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Book Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry

Download or read book Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry written by Russell F. Lim and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interaction of culture and mental illness is the focus of the Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry, which is designed to help mental health clinicians become culturally competent and skilled in the treatment of patients from diverse backgrounds. The product of nearly two decades of seminar experience, the book teaches clinicians when it is appropriate to ask "Is what I am seeing in this patient typical behavior in his or her culture?" The ability to see someone else's worldview is essential for working with ethnic minority and culturally diverse patients, and the author, who designed the course that was this handbook's precursor, has expanded the second edition to take into account shifting demographics and the changing culture of mental health treatment. The content of the new edition has been completely updated, expanded to include new material, and enhanced by innovative features that will prove helpful for mental health clinicians as they encounter diverse patient populations. The new chapter on women reflects the fact that mental health disparities extend beyond ethnic minorities. Women have significantly higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder and affective disorders, for example, yet research on women has been limited largely to the relationship between reproductive functioning and mental health. Two new chapters address the alarming number of unmet mental health needs that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients suffer from. These chapters emphasize the need for mental health providers and policy makers to remedy these disparities. A new chapter has been added to help clinicians determine the role religious and spiritual beliefs play in psychological functioning, because religious and spiritual beliefs have been found to have both positive and negative effects on mental health. The newly introduced DSM-5® Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) is addressed in the book's introduction and is included in its entirety, along with an informant module, 12 supplementary modules, and guidelines for their use in a psychiatric assessment. In addition, the reader has access to videotaped examples using simulated patients to illustrate practical application of the DSM-5® Outline for Cultural Formulation and CFI. Extensive information on ethnopsychopharmacology, reviewing clinical reports of ethnic variation with several different classes of psychotropic medications and examining the relationship of pharmacogenetics, ethnicity, and environmental factors to pharmacologic treatment of minorities. The book updates coverage of African American, Asian American, Latino/Hispanic, and Native American/Alaskan Native cultures as they relate to mental health issues while retaining the nuanced approach that was so effective in the first edition. Course-tested and DSM-5® compatible throughout, the Clinical Manual of Cultural Psychiatry is a must-read for clinicians in our diverse era.

Book DSM 5   Handbook on the Cultural Formulation Interview

Download or read book DSM 5 Handbook on the Cultural Formulation Interview written by Roberto Lewis-Fernández and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2015-05-06 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DSM-5® Handbook of the Cultural Formulation Interview provides the background, context, and detailed guidance necessary to train clinicians in the use of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), which was created as part of the 2007-2013 DSM revision process. The purpose of the CFI -- and this unique handbook -- is to make it easier for providers to account for the influence of culture in their clinical work to enhance patient-clinician communication and improve outcomes. Cultural psychiatry as a field has evolved enormously from the days when it was principally concerned with epidemiological and clinical studies of disease prevalence; it now examines a multitude of issues, primary among them the differing patient, family, and practitioner models of illness and treatment experiences within and across cultures. The editors, all of whom have been intimately involved in the evolution of the field, have designed the book and accompanying videos for maximum instructional and clinical utility. The Handbook boasts many strengths and useful features, including: A detailed description of each of the three CFI components: a core 16-item questionnaire, which can be applied in any clinical setting with any patient by any mental health clinician; an informant version of the core CFI used to obtain information from caregivers; and 12 supplementary modules that expand on these basic assessments. This material facilitates implementation of the CFI by clinicians. Over a dozen clinical vignettes are included to illustrate use of the three components, and the Handbook also includes multiple videos that demonstrate the application of portions of the core CFI, and several supplementary modules. Strategies for incorporating the CFI into clinical training are identified and discussed, furthering the objective of developing culturally-sensitive and astute practitioners. The theoretical bases of the CFI are explored, raising questions for discussion and identifying areas for further research. The CFI is a valuable tool for all patients, not just those judged to be culturally different. The CFI has been called the single most practically useful contribution of cultural psychiatry and medical anthropology to clinical psychiatry, primary care, and medicine in general. DSM-5® Handbook on the Cultural Formulation Interview is the only book on the market that equips readers with the skills and insight to incorporate the CFI into practice, making it a critically important addition to the clinical literature.

