Download or read book Integrated Care written by Anna Ratzliff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-13 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated, collaborative model for more comprehensivepatient care Creating Effective Mental and Primary Health Care Teamsprovides the practical information, skills, and clinical approachesneeded to implement an integrated collaborative care program andsupport the members of the care team as they learn this new,evidence-based, legislatively mandated care delivery system. Uniquein presenting information specifically designed to be used in anintegrated, collaborative care workflow, this book providesspecific guidance for each member of the team. Care managers,consulting psychiatrists, primary care providers, andadministrators alike can finally get on the same page in regard topatient care by referring to the same resource and employing acommon framework. Written by recognized experts with broadresearch, clinical, implementation, and training experience, thisbook provides a complete solution to the problem of fragmentedcare. Escalating costs and federal legislation expanding access tohealthcare are forcing the industry to transition to a new model ofhealth care delivery. This book provides guidance on navigating thechanges as a team to provide the best possible patient care. Integrate physical and behavioral care Use evidence-based treatments for both Exploit leading-edge technology for patient management Support each member of the collaborative care team Strong evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of a collaborativecare approach for delivering mental health care to patients in aprimary care setting. The field is rapidly growing, but fewresources are available and working models are limited. This bookprovides a roadmap for transitioning from traditional methods ofhealth care to the new integrated model. Providers ready to move tothe next level of care will find Creating Effective Mental andPrimary Health Care Teams an invaluable resource.

Download or read book Integrated Care written by Lori E. Raney and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goals of Integrated Care: Working at the Interface of Primary Care and Behavioral Health are to educate psychiatrists about the fundamental shift underway in health care and to prepare them to be successful and effective in the new health care arena. The passage and implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act presents an opportunity for newly insured patients and for funding models of integrated care, enabling psychiatrists to have a more significant population-level impact. The only book of its kind, the guide defines integrated care, reviews the evidence base, and addresses the three potential benefits of this model of care: improved outcomes, cost containment, and enhanced patient experience (also known as the "triple aim"). The new models of integrated care presented in this book are population-based, which is the key to improved outcomes, and they represent a change in how medicine in general and psychiatry in particular will approach health care delivery moving forward. The book's features are both high-impact and user-friendly: The book is divided into two sections, "Behavioral Health in Primary Care Settings" and "Primary Care in Behavioral Health Care Settings," with Section 1 focused on improving the detection and treatment of behavioral health conditions by integrating behavioral health services into primary care settings and Section 2 focused on improving the health status of patient populations with serious mental illness by integrating primary care into behavioral health treatment. Each chapter presents a set of "core principles of effective collaborative care," which serve as a guide for the structure and provision of care for the varying models, regardless of the setting. Contributors provide dozens of examples that highlight the impact psychiatrists can make in achieving the triple aim of improved outcomes, cost containment, and enhanced experience. Detailed case vignettes integrated throughout the book bring concepts to life and help clinicians to understand and improve the patient-provider relationship. The information presented in these chapters allows both practicing psychiatrists and those in training to develop a skill set essential to designing, working in, teaching, or promoting an integrated care program within a health care system. Evidence based and timely, Integrated Care: Working at the Interface of Primary Care and Behavioral Health is a must read for clinicians in the brave new world of health care reform.

Download or read book Collaborative Care written by Sally Hornby and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practitioners of all professions recognize the need and importance of collaboration, yet many find it far from easy to achieve. This book provides insights and understandings into the complexities of collaborative relationships so that individuals and groups can take constructive action to detect hindrances and attempt to overcome them. The heightened interest in new ways of working together in health and social care has merited a new edition of this excellent text. Four new contributors have enlarged on the pioneering work of the late Sally Hornby, adding new material on collaborative relationships within organizational hierarchies of health and social care. Key themes such as the fight for resources, the tendency of professionals to behave defensively towards their clients, their departments and their resources, and the use of individual and group coping mechanisms are revisited. The new focus adds reflections on the effects of the professional and organizational contexts to these issues and provides new perspectives on the effectiveness of helping relationships in the year 2000 and beyond.

