Download or read book Investment in Health written by and published by Pan American Health Org. This book was released on 2001 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication considers the final reports of three research projects that explored how investing in health can benefit economic growth, household productivity, and poverty reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean. It contains case studies of health systems and policies in a number of countries including Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico and Peru; as well as a review of experiences from other regions in the world regarding health inequalities and poverty alleviation.
Download or read book Gini Inequality Index written by Nitis Mukhopadhyay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-04-21 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Prof. Nitis Mukhopadhyay and Prof. Partha Pratim Sengupta, who edited this volume with great attention and rigor, have certainly carried out noteworthy activities." - Giovanni Maria Giorgi, University of Rome (Sapienza) "This book is an important contribution to the development of indices of disparity and dissatisfaction in the age of globalization and social strife." - Shelemyahu Zacks, SUNY-Binghamton "It will not be an overstatement when I say that the famous income inequality index or wealth inequality index, which is most widely accepted across the globe is named after Corrado Gini (1984-1965). ... I take this opportunity to heartily applaud the two co-editors for spending their valuable time and energy in putting together a wonderful collection of papers written by the acclaimed researchers on selected topics of interest today. I am very impressed, and I believe so will be its readers." - K.V. Mardia, University of Leeds Gini coefficient or Gini index was originally defined as a standardized measure of statistical dispersion intended to understand an income distribution. It has evolved into quantifying inequity in all kinds of distributions of wealth, gender parity, access to education and health services, environmental policies, and numerous other attributes of importance. Gini Inequality Index: Methods and Applications features original high-quality peer-reviewed chapters prepared by internationally acclaimed researchers. They provide innovative methodologies whether quantitative or qualitative, covering welfare economics, development economics, optimization/non-optimization, econometrics, air quality, statistical learning, inference, sample size determination, big data science, and some heuristics. Never before has such a wide dimension of leading research inspired by Gini's works and their applicability been collected in one edited volume. The volume also showcases modern approaches to the research of a number of very talented and upcoming younger contributors and collaborators. This feature will give readers a window with a distinct view of what emerging research in this field may entail in the near future.
Download or read book Consideraciones sobre el Indice de Gini para Medir la Concentraci n del Ingreso written by Fernando Medina and published by . This book was released on 2001-05-25 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uno de los indicadores sintéticos más utilizados para el análisis estadístico de la desigualdad es el denominado índice de Gini, debido a su facilidad de cálculo y de interpretación. En este trabajo se examinan algunas de las propiedades de dicho índice, así como las distintas modalidades que existen para calcularlo tanto a partir de datos agrupados como de datos desagregados. Esta digresión es especialmente relevante desde el momento que el número de observaciones que se utilicen incide marcadamente en el valor del índice de Gini. Además se hace explícita la necesidad de compatibilizar la variable de ordenamiento de los hogares (o personas) con aquella utilizada en el cálculo del índice, en el entendido que cuando ambas no coinciden se pueden generar sesgos de subestimación en los resultados.
Download or read book The Gini Methodology written by Shlomo Yitzhaki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-13 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gini's mean difference (GMD) was first introduced by Corrado Gini in 1912 as an alternative measure of variability. GMD and the parameters which are derived from it (such as the Gini coefficient or the concentration ratio) have been in use in the area of income distribution for almost a century. In practice, the use of GMD as a measure of variability is justified whenever the investigator is not ready to impose, without questioning, the convenient world of normality. This makes the GMD of critical importance in the complex research of statisticians, economists, econometricians, and policy makers. This book focuses on imitating analyses that are based on variance by replacing variance with the GMD and its variants. In this way, the text showcases how almost everything that can be done with the variance as a measure of variability, can be replicated by using Gini. Beyond this, there are marked benefits to utilizing Gini as opposed to other methods. One of the advantages of using Gini methodology is that it provides a unified system that enables the user to learn about various aspects of the underlying distribution. It also provides a systematic method and a unified terminology. Using Gini methodology can reduce the risk of imposing assumptions that are not supported by the data on the model. With these benefits in mind the text uses the covariance-based approach, though applications to other approaches are mentioned as well.
Download or read book Descentralizacion para Satisfacer Necesidades Basicas written by J. Michael McGuire and published by IAP. This book was released on 2009-03-01 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 25% of Latin Americans live on less than $2 a day, and Latin America is the most unequal region of the world. Poverty and inequality cause suffering and slow development. The solution must include generating an inclusive development process through satisfying the basic needs of the poor that enhance their productivity, that enable them to contribute to the development process, and that enables them to earn the income necessary to live a full life. Decentralization of taxing and spending from the central government to lower levels of government can help to satisfy basic needs of the poor and create an inclusive development process. However, decentralization is a stepby-step process that must implemented by taking into account real-world circumstances such as a lack of administrative ability in local government, and by formulating policy accordingly. The book derives economic principles for implementing the process of decentralization, and it presents cases that illustrate the principles at work. It is an economic guide for policymakers and practitioners.
