Download or read book Finding What Works in Health Care written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-20 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research.

Download or read book The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-12-21 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. Missing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data.

Download or read book MEDLINE written by Brian S. Katcher and published by Ashbury Press. This book was released on 2006-02-01 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "....a well-written, quick read perfect for medical librarianship students, physicians, and researchers or anyone interested in improving their MEDLINE searching abilities." -- Journal of the Medical Library Association This concise and clearly written book will make your PubMed searches more productive. This completely revised second edition of Brian Katcher's MEDLINE: a guide to effective searching in PubMed and other interfaces promotes the cultivation of an informed and thoughtful approach to searching in PubMed/MEDLINE and other interfaces to MEDLINE. MEDLINE, the National Library of Medicine's on-line bibliographic database, is the premiere index to the world's biomedical literature. It is the primary component of PubMed. MEDLINE is exquisitely organized: each journal article is manually indexed under an average of a dozen Medical Subject Headings (MeSH Terms), one or more publication types, and more. An understanding of this organization is essential to effective searching. Any health professional, health sciences student, or researcher will benefit from reading this book. It explains the basics of formulating searches, shows how to put the main indexing elements in MEDLINE to best use, illustrates the importance of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), provides guidance for framing questions, and backs everything up with practical examples. MEDLINE: a guide to effective searching in PubMed and other interfaces is an essential resource for those concerned with evidence-based medicine and those engaged in biomedical research. Medical librarians and teachers of medical informatics will find this book to be useful in promoting the careful use of PubMed/MEDLINE. Sometimes simply reading a linear narrative--even on a screen--is a good way to learn. In addition, PubMed offers excellent on-line tutorials.

Download or read book Evidence based Medicine to Inform Practice Assessing Clinical Effectiveness and Economic Burden of Medicine written by Kevin Lu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Clinical Effectiveness and Clinical Governance Made Easy written by Ruth Chambers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The previous editions of this book have proved to be immensely popular with all members of the primary care team. This fourth edition reflects recent emphasis on evaluation and audit of clinical care and services provided by individual practitioners, practice teams and Trusts. In particular it addresses the evolution of new systems for monitoring performance in Trusts with the establishment of the Healthcare Commission and the coordination of regulation bodies through the Healthcare Concordat. The sources of obtaining evidence have been completely updated by a health librarian with special expertise in clinical effectiveness. For healthcare students and new entrants to the profession this book, with its worked examples of how to do an online database search, is the most practical introductory text for locating the evidence for best clinical practice. It is essential reading for general practitioners, practice managers and nurses, and all those working in the primary care setting. The key reviews of previous editions are: "Invaluable" - "Doctor". "I recommend it to every health professional." - "Community Practitioner". "This is an easy to read introductory text defining and exploring clinical effectiveness and clinical governance." - "Nursing Standard". "It has an easy to read, jargon free format, making it useful for more experienced readers, wishing to recap on a particular topic." - "Journal Of Community Nursing". "A helpful addition to the practice library" - "Amspar". "Well-written and logically structured," - "Physiotherapy Journal". "There is a good balance between text and space and the authors have made a serious attempt to make the work user-friendly. The title is promising and the presentation is excellent." - "Nursing And Residential Care." "Previous editions were immensely popular with primary care teams. It provides realistic advice on collecting, evaluating, interpreting and applying evidence to support practice." - "Primary Care Partnerships".

Download or read book Hearing on Strategies to Increase Information on Comparative Clinical Effectiveness written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Health and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Clinical Search Effectiveness written by David Neale King and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Small Clinical Trials written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.

Download or read book Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-24 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the realm of health care, privacy protections are needed to preserve patients' dignity and prevent possible harms. Ten years ago, to address these concerns as well as set guidelines for ethical health research, Congress called for a set of federal standards now known as the HIPAA Privacy Rule. In its 2009 report, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information concludes that the HIPAA Privacy Rule does not protect privacy as well as it should, and that it impedes important health research.

Download or read book Identifying Health Technologies That Work written by DIANE Publishing Company and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1996-09 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Federal government is the main sponsor of research to evaluate health technologies currently in use. The purpose of this report is to examine two crucial questions: what are we getting out of this investment?, & how can we improve it? Contents: behind the search for evidence; tools for effectiveness research; issues in improving effectiveness research; the state of cost-effectiveness analysis; the Federal role in health technology assessment; the development of clinical practice guidelines; & the impact of clinical practice guidelines. Glossary.