Download or read book Primary Care E Book written by Terry Mahan Buttaro and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 1428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by and for Nurse Practitioners from a unique collaborative perspective, Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice, 4th Edition, prepares you to provide care for all of the major disorders of adults seen in the outpatient setting. Evidence-based content reflects the latest guidelines for primary care of hundreds of conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and sexually transmitted infections. Now in full color, the 4th Edition includes chapters on emerging topics such as genetics, obesity, lifestyle management, and emergency preparedness. Combining a special blend of academic and clinical expertise, the author team provides a practical text/reference that promotes a truly collaborative primary care practice. Comprehensive, evidence-based content incorporates the latest standardized guidelines for primary care in today's fast-paced, collaborative environment. Unique! A collaborative perspective, reflecting the key roles of NPs, MDs, PAs, PharmDs, and others, promotes seamless continuity of care. A consistent format from chapter to chapters facilitates learning and clinical reference value. Diagnostics and Differential Diagnosis boxes provide a quick reference for diagnosing disorders and helping to develop effective management plans. Physician Consultation icons highlight situations or conditions in which consultation is either recommended or necessary. Emergency Referral icons identify signs and symptoms that indicate the need for immediate referral to an emergency facility. Co-management with Specialists discussions help you provide truly collaborative care in the outpatient setting. Complementary and alternative therapies are addressed where supported by solid research evidence.

Download or read book Integrated Care written by Lori E. Raney and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2017-04-26 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Care: A Guide for Effective Implementation provides a detailed, thoughtful, and experience-based guide to the complex and potentially overwhelming process of implementing an integrated care program. The advantages of integrated care from both the clinical and administrative perspectives are many, including better detection of illness, improvement in overall health outcomes, a better patient care experience, flexibility in responding to policy and financial changes, and an emphasis on return on investment. The book addresses the emerging framework of core principles for effective integrated care, reviews the most up-to-date research on implementation, and presents practice-based experience to serve as a guide. This information is useful in both traditional integration of behavioral health into general medical settings (often primary care) or integrating general medical care into a specialty mental health or substance use treatment setting. Because administrators, clinicians, policy makers, payers and others need guidance in determining what effective implementation looks like, the authors offer a three-part examination of the key components of an implementation strategy and explore the elements essential for success. The book is grounded in the authors' real-world expertise and offers readers practical, accessible information and support: Often efforts to implement an integrated care program fail because the model is more than just "plug and play." To address this misconception, the authors explore the successful implementation from every angle -- from leadership, primary care, therapist, psychiatric provider, and policy perspectives. As procedural and institutional hurdles are being overcome, codes for integrated care have been adopted. Accordingly, the book provides in-depth coverage of finance and funding models, challenges to billing, and emerging payment models. Each of the chapter authors were selected for their direct clinical experience in various integrated environments, their leadership in ushering teams through these initiatives, and/or their deep knowledge of payment and policy barriers. Impediments to the widespread implementation of evidence-based programs include payment and regulatory barriers, lack of a workforce trained in effective collaboration, and cultural differences between the worlds of primary care and behavioral health care. Integrated Care: A Guide for Effective Implementation helps health care leaders and providers overcome these obstacles to implement a successful, patient-centered integrated care program.

Download or read book Collaborative Caring written by Suzanne Gordon and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2015-05-07 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teamwork is essential to improving the quality of patient care and reducing medical errors and injuries. But how does teamwork really function? And what are the barriers that sometimes prevent smart, well-intentioned people from building and sustaining effective teams? Collaborative Caring takes an unusual approach to the topic of teamwork. Editors Suzanne Gordon, Dr. David L. Feldman, and Dr. Michael Leonard have gathered fifty engaging first-person narratives provided by people from various health care professions.Each story vividly portrays a different dimension of teamwork, capturing the complexity—and sometimes messiness—of moving from theory to practice when it comes to creating genuine teams in health care. The stories help us understand what it means to be a team leader and an assertive team member. They vividly depict how patients are left out of or included on the team and what it means to bring teamwork training into a particular workplace. Exploring issues like psychological safety, patient advocacy, barriers to teamwork, and the kinds of institutional and organizational efforts that remove such barriers, the health care professionals who speak in this book ultimately have one consistent message: teamwork makes patient care safer and health care careers more satisfying. These stories are an invaluable tool for those moving toward genuine interprofessional and intraprofessional teamwork.