Book Clinician s Guide to Cultural Psychiatry

Download or read book Clinician s Guide to Cultural Psychiatry written by Wen-Shing Tseng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-06-07 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly, psychologists are becoming aware of sensitivity needs with respect to treating patients from differing cultures. Culture can play an important role both in what a patient discloses about themselves, how likely they are to follow a therapist's advice, and whether specific therapies are likely to be effective for them. Following on the heels of Tseng's "Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry" comes this "Clinical Application of Cultural Psychiatry." This more concise book focuses on information most relevant to treating patients. The book discusses how culture plays a role in specific disorders (depression, anxiety, eating and sexual disorders, substance abuse, schizophrenia, etc.). relevant sensitivities to keep in mind in treating specific patient populations (age groups, differing religions, and differing ethnicity's).* Written by a nationally and internationally recognized scholar, clinician, and author* Has the proper combination of knowledge, skill, and conceptual discussion for clinical practicalities* Provides comprehensive and systematic coverage of major topics for clinical application * Enhanced by more than 120 tables and figures and nearly 30 case illustrations* Will serve as a major textbook in the training of psychiatric residents and clinical psychologists

Book Cultural Psychiatry With Children  Adolescents  and Families

Download or read book Cultural Psychiatry With Children Adolescents and Families written by Ranna Parekh, M.D., M.P.H. and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2020-12-04 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapidly changing demographics in the United States over the past few years have resulted in a "majority of minority" youth. This has far-reaching implications for mental health clinicians, for whom knowledge of cultural context is critically important to understanding their patients and rendering effective, compassionate treatment. In addition to addressing cultural context, the book addresses the emerging crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic and the significance of the movement for social justice.

Book Cultural Formulation

    Book Details:
  • Author : Juan E. Mezzich
  • Publisher : Jason Aronson
  • Release : 2008
  • ISBN : 9780765704894
  • Pages : 304 pages

Download or read book Cultural Formulation written by Juan E. Mezzich and published by Jason Aronson. This book was released on 2008 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication of the Cultural Formulation Outline in the DSM-IV represented a significant event in the history of standard diagnostic systems. It was the first systematic attempt at placing cultural and contextual factors as an integral component of the diagnostic process. The year was 1994 and its coming was ripe since the multicultural explosion due to migration, refugees, and globalization on the ethnic composition of the U.S. population made it compelling to strive for culturally attuned psychiatric care. Understanding the limitations of a dry symptomatological approach in helping clinicians grasp the intricacies of the experience, presentation, and course of mental illness, the NIMH Group on Culture and Diagnosis proposed to appraise, in close collaboration with the patient, the cultural framework of the patient's identity, illness experience, contextual factors, and clinician-patient relationship, and to narrate this along the lines of five major domains. By articulating the patient's experience and the standard symptomatological description of a case, the clinician may be better able to arrive at a more useful understanding of the case for clinical care purposes. Furthermore, attending to the context of the illness and the person of the patient may additionally enhance understanding of the case and enrich the database from which effective treatment can be planned. This reader is a rich collection of chapters relevant to the DSM-IV Cultural Formulation that covers the Cultural Formulation's historical and conceptual background, development, and characteristics. In addition, the reader discusses the prospects of the Cultural Formulation and provides clinical case illustrations of its utility in diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Book jacket.

Book Clinical Topics in Cultural Psychiatry

Download or read book Clinical Topics in Cultural Psychiatry written by Rahul Bhattacharya and published by RCPsych Publications. This book was released on 2010-05 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers practical advice on the role that cultural factors play in the way psychiatric symptoms are presented to clinicians.

Book Culture and Psychotherapy

    Book Details:
  • Author : Wen-Shing Tseng
  • Publisher : American Psychiatric Pub
  • Release : 2008-11-01
  • ISBN : 1585628085
  • Pages : 324 pages

Download or read book Culture and Psychotherapy written by Wen-Shing Tseng and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2008-11-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cultural diversity has always been a fact of life, nowhere more so than in the unique melting pot of U.S. society. Respecting and understanding that diversity is an important -- and challenging -- goals. Culture and Psychotherapy: A Guide to Clinical Practice brings us closer to that goal by offering a fresh perspective on how to bring an understanding of cultural diversity to the practice of psychotherapy to improve treatment outcomes. This remarkable work presents the nuts and bolts of incorporating culture into therapy, in a way that is immediately useful and practical. Illustrated by numerous case studies that demonstrate issues, techniques, and recommendations, the topics in this wide-ranging volume focus not on specific race or ethnicity but instead on culture. Introduction -- Summarizes the influence of culture (an abstract concept defined as an entity apart from race, ethnicity, or minority) on the practice and process of psychotherapy while offering a broadened definition of psychotherapy as a special practice involving a designated healer (or therapist) and identified client (or patient) to solve a client's problem or promote a client's mental health Case Presentations and Analysis -- Illustrates distinctive cultural issues and overtones within psychotherapy, such as the traditional Japanese respect for authority figures, the Native American concept of spirit songs, the clash of modern values with traditional Islamic codes, and the effects of the conflict between Eastern values of dependence and group harmony and Western values of independence and autonomy Specific Issues in Therapy -- Discusses lessons from folk healing, the cultural aspects of the therapist-patient relationship, and the giving and receiving of medication as part of therapy Treating Special Populations -- Presents issues and trauma faced by African Americans, Hispanic veterans, Southeast Asian refugees, adolescents, and the ethnic minority elderly Special Models of Therapy -- Shows the interplay between cultural issues and specific models of therapy, including marital therapy for intercultural couples and group therapy with multiethnic members The relevance of cultural diversity will only grow stronger in the coming years as our definition of community expands to embrace global -- not just local -- issues. With its balanced combination of clinical guidance and conceptual discussion highlighted by fascinating case studies, this volume, authored by national and international experts, offers psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric residents, psychiatric nurses, and mental health social workers -- both in the U.S. and abroad -- an expansive focus and richness of content unmatched elsewhere in the literature.

