Download or read book The Circassian Genocide written by Walter Richmond and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-09 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history. Using rare archival materials, Walter Richmond chronicles the history of the war, describes in detail the final genocidal campaign, and follows the Circassians in diaspora through five generations as they struggle to survive and return home. He places the periods of acute genocide, 1821–1822 and 1863–1864, in the larger context of centuries of tension between the two nations and updates the story to the present day as the Circassian community works to gain international recognition of the genocide as the region prepares for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the site of the Russians’ final victory.

Download or read book Circassian History written by Kadir I. Natho and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2009-12-03 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Circassian History relates the heroic struggle for survival of one of the most ancient nations in the world, with a unique language and a highly developed distinctive culture. Beginning from 1555, Circassian princes began seeking the friendship and protection of czarist Russia against the aggressions of the Ottoman Turks and Crimean Khans. However, Czarist Russia unleashed its colonial war against Circassia to build the necessary harbors on the Black Sea. Their Nart Epos and archeological finds of the Maikop dolmen and barrow cultures testify that the ancestors of the Circassians lived and prospered on the same territory at least since the advent of the Bronze Age. Their Homeland in North Caucasus stretched from the main ridge of the Caucasus Mountains to the northeastern Black Sea and eastern Azov seacoasts. Its northern boundaries run from Lake Manych and along the Terek Riverthe northern boundary of Kabarda. Beginning from 1555, Circassian princes began seeking the friendship and protection of czarist Russia against the aggressions of the Ottoman Turks and Crimean Khans. However, Czarist Russia unleashed its colonial aggression and conquered Circassia to build the necessary harbors on the Black Sea. Russia planned to seize Bosphorus and Dardanelles with the passage to the Mediterranean Sea, weaken the position of the Ottoman Empire, deal a powerful blow on the trade interests of Great Britain, and gain the upper hand over the European powers in the contest for world supremacy. In this unequal war, Russia occupied Kabarda in 1779. By 1822, it stripped off the Kabardinian princes of the right to rule in their own land and subjected them and their country to the dictatorship of the commanding generals of the Russian armed forces. Thus, early and masterfully, Russia had cut off Kabarda from its western kindred and then directed its military might against Western Circassia. During this period, Russia launched a powerful worldwide propaganda campaign, portraying the Circassians to the Western world as the marauding savages who should be obliterated from the face of the earth in order to ensure peace in the region. At the same time, Russia kept increasing its armed forces in this region. For example, during General Yermolovs time, Russia increased its army in this region from 5075,000, excluding the Cossacks. Russia added 47 new battalions since 1831 and another 40,000 soldiers in 1840. In short, a 210,000 Russian armies and 80,000 Cossack Cavalries were conducting military operations in Circassia during 18531856. Later, Russia reinforced it with 24,000 Russian infantry corps and 2 dragoon regiments and artillery. Russia suffered colossal losses in the Russo-Circassian War. Since the time of Catherine II to 1864, 1.5 million Russian soldiers fell in this country, excluding the Cossack losses as they were not considered a part of the regular Russian army. From the beginning until the end of the war, the Russian army had burnt and pillaged twenty, thirty, fifty, and one hundred Circassian villages at a time, destroying the harvest and driving out the cattle; the Russian army killed or uprooted the native inhabitants and settled Cossack and Russian stanitsas in the territory, according to the planned genocide. As Russian generals stated openly, Russia needed the Circassian lands, not the Circassians. Finally, Russia crushed the Circassian nation in 1864, forced them from their historical Motherland, drove them to the Black Sea shore under Russian bayonets, and threw them into the confines of the Ottoman Empire thus completing its planned genocide. At the present time, as a result of the genocide, 90 percent of the Circassian population lives scattered all over the world. They survived the planned Russian genocide, the cold, deprivations, epidemics, and other companions of their forcible exile. They became exemplary citizens of many countries, established their own new republicsAdigey, Kabardino-Balkaria

Download or read book The Secret of Russia in the Caspian Euxine written by Russia and published by . This book was released on 1863 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Circassian Miracle the Nation Neither Tsars nor Commissars nor Russia Could Stop written by Adel Bashqawi and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2019-12-11 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is dedicated to Circassia, the historical homeland of the Circassians, who inspired and encouraged emerging generations to maintain the torch of freedom and to lead the way, despite all obstacles and attempts of exclusion that have been tested over the years. Since the subjugation of their homeland, the Circassians were subjected to harsh conditions in all walks of life, which wasn’t easy to withstand and get through. This meant a dictatorial, savage, direct military and security jurisdiction, and domination for the duration of both tyrant tsarist imperial and Soviet/Communist eras. From the beginning of the 1990s on, the general situation has been quite different concerning the circumstances that the Circassian affairs have been clutched to. After decades of being forgotten, the people of the Caucasus region and the world at large have started to become enlightened with information that was prevented and blocked from the public. Even the historians, specialists, and academicians were not in the picture of the pain, destiny, and suffering that the Circassian nation was inflicted with for decades, specifically since the occupation and deportation of 1864.