Download or read book Medical Surgical Nursing written by Donna D. Ignatavicius and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-10 with total page 1776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master the essential medical-surgical nursing content you''ll need for success on the Next-Generation NCLEX® Exam (NGN) and safe clinical practice! Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, 10th Edition uses a conceptual approach to provide adult health knowledge and help you develop the clinical nursing judgment skills that today''s medical-surgical nurses need to deliver safe, effective care. "Iggy" emphasizes three emerging trends in nursing - interprofessional collaborative care, concept-based learning, and clinical judgment and systems thinking - trends that will ground you in how to think like a nurse and how to apply your knowledge in the classroom, simulation laboratory, and clinical settings. A perennial bestseller, "Iggy" also features NCLEX Exam-style Challenge and Mastery questions to prepare you for success on the NGN! UNIQUE! Interprofessional collaborative approach to care views medical and nursing management through the lens of the nursing process and the NCSBN Clinical Judgment Model and aligns with the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice. Consistent use of interprofessional terminology promotes interprofessional collaboration through the use of a common healthcare language, instead of using isolated nursing-specific diagnostic language. UNIQUE! Enhanced conceptual approach to learning integrates nursing concepts and exemplars, providing a foundation in professional nursing concepts and health and illness concepts and showing their application in each chapter. Unparalleled emphasis on clinical reasoning and clinical judgment helps you develop these vital skills when applying concepts to clinical situations. UNIQUE! Emphasis on Next-Generation NCLEX® Exam (NGN) preparation includes chapter-opening Learning Outcomes and chapter-ending Get Ready for the NCLEX Examination! sections, plus NCLEX Examination Challenge questions and new Mastery Questions, with an answer key in the back of the book and on the companion Evolve website. Emphasis on QSEN and patient safety focuses on safety and evidence-based practice with Nursing Safety Priority boxes, including Drug Alert, Critical Rescue, and Action Alert boxes. Direct, easy-to-read writing style features concise sentences and straightforward vocabulary. Emphasis on health promotion and community-based care reflects the reality that most adult health care takes place in environments outside of high-acuity (hospital) settings. NEW! Strengthened conceptual approach with data-driven Concept and Exemplar selections adds the concepts of pain, inflammation, and infection, and presents Exemplar disorders with a nursing-process format and depth to help prepare you for the Next-Generation NCLEX® Exam (NGN). NEW and UNIQUE! Enhanced focus on clinical judgment and systems thinking ensures alignment with the NCSBN Clinical Judgment Model and emphasizes the six cognitive skills you''ll need for effective clinical judgment, for the NGN, and for safe clinical practice. NEW! Emphasis on need-to-know content provides a solid foundation for beginning nurse generalists, including only the most important patient problems for each medical condition, with streamlined chapters and concise coverage of nursing skills for preoperative and postoperative care. NEW! Updated content throughout reflects the latest national and international evidence-based guidelines and protocols. NEW! Improved learning resources on the companion Evolve website are thoroughly updated and closely integrated with the textbook. NEW! Interprofessional Collaboration boxes highlight how the nurse collaborates with other members of the healthcare team. NEW! Ethical/Legal Considerations boxes address dilemmas that medical-surgical nurses face related to technological changes and socioeconomic disparities. NEW! Increased emphasis on home care, health promotion, and community-based care reflects the ongoing shift of care from hospitals to the home environment. NEW! Updated illustrations include new anatomy and physiology images, procedure images, and disorder photos. NEW! Updated drug tables are designed for quick reference and the use of drug trade names is eliminated for better alignment with the NGN. NEW! Coverage of opioid misuse is updated to reflect the opioid crisis in the U.S. NEW! Content on personal safety and preparedness for mass casualty events has been expanded to equip you for the realities of healthcare today. NEW! Key terms and definitions at the beginning of each chapter give you advance familiarity with essential terminology. NEW! Revised Key Points align closely with Learning Outcomes and each includes a QSEN or Clinical Nursing Concept "tag" to maximize your study efficiency. NEW! Simplified and streamlined chapters make the book easier to use and information easier to find.

Download or read book Medical surgical Nursing written by Donna D. Ignatavicius and published by W B Saunders Company. This book was released on 2010 with total page 2000 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sixth edition includes a new emphasis on clinical decision-making for patient-centered collaborative care and more streamlined and balanced coverage of the core body of knowledge needed for safe clinical practice. There is also expanded coverage of emergency and disaster preparedness along with an enhanced "Get Ready for the NCLEX Examination" feature that includes the addition of new NCLEX Challenge questions. --from publisher description.

Download or read book HIV Psychiatry written by James A. Bourgeois and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-18 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a practical guide in understanding how to prevent HIV transmission, to recognize risk behaviors, and to add something else to their repertoires. It aims to empower clinicians and provide a sense of security and competence with the recognition and understanding of some of the psychiatric illnesses that complicate and perpetuate the HIV pandemic that continue to persist throughout every area of the world despite the magnitude of the progress that has transformed the illness from a rapidly fatal to chronic illness that is no longer life-limiting. Missing in most of the literature on HIV is the subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, contribution of psychiatric symptoms, psychiatric illness, and risk behaviors that drive the pandemic and serve as catalysts for new infections. This practical guide provides state-of-the-art understanding of not only prevention but also a way to recognize risk behaviors, psychiatric symptoms, and psychiatric illnesses that will demystify and decode the sometimes enigmatic and frustrating reasons for nonadherence with diagnostic procedures and life-saving treatments and care. All behaviors and pathology are covered as well as the resources and treatments available. The goal of this text is to refresh knowledge on the current state of psychiatric illness management among people living with HIV, to provide a concise volume on the psychiatric aspects of HIV prevention and treatment that substantially impact the overall care of the patient, and to help understand the psychiatric catalysts of the pandemic Written by experts in the field, HIV Psychiatry: A Practical Guide for Clinicians provides enduring guidance to medical and other professionals caring for complicated clinical patients as they face ongoing challenges in working with persons with HIV and AIDS.

