Download or read book Chipless RFID System for Barcode Replacement written by Stevan Preradovic and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a modern wireless data transmission and reception technique for applications including automatic identification, asset tracking and security surveillance. As barcodes and other means of identification and asset tracking are inadequate for recent demands, RFID technology has attracted interest for applications such as logistics, supply chain management, asset tracking, and security access control. However, the cost of RFID limits their potential for the replacement of trillions of barcodes each year. The only possible solution is a fully printable chipless RFID tag.A novel RFID system comprised of a chipless RFID tag and an associated reader is reported in the thesis. The chipless tag is a fully-passive microwave circuit and uses spectral signatures for data encoding. The tag consists of a multi-resonator coupled to transmitting and receiving antennas. To accommodate multiple bits, the tag operates over the ultra wideband (UWB) frequency spectrum. UWB antennas are used to receive the interrogation signal sent from the reader and transmit the signal back to the reader after performing modulation of the frequency spectra with the multi-resonator. Modulation is performed in both amplitude and phase of the spectrum. A chipless tag up to 35 bits which operate over 3-7 GHz band has been designed.After the successful design of the chipless tag, three prototype readers have been developed. The Gen1 reader was designed to validate the chipless RFID concept using 6-bit chipless tag reading based on amplitude-only detection in S-band; the Gen2 reader is an upgraded version of Gen1 with both amplitude and phase detection capability; and the third generation reader is a UWB reader capable of reading up to 35-bits in the UWB band. The integrated reader is a complete system with analog RF and digital control sections loaded with graphical user interface (GUI) and software protocol. Both the hardware and software design of the RFID reader and field trials of the designed chipless RFID system have been validated in the real world environment. An investigation into antenna systems in order to enhance reading range up to 70 cm has also been performed.The unique features of the developed chipless RFID system are: (i) a low cost, fully printable tag and (ii) secure, remote and non-line-of-sight operability. The importance of this concept lies in the fact that chipless RFID tags become comparable to barcodes in terms of the substrate material used and the cost of fabrication. The main application of this chipless RFID system is in short-range tagging of extremely low cost items such as the Australian polymer banknote.

Download or read book Chipless RFID Reader Architecture written by Nemai Chandra Karmakar and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the era of information communication technology (ICT), radio frequency identification (RFID) has been going through tremendous development. RFID technology has the potential of replacing barcodes due to its large information carrying capacity, flexibility in operations, and applications. The deployment of RFID has been hindered by its cost. However, with the advent of low powered ICs, energy scavenging techniques, and low-cost chipless tags, RFID technology has achieved significant development. This book addresses the new reader architecture, presents fundamentals of chipless RFID systems, and covers protocols. It also presents proof-of-concept implementations with potential to replace trillions of barcodes per year. Overall, this resource aims to not only explain the technology, but to make the chipless RFID reader system a viable commercial product for mass deployment. It is certainly a very useful resource in the new field.

Download or read book Multiresonator Based Chipless RFID written by Stevan Preradovic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-07 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This vital new resource offers engineers and researchers a window on important new technology that will supersede the barcode and is destined to change the face of logistics and product data handling. In the last two decades, radio-frequency identification has grown fast, with accelerated take-up of RFID into the mainstream through its adoption by key users such as Wal-Mart, K-Mart and the US Department of Defense. RFID has many potential applications due to its flexibility, capability to operate out of line of sight, and its high data-carrying capacity. Yet despite optimistic projections of a market worth $25 billion by 2018, potential users are concerned about costs and investment returns. Clearly demonstrating the need for a fully printable chipless RFID tag as well as a powerful and efficient reader to assimilate the tag’s data, this book moves on to describe both. Introducing the general concepts in the field including technical data, it then describes how a chipless RFID tag can be made using a planar disc-loaded monopole antenna and an asymmetrical coupled spiral multi-resonator. The tag encodes data via the “spectral signature” technique and is now in its third-generation version with an ultra-wide band (UWB) reader operating at between 5 and 10.7GHz.