Book Clinical Manual of Pain Management in Psychiatry

Download or read book Clinical Manual of Pain Management in Psychiatry written by Raphael J. Leo and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2007 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clinical Manual of Pain Management in Psychiatry focuses on the role of mental health practitioners in evaluation and assessment, pharmacological management, psychotherapeutic interventions, and comprehensive treatment planning for pain. It balances theoretical foundations of pain pathophysiology with applied clinical information, all the while viewing the patient from biological, psychological, and social perspectives in order to tailor treatment to the whole person. This handy portable guide includes numerous tables and illustrations and expands on the author's previous Concise Guide to Pain Management for Psychiatrists to reflect significant advances in the field of pain medicine. It features particularly extensive revisions regarding the use of psychiatric and other adjunctive medications in pain management; includes updated coverage of common psychiatric comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders; and addresses common pain disorders ranging from headache and back pain to pain related to cancer and HIV. The manual includes an extensively revised chapter on pharmacology, fully discusses psychotherapeutic approaches, and covers special techniques such as acupuncture and regional neural blockade. It also offers updated advice on emerging forensic issues, from disability claims to controlled substance diversion.

Book Handbook of Community Psychiatry

Download or read book Handbook of Community Psychiatry written by Hunter L. McQuistion and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decade or more, there has been a rapid evolution of mental health services and treatment technologies, shifting psychiatric epidemiology, changes in public behavioral health policy and increased understanding in medicine regarding approaches to clinical work that focus on patient-centeredness. These contemporary issues need to be articulated in a comprehensive format. The American Association of Community Psychiatrists (AACP), a professional organization internationally recognized as holding the greatest concentration of expertise in the field, has launched a methodical process to create a competency certification in community psychiatry. As a reference for a certification examination, that effort will benefit enormously from a comprehensive handbook on the subject.

Book Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders

Download or read book Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders written by Richard Balon and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2009-08-06 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexuality is an integral part of gender identity, self-image, and overall well-being. Sexual dysfunctions present in all cultures and ethnicities around the world. Sexual problems have an especially high prevalence among patients with psychiatric syndromes -- yet, in recent years, the field of psychiatry has shifted away from the treatment of sexual disorders. Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders is the first comprehensive text in decades to address the management and treatment of sexual dysfunctions and disorders. Using a conceptual model that incorporates biological, psychological, and cultural interventions as its guiding principle, the book explores and evaluates the epidemiology of sexual disorders and paraphilias, sexual dysfunctions with comorbid psychiatric disorders, sexual problems associated with various medications, and sexual disorders in specific patient populations. Written by 25 contributing clinical specialists from around the world, the text combines conceptual shifts within the field of human sexuality with the latest research findings into a practical three-part volume. The first four chapters cover general areas relevant to the clinical understanding of human sexuality and sexual dysfunctions within the frame of psychiatry. The second part of the book outlines the major sexual dysfunctions, including male erectile disorder, female arousal disorder, premature ejaculation, and paraphilias. And the final chapters address the management of sexual issues in two unique patient populations that are often neglected in other textbooks -- children and adolescents and older adults. The book includes several unique features to further enhance learner retention Tables, charts, figures, and illustrations to enhance the reading material Evaluations, questionnaires and other patient materials Take-away points on key clinical issues at the end of each chapter Case examples from the authors' own practices References for further reading Restoration of sexual function can improve the quality of life for many individuals with and without psychiatric disorders, making recognition and treatment of sexual problems of utmost importance to any general psychiatric practice. As the only text of its kind, Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders provides a concise, clinically-oriented biopsychosocial guide to the management and treatment of sexual dysfunction that is appropriate for all psychiatric, clinical, and educational settings.