Download or read book Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research A User s Guide written by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)

Download or read book Clinical Effectiveness and Clinical Governance Made Easy written by Ruth Chambers and published by Radcliffe Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents a guide to clinical effectiveness and governance. It aims to increase awareness of, and skills in, an evidence-based approach to health care, and there is advice on collecting, evaluating, interpreting and applying evidence.

Download or read book Clinical Effectiveness in Psychotherapy and Mental Health written by Penny Leroux and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-30 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, the editors examine the state of clinical governance in the Mental Health sector. Despite the often confusing wealth of literature on the subject, little, if any, refers specifically to psychological treatment services. Clinical Effectiveness in Psychotherapy and Mental Health provides a guide to learning about the different guidelines and evaluation methods. It focuses on three important contributions to clinically effective practice: clinical audit, outcome monitoring and evidence-based practice.

Download or read book Effective Dissemination of Clinical and Health Information written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials written by Henry A. Glick and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is becoming increasingly important to examine the relationship between the outcomes of a clinical trial and the costs of the medical therapy under study. The results of such analysis can affect reimbursement decisions for new medical technologies, drugs, devices or diagnostics. It can aid companies seeking to make claims about the cost-effectiveness of their product, as well as allowing early consideration of the economic value of therapies which may be important to improving initial adoption decisions. It is also vital for addressing the requirements of regulatory bodies. Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials provides practical advice on how to conduct cost-effectiveness analyses in controlled trials of medical therapies. This new edition has been extensively rewritten and revised; topics discussed range from design issues such as the types of services that should be measured and price weights, to assessment of quality-adjusted life years. Illustrative materials, case histories and worked examples are included to encourage the reader to apply the methods discussed. These exercises are supported with datasets, programmes and solutions made available online.

Download or read book Redesigning the Clinical Effectiveness Research Paradigm written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-10-20 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent scientific and technological advances have accelerated our understanding of the causes of disease development and progression, and resulted in innovative treatments and therapies. Ongoing work to elucidate the effects of individual genetic variation on patient outcomes suggests the rapid pace of discovery in the biomedical sciences will only accelerate. However, these advances belie an important and increasing shortfall between the expansion in therapy and treatment options and knowledge about how these interventions might be applied appropriately to individual patients. The impressive gains made in Americans' health over the past decades provide only a preview of what might be possible when data on treatment effects and patient outcomes are systematically captured and used to evaluate their effectiveness. Needed for progress are advances as dramatic as those experienced in biomedicine in our approach to assessing clinical effectiveness. In the emerging era of tailored treatments and rapidly evolving practice, ensuring the translation of scientific discovery into improved health outcomes requires a new approach to clinical evaluation. A paradigm that supports a continual learning process about what works best for individual patients will not only take advantage of the rigor of trials, but also incorporate other methods that might bring insights relevant to clinical care and endeavor to match the right method to the question at hand. The Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care's vision for a learning healthcare system, in which evidence is applied and generated as a natural course of care, is premised on the development of a research capacity that is structured to provide timely and accurate evidence relevant to the clinical decisions faced by patients and providers. As part of the Roundtable's Learning Healthcare System series of workshops, clinical researchers, academics, and policy makers gathered for the workshop Redesigning the Clinical Effectiveness Research Paradigm: Innovation and Practice-Based Approaches. Participants explored cutting-edge research designs and methods and discussed strategies for development of a research paradigm to better accommodate the diverse array of emerging data resources, study designs, tools, and techniques. Presentations and discussions are summarized in this volume.

Download or read book Learning What Works written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-09 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is essential for patients and clinicians to have the resources needed to make informed, collaborative care decisions. Despite this need, only a small fraction of health-related expenditures in the United States have been devoted to comparative effectiveness research (CER). To improve the effectiveness and value of the care delivered, the nation needs to build its capacity for ongoing study and monitoring of the relative effectiveness of clinical interventions and care processes through expanded trials and studies, systematic reviews, innovative research strategies, and clinical registries, as well as improving its ability to apply what is learned from such study through the translation and provision of information and decision support. As part of its Learning Health System series of workshops, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care hosted a workshop to discuss capacity priorities to build the evidence base necessary for care that is more effective and delivers higher value for patients. Learning What Works summarizes the proceedings of the seventh workshop in the Learning Health System series. This workshop focused on the infrastructure needs-including methods, coordination capacities, data resources and linkages, and workforce-for developing an expanded and efficient national capacity for CER. Learning What Works also assesses the current and needed capacity to expand and improve this work, and identifies priority next steps. Learning What Works is a valuable resource for health care professionals, as well as health care policy makers.