Download or read book Measuring Education Inequality Gini Coefficients of Education written by Vinod Thomas and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: January 2001 Equal access to education is a basic human right. But in many countries gaps in education between various groups are staggering. An education Gini index--a new indicator for the distribution of human capital and welfare--facilitates comparison of education inequality across countries and over time. Thomas, Wang, and Fan use a Gini index to measure inequality in educational attainment. They present two methods (direct and indirect) for calculating an education Gini index and generate a quinquennial data set on education Gini indexes for the over-15 population in 85 countries (1960-90). Preliminary empirical analysis suggests that: * Inequality in education in most of the countries declined over the three decades, with a few exceptions. * Inequality in education as measured by the education Gini index is negatively associated with average years of schooling, implying that countries with higher educational attainment are more likely to achieve equality in education than those with lower attainment. * A clear pattern of an education Kuznets curve exists if the standard deviation of education is used. * Gender gaps are clearly related to education inequality, and over time, the association between gender gaps and inequality becomes stronger. * Increases in per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power parity) seem to be negatively associated with education inequality and positively related to the labor force's average years of schooling, after controlling for initial income levels. This paper--a joint product of the Office of the Vice President and the Economic Policy and Poverty Reduction Division, World Bank Institute--is an extension of the paper "Measuring Educational Inequality: Education Gini Index from 1960 to 1990" (Vinod Thomas, Yan Wang, and Xibo Fan, World Bank, Washington, DC). This study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "The Quality of Growth" (RPO 682-02). The authors may be contacted at [email protected], [email protected], or [email protected].
Download or read book On Calculation of the Extended Gini Coefficient written by Duangkamon Chotikapanich and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book IMF Glossary written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2007-05-24 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This seventh, revised edition of the IMF Glossary: English-French-Spanish contains approximately 4,000 records that are believed to be the most useful to translators dealing with IMF material. The main body of the Glossary consists of terms, phraseological units, and institutional titles covering areas such as macroeconomics, money and banking, public finance, taxation, balance of payments, statistics, accounting, and economic development. It contains terminology relating to the IMF's organization and operations, as well as from the Articles of Agreement, By-Laws, Rules and Regulations, and other major IMF publications. Since the Glossary is concept-based, synonyms are consolidated into one single entry. Cross- references refer to the main entry under which the various synonyms are listed ("see") and also draw the user's attention to terms that are related but not synonyms ("see also"). Currency units of countries and monetary unions, an IMF organizational chart in the three languages, and color-coded French and Spanish indexes are provided in appendixes.
Download or read book Informe Sobre Desarrollo Humano 2019 written by United Nations Development Programme and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2020-05-16 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Desigualdades del desarrollo humano constituyen un obstáculo crucial para hacer realidad la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. No son únicamente disparidades en términos de ingreso y riqueza. Tampoco pueden explicarse utilizando únicamente medidas sintéticas de desigualdad centradas en una sola dimensión, y condicionarán las expectativas de aquellas personas que consigan vivir hasta el siglo XXII. El Informe explora las desigualdades del desarrollo humano más allá del ingreso, más allá de los promedios y más allá del presente. Se pregunta qué tipos de desigualdad son importantes y qué factores las provocan, reconociendo la necesidad de considerar las desigualdades perniciosas como un síntoma de la existencia de problemas más amplios en una sociedad y en una economía. También se plantea qué políticas pueden contribuir a hacer frente a esos factores y ayudar a las naciones a impulsar su crecimiento económico, mejorar su desarrollo humano y reducir las desigualdades.
Download or read book Relat rio do Desenvolvimento Humano 2019 written by United Nations Development Programme and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2020-05-12 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Desigualdades no desenvolvimento humano são um obstáculo à implementação da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Não se trata somente de discrepâncias no rendimento e na riqueza. Não é possível representá-las através da mera utilização de indicadores sumários de desigualdade que se focam numa única dimensão. Mais do que isso, irão, também, enformar as perspetivas das pessoas que viverem até ao século XXII. O Relatório explora as desigualdades no desenvolvimento humano, indo além do rendimento, além das médias e além do presente. Interroga que formas de desigualdade importam e o que as catalisa, reconhecendo que as desigualdades perniciosas devem, geralmente, ser pensadas enquanto sintomas de problemas mais amplos numa sociedade e numa economia. Inquire, ainda, que políticas podem enfrentar esses catalisadores políticas simultaneamente capazes de auxiliar o crescimento da economia das nações, promover o desenvolvimento humano e reduzir a desigualdade.