Book Clinical Handbook of Psychiatry   the Law

Download or read book Clinical Handbook of Psychiatry the Law written by Paul S. Appelbaum and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2007 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly updated for its Fourth Edition, this award-winning handbook gives mental health professionals authoritative guidance on how the law affects their clinical practice. Each chapter presents case examples of legal issues that arise in practice, clearly explains the governing legal rules, their rationale, and their clinical impact, and offers concrete action guides to navigating clinico-legal dilemmas. This edition addresses crucial recent developments including new federal rules protecting patients' privacy, regulations minimizing use of seclusion and restraint, liability risks associated with newer psychiatric medications, malpractice risks in forensic psychiatry, and new structured assessment tools for violence risk, suicidality, and decisional capacity.

Book Clinical Manual of Impulse Control Disorders

Download or read book Clinical Manual of Impulse Control Disorders written by Eric Hollander and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2007-04-02 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visibility of impulse-control disorders (ICDs) has never been greater than it is today, both in the field of psychiatry and in popular culture. Changes in both society and technology have contributed to the importance of conceptualizing, assessing, and treating impulse-control disorders (ICDs). The ground-breaking Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders focuses on all of the different ICDs as a group. Here, 25 recognized experts provide cutting-edge, concise, and practical information about ICDs, beginning with the phenomenology, assessment, and classification of impulsivity as a core symptom domain that cuts across and drives the expression of these complex disorders. Subsequent chapters discuss Intermittent explosive disorder, an often overlooked ICD characterized by impulsive aggression. Childhood conduct disorder and the antisocial spectrum. Self-injurious behavior and its relationship to impulsive aggression and childhood trauma. Sexual compulsions and their serious public health implications. Binge eating, a highly familial disorder associated with serious medical complications and psychopathology. Trichotillomania, which may be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, skin picking, and nail biting. Kleptomania, a heterogeneous disorder that shares features with ICDs as well as with mood, anxiety, and addictive disorders. Compulsive shopping, more common in women, with treatments ranging from self-help and financial counseling to trials with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pyromania and how it differs from arson. Pathological gambling, a maladaptive behavioral addiction that is increasing in step with legalized and Internet gambling. Internet addiction, ranging from excessive seeking of medical information to dangerous sexual behaviors. The remarkable Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders sheds light on the complex world of ICDs. As such, it will be welcomed not only by clinicians and researchers but also by individuals and family members coping with these disorders.

Book Spirituality and Mental Health Across Cultures

Download or read book Spirituality and Mental Health Across Cultures written by Alexander Moreira-Almeida and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-02 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religiosity and spirituality (R/S) represent a very important factor of daily life for many individuals across different cultures and contexts. It is associated with lower rates of depression, suicide, mortality, and substance abuse, and is positively correlated with well-being and quality of life. Despite growing academic recognition and scientific literature on these connections this knowledge has not been translated into clinical practice. Part of the expanding Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series, Spirituality and Mental Health Across Cultures is a timely exploration of the implications of R/S on mental health. Written and edited by 38 experts in the fields of spirituality and mental health from 11 countries, covering a wide range of cultural and geographical perspectives, this unique resource assesses how mental health relates to world religions, agnosticism, atheism, and spiritualism unaffiliated with organised religion, with a practical touch. Across 25 chapters, this resource provides readers with a succinct and trustworthy review of the latest research and how this can be applied to clinical care. The first section covers the principles and fundamental questions that relate science, history, philosophy, neuroscience, religion, and spirituality with mental health. The second section discusses the main beliefs and practices related to world religions and their implications to mental health. The third reviews the impact of R/S on specific clinical situations and offers practical guidance on how to handle these appropriately, such as practical suggestions for assessing and integrating R/S in personal history anamnesis or psychotherapy.

Book Lippincott s Primary Care Psychiatry

Download or read book Lippincott s Primary Care Psychiatry written by Robert M. McCarron and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book helps family practitioners, internists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and mental health practitioners understand, diagnose, and effectively treat the most common psychiatric problems seen in the primary care office setting. The introductory chapter addresses the primary care psychiatric interview. Subsequent chapters cover specific disorders and follow a consistent format: Introductory Case; Clinical Highlights; Clinical Significance; Diagnosis; Differential Diagnosis, including "Not to Be Missed" points; Biopsychosocial Treatment, including "When to Refer"; Practice Pointers case studies; ICD-9 codes; and Practical Resources. Appendices include time-saving strategies and medication tables. An anatomical wall chart for the office is also included. A companion Website includes fully searchable text and patient handouts for various psychiatric disorders.