Download or read book Time Domain Signature Barcodes for Chipless RFID and Sensing Applications written by Ferran Martín and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an unconventional approach for implementing chipless radiofrequency identification (RFID) systems and related sensors. Contrary to most state-of-the-art chipless-RFID systems, the proposed approach is based on time domain and the tags are read through near field. The book discusses different aspects of these chipless-RFID systems, including tag and reader design, strategies to enhance the data density and capacity, tag programming and erasing, tag implementation in plastic and paper substrates, and synchronous tag reading, among others. A tolerance analysis and validation of the different systems, as well as prospective applications, are also included. The book also offers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in chipless-RFID technology, including a comparative analysis, which is extended also to chip-based RFID systems. Readers are expected to be familiar with RF/microwave engineering technology. Besides master’s and postgraduate students, the book is intended for researchers in the field of radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology, and may be of interest for engineers working in the areas of wireless communications, automatic identification, security, authentication, microwave and wireless sensors, as well as those dealing with internet of things (IoT) and smart systems.

Download or read book Chipless RFID written by Reza Rezaiesarlak and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the design of chipless RFID systems. The authors begin with the philosophy of RFID and its effect on commercial applications. Then, they discuss the chipless RFID systems and the application of chipless RFID systems, the advantages it provides compared to conventional barcode ID and chipped RFID tags. The text then covers chipless RFID components in block diagram representation and introduce FCC requirements which should be considered in the design procedure of each component. The third chapter is dedicated to the complex natural resonance-based design of chipless RFID tags. The next chapter concerns about the detection techniques introduced for the identification of chipless RFID tags. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the localization and anti-collision techniques in chipless RFID systems. Final chapter is chipless RFID tags as sensors. It provides some applications where the tag can be used as both ID and sensor. The tag specifications and detection issues are addressed in this section.

Download or read book Chipless RFID Sensors written by Nemai Chandra Karmakar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A systematic treatment of the design and fabrication of chipless RFID sensors This book presents various sensing techniques incorporated into chipless RFID systems. The book is divided into five main sections: Introduction to Chipless RFID Sensors; RFID Sensor Design; Smart Materials; Fabrication, Integration and Testing; and Applications of Chipless RFID Sensors. After a comprehensive review of conventional RFID sensors, the book presents various passive microwave circuit designs to achieve compact, high data density and highly sensitive tag sensors for a number of real-world ubiquitous sensing applications. The book reviews the application of smart materials for microwave sensing and provides an overview of various micro- and nano-fabrication techniques with the potential to be used in the development of chipless RFID sensors. The authors also explore a chipless RFID reader design capable of reading data ID and sensory information from the chipless RFID sensors presented in the book. The unique features of the book are: Evaluating new chipless RFID sensor design that allow non-invasive PD detection and localization, real-time environment monitoring, and temperature threshold detection and humidity Providing a classification of smart materials based on sensing physical parameters (i.e. humidity, temperature, pH, gas, strain, light, etc.) Discussing innovative micro- and nano-fabrication processes including printing suitable for chipless RFID sensors Presenting a detailed case study on various real-world applications including retail, pharmaceutical, logistics, power, and construction industries Chipless RFID Sensors is primarily written for researchers in the field of RF sensors but can serve as supplementary reading for graduate students and professors in electrical engineering and wireless communications.

Download or read book Compact Printable Chipless RFID Systems written by Md. Aminul Islam and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RFID tags have the potential to replace barcodes on account of their numerous advantages, such as long reading range, non-line-of-sight reading, and automated identification and tracking. However, due to their high cost compared to that of barcodes, the current chipped RFID technology has not yet gained wide acceptance, especially in the field of item-level tagging of cheap items, where trillions of tags are required. Currently, multi-bit passive chipped RFID tags are used for tagging only costly items, where the cost of the tag depends mainly on the used silicon chip. Therefore, previous research has focused on developing chipless and printable RFID tags, which can be used like barcodes. However, a compact and fully-printable chipless RFID tag with sufficient data capacity and orientation insensitivity has not been proposed to date. This motivated this research study.In this work, two different frequency domain based system solutions are proposed in the microwave frequency band as representatives of a new generation of chipless RFID systems, which are capable of dominating the RFID market in the future. The first one is a compact printable orientation insensitive (OI) system, which will overcome the fixed orientation reading limitation of most other chipless RFID tags. In this OI system, the proposed tags consist of a circular conductive patch loaded with multiple 'O' shaped slot ring resonators or a square patch loaded with symmetrically placed 'I' shaped slot resonators in all four sides. The second proposed system is a compact printable dual polarized (DP) system that will overcome the limitation of data capacity by doubling the encoding capacity. The proposed tags consist of conductive patches loaded with vertically and horizontally-polarized 'U' or 'I' shaped slot resonators. Commercially suitable reader antennas are then developed for both the OI and DP systems, where linearly polarized (LP) antennas are developed for reading the OI tags, and dual polarized (DP) antennas are developed for reading the DP tags. Moreover, guidelines are also provided for designing LP and DP antennas with new sets of specifications, which are used next to develop commercially suitable 4x4 and 8x8 LP arrays, and 4x4 DP array antennas in the millimeter (mm) wave frequency band for reading recently developed promising mm-wave tags. Finally, the architecture for a universal DP reader is proposed for reading the novel DP tags using the developed DP antennas, which is also capable of reading all existing LP, OI and cross polarized (CP) tags in the frequency domain. In the final phase of the research, practical implementation steps for the printable chipless RFID technology, such as, paper substrate characterization and tag printing procedure on the paper substrate are studied thoroughly. Thus, the outcomes of the research provide the compact and fully-printable chipless RFID systems, which can be used commercially for identification in item level tagging of the low cost items, as well as for authentication in the printable secure documents.