Download or read book Foundations of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice in Health Care E Book written by Margaret Slusser and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-07-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health care is a team effort, so why keep training for solo sprints? Introducing Foundations of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice in Health Care - a unique new textbook that will equip you to become an effective member of interprofessional healthcare teams. This completely new textbook is the first on the market to introduce the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC, 2011, 2016) Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice and to provide practice in applying these competencies to everyday practice. Expertly written by an interprofessional team for a wide variety of health professions students, this textbook provides a solid foundation in the four Core Competencies: Values and Ethics for Interprofessional Practice, Roles and Responsibilities, Interprofessional Communication, and Teams and Teamwork. It then elaborates each Core Competency by defining and describing each Sub-Competency. With a variety of interactive Case Studies, Caselets, and Exemplar Case Studies, it then illustrates the contributions and interconnectedness of each provider’s role to demonstrate how Core Competencies would be applied and put into action for improved patient outcomes. UNIQUE! Three-part units each addressing one of the four IPEC Core Competencies to help you to understand the core competencies and learn how to apply them in your own profession. UNIQUE! Detailed explorations of each Sub-Competency for all four IPEC Core Competencies thoroughly present the essential elements of each Core Competency for deep understanding of how to collaborate with other professions. UNIQUE! Case Studies, "Caselets," and Exemplar Case Studies illustrate each competency and provide opportunities for you to apply your understanding of the material. A variety of Active Learning activities driven by core content are integrated into each chapter. UNIQUE! Global Perspectives boxes and additional international resources highlight the important work being done internationally in interprofessional education and interprofessional collaborative practice. Research Highlights help you to understand the reasoning and knowledge behind the Core Competencies. Learning Outcomes and Key Points outline and review the main takeaways from each chapter.

Download or read book The Social Determinants of Mental Health written by Michael T. Compton and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Determinants of Mental Health aims to fill the gap that exists in the psychiatric, scholarly, and policy-related literature on the social determinants of mental health: those factors stemming from where we learn, play, live, work, and age that impact our overall mental health and well-being. The editors and an impressive roster of chapter authors from diverse scholarly backgrounds provide detailed information on topics such as discrimination and social exclusion; adverse early life experiences; poor education; unemployment, underemployment, and job insecurity; income inequality, poverty, and neighborhood deprivation; food insecurity; poor housing quality and housing instability; adverse features of the built environment; and poor access to mental health care. This thought-provoking book offers many beneficial features for clinicians and public health professionals: Clinical vignettes are included, designed to make the content accessible to readers who are primarily clinicians and also to demonstrate the practical, individual-level applicability of the subject matter for those who typically work at the public health, population, and/or policy level. Policy implications are discussed throughout, designed to make the content accessible to readers who work primarily at the public health or population level and also to demonstrate the policy relevance of the subject matter for those who typically work at the clinical level. All chapters include five to six key points that focus on the most important content, helping to both prepare the reader with a brief overview of the chapter's main points and reinforce the "take-away" messages afterward. In addition to the main body of the book, which focuses on selected individual social determinants of mental health, the volume includes an in-depth overview that summarizes the editors' and their colleagues' conceptualization, as well as a final chapter coauthored by Dr. David Satcher, 16th Surgeon General of the United States, that serves as a "Call to Action," offering specific actions that can be taken by both clinicians and policymakers to address the social determinants of mental health. The editors have succeeded in the difficult task of balancing the individual/clinical/patient perspective and the population/public health/community point of view, while underscoring the need for both groups to work in a unified way to address the inequities in twenty-first century America. The Social Determinants of Mental Health gives readers the tools to understand and act to improve mental health and reduce risk for mental illnesses for individuals and communities. Students preparing for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) will also benefit from this book, as the MCAT in 2015 will test applicants' knowledge of social determinants of health. The social determinants of mental health are not distinct from the social determinants of physical health, although they deserve special emphasis given the prevalence and burden of poor mental health.