Book Human Trafficking

    Book Details:
  • Author : John H. Coverdale, M.D.
  • Publisher : American Psychiatric Pub
  • Release : 2020-06-11
  • ISBN : 1615372482
  • Pages : 286 pages

Download or read book Human Trafficking written by John H. Coverdale, M.D. and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2020-06-11 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Trafficking: A Treatment Guide for Mental Health Professionals is an educational and clinical resource for health care practitioners from any discipline who may encounter sex- or labor-trafficked persons. The book's editors direct the Baylor College of Medicine Anti-Human Trafficking Program in Houston, and in the last year, they have identified close to 100 trafficked persons in their hospital's small inpatient psychiatry unit--a rate that appears to be growing. Their extensive experience has made them uniquely qualified to pen this guide, which is singular in delivering the background knowledge and frontline clinical strategies providers need to identify, relate to, and treat these psychologically wounded, yet resilient patients. Each chapter begins with a compelling clinical case to bring the often-horrifying conditions these patients have endured into focus and to contextualize the pertinent research, assessment, and treatment information that follows. The chapters address epidemiology and screening, general and specific management principles in different settings, and specific topics such as managing concomitant substance use disorders, issues pertaining to children, advocacy, confidentiality and reporting requirements, psychotherapeutic principles, cultural issues, and trafficked persons' accounts of their own experiences with the health care system. Designed to enlighten and instruct, Human Trafficking: A Treatment Guide for Mental Health Professionals is a wake-up call and a wise and worldly companion for clinicians serving this overlooked population.

Book Clinical Manual of Supportive Psychotherapy

Download or read book Clinical Manual of Supportive Psychotherapy written by Peter N. Novalis and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2019-09-27 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated for the first time since 1993 -- and still the only comprehensive clinical guide to supportive psychotherapy -- this new edition of Clinical Manual of Supportive Psychotherapy features updated and new chapters, vignettes, tables, and resources that reflect current best practices. Where once it was reserved for use with severely impaired patients, supportive therapy has come to be recognized as the treatment of choice for many patients, and supportive techniques underpin a great many other psychotherapies. As a result, the academic literature, both on specific populations and on technical issues, has mushroomed. In this manual, the authors -- all of them practicing mental health clinicians -- distill the most relevant information that nonpsychiatric physicians, psychiatric residents, and experienced psychiatrists and psychotherapists need to fully understand this specific modality. The volume introduces, in Part I, readers to the history and evolution of the use of supportive therapy, examining both its principles and its techniques. It then applies, in Part II, the approach to a range of disorders, including schizophrenia and hallucinations, mood disorders, personality disorders, and -- new to this edition -- anxiety and co-occurring disorders. Part III covers interactions and special settings, discussing applying supportive techniques with medically ill patients and older patients, including tackling issues such as social and financial barriers to seeking treatment in the case of the latter. Also included in this part are new chapters on interactions and special settings, including practicing in detention and correctional centers and the special needs of therapists in public institutions, and updated chapters on community and family involvement and medication adherence and therapy interactions. A discussion of ethics -- augmented with guidance on cultural and religious sensitivity -- completes this most comprehensive of guides.

Book Handbook of Asian American Health

Download or read book Handbook of Asian American Health written by Grace J. Yoo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asian Americans encounter a range of health issues often unknown to the American public, policy makers, researchers and even clinicians. National research often combines Asian Americans into a single category, not taking into account the differences and complexity among Asian ethnic subgroups. The definition of Asian American derives from the U.S. Census Bureau’s definition of Asian, which includes peoples from all the vast territories of the Far East, Southeast Asia and the South Asian Subcontinent. While Census classifications determine demographic measurements that affect equal opportunity programs, the broad rubric “Asian-American” can never describe accurately the more than 50 distinct Asian American subgroups, who together comprise multifaceted diversity across cultural ethnicities, socio-economic status, languages, religions and generations. This volume rectifies that situation by exploring the unique needs and health concerns of particular subgroups within the Asian American community. It consolidates a wide range of knowledge on various health issues impacting Asian Americans while also providing a discussion into the cultural, social, and structural forces impacting morbidity, mortality and quality of life. The volume is designed to advance the understanding of Asian American health by explaining key challenges and identifying emerging trends faced in specific ethnic groups and diseases/illnesses, innovative community-based interventions and the future needed areas of research.