Download or read book Co immobilization of Thermostable Alpha amylase and Glucoamylase for Starch Hydrolysis written by Zifei Dai and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Starch is one of the most important carbon and renewable energy sources. Starch hydrolysis products, such as glucose, high fructose syrups or maltose are widely used in food industries. Also, the produced sugars can be fermented for bioethanol production. Starch hydrolysis involves large amount of enzymes consumption. The immobilization could recover enzymes and lower the production cost. A gel capsule system by dripping calcium chloride into a sodium alginate solution was developed for immobilization of recombinant glucoamylase (GA) by entrapment. Two types of starch hydrolysis enzymes, glucoamylase and alpha-amylase (AA), were co-immobilized inside and on the outside surface of calcium alginate gel capsules. A His6-tagged thermostable recombinant GA from Sulfolobus Solfataricus P2 was expressed, purified and characterized. The recombinant thermostable GA had an optimum pH and temperature range of 5-5.5 and 90-95°C respectively. The effects of cations and chemicals on the recombinant GA activity were also studied. Thermal stability and inactivation energy of the recombinant thermostable GA were determined with a half-time of 5.3 minutes at 95°C and 218 kJ/mol. GA from fungus (Aspergillus niger) and AA from bacterial (Bacillus licheniformis) with low application temperature (50-65°C) were immobilized on the gel capsules by entrapment and adsorption. Then the optimum pH, temperature, reaction kinetics and reusability of the co-immobilized enzymes system were tested. The recombinant thermostable GA and a commercially available thermostable AA (Liquozyme X) were immobilized on the developed gel capsule. A co-immobilization method was developed by entrapping GA inside and covalently bounding AA on the surface of capsules. The reaction kinetics, thermostability and reusability of the thermostable co-immobilized AA and GA system were tested both in a batch reactor and with a continuous stirred tank reactor.
Download or read book Immobilization of Liquozyme X with Calcium Alginate Beads written by Boon Lee Tee and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Enzyme immobilization is one of the most important technologies used in food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. ct-Amylase immobilization gains special interest because the single use of soluble thermostable alpha-amylases practiced in the starch liquefaction process currently is not economical. Besides, pH adjustments and addition of the calcium ions are necessary to stabilize the enzyme at high temperatures. Such extra steps are expected to increase the starch hydrolysis processing cost. Starch hydrolysis processing cost can be reduced by immobilizing thermostable alpha-amylase stable at low pH and low calcium requirements with a suitable support for continuous use. In this study, Liquozyme X, a genetically-engineered thermostable alpha-amylase (optimum temperature at 950C), with an optimum pH range of 5.2 to 5.6 and relatively low calcium requirement (5-15ppm), was immobilized using calcium-alginate matrix. Calcium alginate was chosen due to its affinity for alpha-amylase adsorption. Entrapment, surface adsorption, and covalent binding methods were applied to assess the repeated usability of the immobilized enzyme at 950C. Enzyme loading efficiency, activity yield and reusability of Liquozyme X immobilized using calcium alginate as a support were compared for immobilized enzyme prepared with adsorption, entrapment and covalent binding techniques. Total amount of protein added and bound to the beads were determined using protein test by Bradford method. The enzyme activity for starch hydrolysis reaction in a stirred-batch- tank reactor at 950C was monitored as a function of time by using starch-iodine colorimetric method. The stability of immobilized Liquozyme X for repeated use in starch reaction medium at 950C was tested by studying its enzyme activity for seven consecutive batches. For the same initial amount of enzyme added to the beads, loading efficiency of immobilized alpha-amylase by adsorption was found to be the highest (94%) among all three methods investigated due to alginate's affinity for alpha-amylase. However, the cumulative activity yield obtained after seven repeated uses based on the theoretically expected enzyme activity from the protein bound to support was 34 percent. The low cumulative activity yield may be due to inactivation of the enzyme during heat treatment, steric hindrances caused by support, and desorption of the loosely-bound enzyme from alginate beads into the surrounding reaction medium. Entrapped enzyme showed a low loading efficiency of 30% and a cumulative activity yield 26 percent Based on the low reusability and activity yield results determined from adsorption and entrapment methods, covalent binding of Liquozyme X to alginate using a crosslinker was investigated. 1 -ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) was chosen for Liquozyme X studies because it has functional groups that can bind to carboxyl groups on the calcium alginate matrix and the amine group of protein. SulfoNHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) was used to increase the half-life of EDAC-activated carboxylic groups. An EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) treatment was applied to increase the number of available carboxylic groups on the calcium alginate matrix for EDAC binding. Various concentrations of EDAC, sulfo-NHS and EDTA were tested to determine the optimum immobilization condition. Immobilized enzyme prepared using 10mM EDTA, 200mM EDAC, 50mM sulfo-NHS and 0.1M calcium chloride produced a cumulative activity yield of 156% due to improved reusability and increased initial activity yield. The optimum immobilization procedure was used to further study the effect of pH on enzyme activity and to determine the kinetic parameters of immobilized enzyme. The free and immobilized Liquozyme X had maximum activity at pH 5,5 and 6.0, respectively. The immobilized enzyme remained active between pH 5.2 and 6.5. Michaelis-Menten model described both the free and immobilized enzyme kinetics. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of the immobilized Liquozyme X (0.98 mg/ml) was 2.5 times greater than that of the free Liquozyme X (0.40 mg/ml), indicating a lower substrate affinity of the immobilized alpha-amylase. Maximum reaction rate (V(max)) value of immobilized and free Liquozyme X were determined as 10.4 mg starch degraded/ml *min* mg bound protein and 25.7 mg starch degraded/ml* min* mg protein, respectively. The enzyme activity retention following immobilization indicates that the immobilization method did not block the free enzyme active sites. A high cumulative activity yield and seven successive reuses obtained at liquefaction temperature of 950C makes this new method, wherein Liquozyme X is covalently-bound to a calcium alginate matrix, a promising candidate for use in industrial starch hydrolysis processes.
Download or read book Immobilization of a Thermostable Alpha amylase and a Glucoamylase by Covalent Binding with Dialdehyde Cellulose written by Narisa Chaokasem and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immobilization of Glucoamylase for Starch Hydrolysis written by David Arthur Hamilton and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immobilized Barley Alpha amylase for Hydrolysis of Starch Particles written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first step in producing ethanol from starch, the hydrolysis of starch molecules, can be carried out at low, energy-saving temperatures by the use of barley alpha-amylase in an enzyme hydrolysis process. This report describes research toward solving one problem with such a process, namely the gradual deactivation of the amylase enzyme. The research investigated the stabilization of barley alpha-amylase on fine silica particles, with immobilization procedures adjusted to optimize enzyme activity. Effects of product inhibition, thermal stability, & operational stability were determined and results are presented with regard to the feasibility of using the immobilized enzyme to hydrolyze wheat starch particles at temperatures below 55 degrees C. In addition, a mathematical model is presented with equations for product inhibition, hydrolysis kinetics, and enzyme decay. The fit between model & experimental results is also compared.
Download or read book Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells written by Gordon Bickerstaff and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 1996-12-01 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immobihzatron of enzymes, cells, and organelles has expanded greatly in the past 30 years as the advantages of immobilization have been evaluated and utilized in analyttcal, biotransformation, and medical applications. A c- sequence of this explosion of technology IS that there is now a bewildering array of permutations for the immobilization of biological material. The p- pose of Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells is to provrde a basic reference tool for all academic and industrial research workers seeking to start or expand the use of mnnobilization techniques in their work. The book does not aim to provide comprehensive coverage of the vast range of methods available, but will serve as a launch pad for potential users of immobilization techniques. One reason for the vast expanse of mmrobilization technology lies m the subject material to be immobilized. Biological catalysts (enzymes, organelles, and cells) have a high degree of individual variability, and although many tmmobilization techniques have wide applicability, tt is imposstble for one or even a few methods to cater to the great diversity of requirements inherent in biological material. This is especially so when the atm is to produce an op- mum system m which the immobihzed biocatalyst will function at high levels of efficrency, stability, and so on.
Download or read book Kinetics and Shear Viscosity Characterization of Starch Hydrolysis with Immobilized alpha amylase written by Angel Cruz Jiménez and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recent Advances in Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering for Biomanufacturing written by Eun Yeol Lee and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-09-23 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of biocatalysts, including enzymes and metabolically engineered cells, has attracted a great deal of attention in the chemical and bio-industry, because biocatalytic reactions can be conducted under environmentally-benign conditions and in more sustainable ways. The catalytic efficiency and chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity of enzymes can be enhanced and modulated using protein engineering. Metabolic engineering seeks to enhance cellular biosynthetic productivity of target metabolites via controlling and redesigning metabolic pathways using multi-omics analysis, genome-scale modeling, metabolic flux control, and reconstruction of novel pathways. The aim of this book is to cover the recent advances in biocatalysis and metabolic engineering for biomanufacturing of biofuels, chemicals, biomaterials, and pharmaceuticals. Reviews and original research articles on the development of new strategies to improve the catalytic efficiency of enzymes, biosynthetic capability of cell factories, and their applications in production of various bioproducts and chemicals are included.