Download or read book Turkey Russia the Black Sea and Circassia written by Edmund Spencer and published by . This book was released on 1855 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Turkey Russia the Black Sea and Circassia written by Edmund Spencer (Captain.) and published by . This book was released on 1855 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stories from Russia Siberia Poland and Circassia written by Russell Lee and published by . This book was released on 1853 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Personal adventures and excursions in Georgia Circassia and Russia written by George Poulett Cameron and published by . This book was released on 1845 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Notes of a half pay in search of health or Russia Circassia and the Crimea in 1839 40 written by William Jesse and published by . This book was released on 1841 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Voyages in the Black Sea to the Coast of Circassia written by Edouard Taitbout de Marigny (chevalier.) and published by . This book was released on 1837 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Circassia and Ukraine written by Adel Bashqawi and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2023-08-23 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In light of the war of extermination that waged against Ukraine, the aggression is a typical scorched-earth policy. Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and forced deportation committed in the nineteenth century in Circassia are similar to Russia’s war in Ukraine since February 24, 2022. The book reminds of dozens of peoples and nations eager to restore their confiscated rights since the dissolution of the Soviet Union until now. It is divided into time periods (chapters). It touches on articles, studies, prominent occasions, developments, events, and commemorations that occurred during the mentioned period. What happened in the past and is developing nowadays necessitated the documentation, showing and exposing facts and events, which will set the record straight. Where actions speak louder than words, this confirms an undeniable reality. With peoples deprived of their rights, the Russian state did not care so far for mending fences and reconciling for peace and fairness. That confirms an undeniable fact, which is that the Russian state has not cared so far to carry out the duty entrusted to it in order to correct what the successive Russian regimes have committed against the Circassian nation and other victims of wars, occupation, genocide, deportation, and forced annexation.

Download or read book The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey written by Zeynel Abidin Besleney and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-03-21 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A North Caucasian ethnic group that has been largely obscured in world history as a result of their expulsion from their homeland by Tsarist Russia in the 1860s, Circassians now comprise significant communities not only in the Northwest Caucasus but also in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Europe and the US. The Circassian Diaspora investigates how a community of impoverished migrants has evolved into a well-connected and politically active diaspora. This book explores the prominent role Circassians played during the Turco-Greek War or the "Turkish National Liberation War of 1919-1922," and examines the changing nature of Circassians’ relations with the Turkish and Russian states, as well as the new actors of Caucasian politics such as the US, the EU, and Georgia. Suggesting that the Circassian case should be studied alongside those of the Jews, Armenians and other diasporas whose formation is fundamentally tied up to a violent detachment from their homeland, and arguing that Circassian diaspora politics is not a post-Soviet phenomenon but has a history dating back to early 20th Century, this book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of Diaspora Studies, History, and Politics.

Download or read book A Year Among the Circassians written by John Augustus Longworth and published by . This book was released on 1840 with total page 714 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Travels in Circassia Krim Tartary c written by Edmund Spencer (capt.) and published by . This book was released on 1837 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stories from Russia Siberia Poland and Circassia written by Russell Lee and published by Theclassics.Us. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1853 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER I. THE CAUCASUS. The previous pages have furnished some materials whereby to judge of the rapid rise and the present power of the Russian empire, as well as of the character of its nobles, its officials, and its serfs. We shall now pass from the centre to the remote circumference of this vast empire, and behold it in its struggles for extended dominion and increasing power. The region of the Caucasus, which has been celebrated from the remotest times, and rendered interesting by many diversified associations, has received a new source of attraction in recent years as the arena of a struggle in which the Russian Emperor, with all the power of his vast dominion, has been foiled by a hardy race of free mountaineers. In order fully to appreciate the nature of the Circassian wars, and to realize a distinct view of the scene where this modern struggle for liberty is now carried on, it is desirable that we should have some idea of the grand natural features of the country, as well as of the character and attributes of the people by whom the unequal contest is waged. The great mountain range of the Caucasus may be practically designated as one of the most important barriers between Europe and Asia. By this chain of heights the passage between the Euxine and the Caspian Seas is guarded as by a sleepless host of invincible sentries, and its numerous vales and alpine heights form the natural fastnesses for a race of mountaineers, where they may maintain the character for indomitable endurance which has marked the highlander of every age and country. The Caucasian chain runs from the Black Sea in a southeastern direction to the shores of the Caspian Sea; commencing near Anapa, a Russian settlement on the Euxine shore nearly opposite to the...

Download or read book Turkey Russia the Black Sea and Circassia written by Edmund Spencer and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book Turkey Russia the Black Sea and Circassia written by Anonymous and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2018-02-14 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.