Download or read book La Gerencia de la Desconfianza written by Carlos Valero-Hernández and published by Palibrio. This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 733 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Este es un libro enfocado en las organizaciones en general, donde se analiza con sentido multidisciplinario las interacciones y formas de vida de las personas para comprender que su ordenación esta determinada y se relaciona con la orientación seguida por la sociedad y la cultura. Se hace referencia cierta al dilema confianza-desconfianza como característica peculiar de la crisis que se vive en el entorno institucional latinoamericano producto de un estilo de pensamiento esquizoparanoide desarrollado en muchos adultos por múltiples factores y elementos intrínsecos propios, en su mayoría vinculados con el impulso silencioso de las fuerzas ambientales y el poder de mando en todas sus perspectivas. En el libro se discuten y abarcan, por lo menos, tres grupos temáticos diferenciados y relacionados con la desconfianza: 1) Como en América Latina y el Caribe, las diferencias culturales y de producción de las personas han interactuado con las experiencias de desigualdades sostenidas y desarrolladas permanentemente para crear e impulsar la incredulidad y la desconfianza 2) Como numerosos factores extrínsecos (políticos, económicos, educativos, jurídicos, tecnológicos y otros) han afectado los comportamientos, el rendimiento, y las formas de intercambio de las personas, a través de las transformaciones históricas de la región, influyendo en la desconfianza de la gente, y 3) Como el conocimiento sobre factores humanos intrínsecos puede ayudar a los directivos y gerentes para anticipar, dirigir, y aprovechar de manera institucional programas de medición y transformación con acciones positivas para promover y mejorar el aprendizaje y la confianza. Se trata de un enfoque interpretativo sobre acontecimientos evidentes que busca contribuir con proposiciones sobre como "gerenciar la desconfianza," haciendo reflexiones e invitando a los administradores y directivos, de los sectores público y privado de la economía, para analizar, discutir y evaluar causas y consecuencias categóricas que se generan, delimitan, y propagan en el comportamiento individual y social de los miembros de cualquier organización. Especialmente, cuando los niveles de la desconfianza crecen producto de problemas no resueltos y de actitudes negativas ante respuestas inconsistentes, lo que influye a su vez en la cultura de la desconfianza afectando e infectando a la comunidad y la sociedad. Si el contenido del escrito llega a sus manos por cualquier medio, en cualquier tiempo, trate de leerlo, entenderlo, compartirlo, y comentarlo con otros positivamente, con confianza, aunque sea de tiempo en tiempo. Recuerda que ha sido escrito para ti y para otros, en la búsqueda de aprendizaje y desarrollo, durante el tiempo que nos ha tocado trabajar y vivir en nuestro medio, para no repetir en el futuro acciones negativas limitantes y así mejorar los niveles de confianza en nuestras instituciones y sociedad.
Download or read book Cohesi n social en Europa y las Am ricas written by Harlan Koff and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2009 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recientemente, muchos observadores de políticas y prácticas de cohesión social han discutido que la globalización ha promovido la convergencia global hacia modelos neo-liberales en este campo. Similarmente, estudiosos y practicionarios de la política regional han contenido que las políticas sociales de Europa representan las "mejores prácticas" a nivel global y por ello han sido promovidas en otras regiones del mundo (por ejemplo en las recientes cumbres UE-Latinoamérica sobre cohesión social), lo que lleva también a la convergencia en la elaboración de la política. Este libro cuestiona estas afirmaciones y se pregunta si distintos enfoques regionales a la cohesión social son todavía pertinentes. El análisis trans-regional comparativo presentado en este volumen está basado en el examen de la competencia entre actores (poder), el papel de la historia y tradiciones sociales (tiempo) y la importancia de límites geográficos a la cohesión social (espacio).
Download or read book Social Panorama of Latin America 2011 written by United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2012-08-28 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010 the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) proposed a comprehensive development strategy entitled Time for equality: closing gaps, opening trails. This edition of Social Panorama takes a more in-depth look at the chain that produces and reproduces social gaps; it addresses other spheres as well. It focuses on how structural heterogeneity (productivity gaps in the national economies), labour segmentation and gaps in social protection are linked along the chain. Demographic factors such as fertility differentiated by education and income level are discussed, as are more specific patterns of risk and exclusion like those impacting young people in the Caribbean.
Download or read book Land Reform 2006 1 written by Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Los grandes problemas de M xico Crecimiento econ mico y equidad T IX written by Nora Lustig and published by El Colegio de Mexico AC. This book was released on 2010 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A setenta años de su fundación, El Colegio de México publica esta serie de dieciséis volúmenes, titulada Los grandes problemas de México, en la que se analizan los mayores retos de la realidad mexicana contemporánea, con el fin de definir los desafíos que enfrentamos en el siglo XXI y proponer algunas posibles respuestas y estrategias para resolver nuestros problemas como nación. Serie: Los grandes problemas de México. Vol. IX Crecimiento económico y equidad, se propone analizar los efectos que han tenido las reglas y políticas macroeconómicas sobre la volatilidad y la tasa de crecimiento del producto y, en un sentido más amplio, el impacto de las políticas públicas sobre la desigualdad y la pobreza. En su conjunto, los diez capítulos de este volumen están dedicados al análisis de los factores que explican el bajo crecimiento de la economía mexicana y los alcances de las reformas en términos de competitividad, equidad, estabilidad macroeconómica y sustentabilidad.
Download or read book El hambre y los mercados written by Programa Mundial de Alimentos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 2009. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