Download or read book Collaborative Practice in Primary and Community Care written by Sanjiv Ahluwalia and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effective delivery of primary care requires the good working of a multi-professional team who provide that care. This accessible and concise text explores the ways in which primary care teams can collaborate well to advance the quality of clinical care and enhance collaborative working across the healthcare system as a whole. Taking a workbook approach, and including examples, narratives, case histories and further reading, Collaborative Practice in Primary and Community Care brings together theory and good practice to offer the reader viable models for achieving excellence. Addressing specific challenges to practising collaboratively throughout, it contains chapters exploring the contemporary context of primary care, collaboration with patients, collaboration between different professional groups, collaboration amongst organisations, and the respective roles of education and technology in promoting collaboration. Written by a multi-professional selection of experienced authors, practitioners and educators, this textbook is designed for a wide audience of healthcare professionals with an interest in primary care.

Download or read book Integrated Care written by Lori E. Raney, M.D. and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2017 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Real-life examples provided by clinical staff who made the transition to collaborative care are woven into the text, providing insight into the goals of improving outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost containment.

Download or read book Integrated Care in Addiction Treatment written by Philip Hemphill and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-22 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book emphasizes the importance of integrative care among the healthcare professionals involved in addiction treatment and includes a plan for executing and assessing the success of the system. Drawing on three decades of experience helping practitioners, managers, administrators, and funders understand and implement this treatment, Dr. Hemphill discusses the history and integration of coordinated care, and details how it works in practice from the medical and business perspectives. He outlines a model that encourages the expansion of detection systems and stresses the importance of behavioral health treatment in addiction treatment centers, which can reduce treatment costs and enhance care management. Resources are included for assessing organizational readiness, monitoring outcomes, and suggestions for continuous improvement to ensure a seamless transition, leading to better outcomes, patient engagement, and worker job satisfaction. This book offers innovative solutions that any healthcare professional practicing behavioral health and addiction medicine can utilize to ensure optimal care.

Download or read book Collaborative Practice in Palliative Care written by Dave Roberts and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-20 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collaborative Practice in Palliative Care explores how different professions work collaboratively across professional, institutional, social, and cultural boundaries to enhance palliative care. Analysing palliative care as an interaction between different professionals, clients, and carers, and the social context or community within which the interaction takes place, it is grounded in up-to-date evidence, includes global aspects of palliative care and cultural diversity as themes running throughout the book, and is replete with examples of good and innovative practice. Drawing on experiences from within traditional specialist palliative care settings like hospices and community palliative care services, as well as more generalist contexts of the general hospital and primary care, this practical text highlights the social or public health model of palliative care. Designed to support active learning, it includes features such as case studies, summaries, and pointers to other learning resources. This text is an important reference for all professionals engaged in palliative care, particularly those studying for post-qualification programmes in the area.

Download or read book Authentically Engaged Families written by Calvalyn G. Day and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2016-04-20 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Create a plan to connect with every family! Connecting with parents of various ethnic, socioeconomic, or cultural backgrounds can be challenging for educators. This invaluable book offers strategies that will transform the experience for your students and their families, and lead to sustainable success. Through the author’s perspective as a parent, counselor, and advisor to families at risk, readers will discover A step-by-step approach to family engagement developed for K-12 educators working in high-poverty schools with diverse populations Complete how-to’s for creating and carrying out a family engagement plan Tools including a Parent Meeting Agenda, a Parent Empathy Map, an Educator Needs Assessment, and more

Download or read book Behavioral Medicine and Integrated Care written by Melanie P. Duckworth and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-12 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This evidence-to-practice volume deftly analyzes the processes and skills of integrating mental healthcare with primary care, using multiple perspectives to address challenges that often derail these joint efforts. Experts across integrative medicine offer accessible blueprints for smoothly implementing data-based behavioral interventions, from disease management strategies to treatment of psychological problems, into patient-centered, cost-effective integrated care. Coverage highlights training and technology issues, key healthcare constructs that often get lost in translation, and other knowledge necessary to create systems that are rooted in—and contribute to—a robust evidence base. Contributors also provide step-by-step guidelines for integrating behavioral health care delivery in treating cancer, dementia, and chronic pain. Among the topics covered: The epidemiology of medical diseases and associated behavioral risk factors. Provider training: recognizing the relevance of behavioral medicine and the importance of behavioral health consultations and referrals. Screening for behavioral health problems in adult primary care. Health care transformation: the electronic health record. Meeting the care needs of patients with multiple medical conditions. Smoking cessation in the context of integrated care. This depth of clinical guidance makes Behavioral Medicine and Integrated Care an essential reference for practitioners on all sides of the equation, including health psychologists and other professionals in health promotion, disease prevention, psychotherapy and counseling, and primary care medicine.