Download or read book Green Bio processes written by Binod Parameswaran and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-03 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses recent advancements to the age old practice of using microbial enzymes in the preparation of food. Written by leading experts in the field, it discusses novel enzymes and their applications in the industrial preparation of food to improve taste and texture, while reducing cost and increasing consistency. This book will be of interest to both researchers and students working in food technology.
Download or read book Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-05 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its inception in 1945, this serial has provided critical and integrating articles written by research specialists that integrate industrial, analytical, and technological aspects of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and instrumentation methodology in the study of carbohydrates. The articles provide a definitive interpretation of the current status and future trends in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. - Features contributions from leading authorities and industry experts - Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field
Download or read book Biotechnology a Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biotechnology 1982 Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biocatalysis written by Qayyum Husain and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to industrially important enzymes and discusses in detail their structures and functions, as well as their manifold applications. Due to their selective biocatalytic capabilities, enzymes are used in a broad range of industries and processes. The book highlights selected enzymes and their applications in agriculture, food processing and discoloration, as well as their role in biomedicine. In turn, it discusses biochemical engineering strategies such as enzyme immobilization, metabolic engineering, and cross-linkage of enzyme aggregates, and critically weighs their pros and cons. Offering a wealth of information, and stimulating further research by presenting new concepts on enzymatic catalytic functions in basic and applied contexts, the book represents a valuable asset for researchers from academia and industry who are engaged in biochemical engineering, microbiology and biotechnology.
Download or read book Microbial Enzyme Technology in Food Applications written by Ramesh C. Ray and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of food processing is to produce food that is palatable and tastes good, extend its shelf-life, increase the variety, and maintain the nutritional and healthcare quality of food. To achieve favorable processing conditions and for the safety of the food to be consumed, use of food grade microbial enzymes or microbes (being the natural biocatalysts) is imperative. This book discusses the uses of enzymes in conventional and non-conventional food and beverage processing as well as in dairy processing, brewing, bakery and wine making. Apart from conventional uses, the development of bioprocessing tools and techniques have significantly expanded the potential for extensive application of enzymes such as in production of bioactive peptides, oligosaccharides and lipids, flavor and colorants. Some of these developments include extended use of the biocatalysts (as immobilized/encapsulated enzymes), microbes (both natural and genetically modified) as sources for bulk enzymes, solid state fermentation technology for enzyme production. Extremophiles and marine microorganisms are another source of food grade enzymes. The book throws light on potential applications of microbial enzymes to expand the base of food processing industries.
Download or read book Gastroenterology and Nutrition written by Josef Neu and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Richard Polin’s Neonatology Questions and Controversies series highlights the most challenging aspects of neonatal care, offering trustworthy guidance on up-to-date diagnostic and treatment options in the field. In each volume, renowned experts address the clinical problems of greatest concern to today’s practitioners, helping you handle difficult practice issues and provide optimal, evidence-based care to every patient. Stay fully up to date in this fast-changing field with Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 3rd Edition. Emerging knowledge about the basic developmental physiology of upper intestinal motility as it relates to reflux and feeding tolerance, and immaturities in motility by altering composition of feedings and pharmacologic means. New content on genetics and pharmacology, the role of inflammation in systemic diseases in other organs as well as necrotizing enterocolitis, optimizing administration of lipids to preterm infants, and administering lipids to infants who are at high risk for complications secondary to suboptimal lipid therapies. Current coverage of the composition of human milk and clinical trials that address the efficacy of donor milk in comparison to formula and own mother’s milk. Consistent chapter organization to help you find information quickly and easily. The most authoritative advice available from world-class neonatologists who share their knowledge of new trends and developments in neonatal care. Purchase each volume individually, or get the entire 7-volume set! Gastroenterology and Nutrition Hematology, Immunology and Genetics Hemodynamics and Cardiology Infectious Disease and Pharmacology New Volume! Nephrology and Fluid/Electrolyte Physiology Neurology The Newborn Lung
Download or read book Handbook of Amylases and Related Enzymes written by The Amylase Research Society The Amylase Research Society o and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook, published to mark the 20th anniversary of The Amylase Research Society of Japan, presents a concise account of the properties and applications of amylases and related enzymes. Enzymes are discussed with reference to their source, isolation method, properties, inhibition, kinetics and protein structure. This information is then applied in the description and interpretation of their use in industry. As well as amylases, other enzymes capable of catalyzing reactions with starch and glycogen, and the further conversion of amylase reaction products for industrial applications are discussed. The text is supported by numerous explanatory figures and tables, and each section is fully referenced.
