative easing (QE) by some central banks, price signals from the repo market indicate a shortage of good collateral. This paper focuses on the collateral demand in the OTC derivatives market as they move to central counterparties (CCPs) and suggests alternatives on how to reduce risk in this market. The proposed route of removing OTC derivatives from banks books creates new SIFIs, destroys the economics of netting on the books of the banks, silo(s) collateral and decreases collateral velocity, and increases the interconnectedness of the financial system. Alternately, if every user of OTC derivatives contributed their share of margin(s) when using OTC derivatives (relative to the proposed bifurcated “clearing” and “non-cleared” worlds including legacy trades that will not clear), the risk from derivatives at SIFIs would be eliminated. There would be no need for CCPs.
Download or read book Derivatives Clearinghouses written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Central Clearing for OTC Derivatives written by Christina Renz and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thesis at hand makes an contribution to the research on central clearing by presenting in detail the underlying motivations as well as the structural dimensions of a global CCP infrastructure. The economic considerations on the motivation factors showed that those in favor of CCPs for OTC derivatives, namely an increase in transparency, a reduction in counterparty exposure and an improvement in system stability, clearly outweigh the drawbacks including rising collateral requirements and a reduction in the degree of customization. Taking the relevant structural dimensions, i.e. the asset classes covered by CCPs, the degree of accessibility to CCPs, the number of CCPs and the geographical concentration, into account a feasible structure would include a multiple CCP system with a highly diversified range of OTC derivatives combined with interoperability arrangements and enhanced accessibility. However, a transformation towards the proposed structure is not supported by current market and regulatory conditions with respect to interoperability and consolidation.
Download or read book OTC Derivatives Bilateral Trading and Central Clearing written by David Murphy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-08-07 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the credit crisis, supervisors enacted a range of financial reforms. In particular, they radically changed the nature of the OTC derivatives market via a number of measures, notably mandatory central clearing. This book discusses the market before the crisis, explains what central clearing is, and outlines the consequences of the new rules.