Download or read book RCS Synthesis for Chipless RFID written by Olivier Rance and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-07-26 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The considerable growth of RFID is currently accompanied by the development of numerous identification technologies that complement those already available while seeking to answer new problems. Chipless RFID is one example.The goal is to both significantly reduce the price of the tag and increase the amount of information it contains, in order to compete with the barcode while retaining the benefits of a flexible reading approach based on radio communication.To solve the problem of the number of bits, this book describes the possibility of coding the information at the level of the overall shape of the RCS of the tag, which would facilitate reaching very large quantities. The design of the tags then returns to the resolution of the inverse problem of the electromagnetic signature. The proposed design methodology regularizes the problem by decomposing the signature on a basis of elementary patterns whose signature is chosen in advance. - Includes a theoretical presentation of scattering phenomenon in electromagnetism, regrouping elements from classical RFID, pulse radar, and antenna theory - Features a new coding technique based on magnitude level that is presented and characterized for different kinds of tags - Proposes, for the first time, RCS synthesis based on a physical approach for wide-frequency bands

Download or read book Advanced Chipless RFID written by Nemai Chandra Karmakar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces advanced high-capacity data encoding and throughput improvement techniques for fully printable multi-bit Chipless RFID tags and reader systems The book proposes new approaches to chipless RFID tag encoding and tag detection that supersede their predecessors in signal processing, tag design, and reader architectures. The text is divided into two main sections: the first section introduces the fundamentals of electromagnetic (EM) imaging at mm-wave band to enhance the content capacity of Chipless RFID systems. The EM Imaging through Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technique is used for data extraction. The second section presents a few smart tag detection techniques for existing chipless RFID systems. A Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) based tag detection technique improves the spectral efficiency and increases data bit capacity. The book concludes with a discussion of how the MIMO approach can be combined with the image based technique to introduce a complete solution with a fast imaging approach to chipless RFID systems. The book has the following salient features: Discusses new approaches to chipless RFID tags such as EM imaging, high capacity data encoding, and robust tag detection techniques Presents techniques to enhance data content capacity of tags and reliable tag detection for the readers at unlicensed microwave and mm-wave 2.45, 24 and 60 GHz instrumentation, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands Includes case studies of real-world applications

Download or read book Chipless RFID based on RF Encoding Particle written by Arnaud Vena and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-08-21 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chipless RFID based on RF Encoding Particle: Realization, Coding and Reading System explores the field of chipless identification based on the RF Encoding Particle (REP). The book covers the possibility of collecting information remotely with RF waves (RFID) with totally passive tags without wire, batteries, and chips, and even printed on paper. Despite the many benefits of RFID, deployment is still hindered by several economic and technological factors. Among these barriers are the high cost of tags, lack of reliability and security in the information contained in the RFID chip, and how tags are 'recycled.' This book focuses on the development of chipless RFID tags, representing a new family of low cost tags. With this technology information is extracted from the electromagnetic response of the tag, which depends only on its geometry. Various solutions have been developed by the authors to increase the amount of information, reduce the surface of the tag, or improve the robustness of detection. Considerations such as realization using paper substrate, the development of a low cost detection system, and measurements in a real environment have been addressed for practical implementation. - Introduces the chipless RFID REP approach as compared to classical chipless RFID, RFID, and barcode technologies - Includes a demonstration of the practical and economic potential of chipless RFID technology, with detailed presentations and discussions of different test benches and comparisons - Presents in detail numerous examples of chipless tags that are able to tackle specific problems: sensitivity of detection, encoding density, robustness of detection, problem of tag orientation, tags and reader cost, and compliance with emission standards - Focuses on the development of chipless RFID tags, representing a new family of low cost tags

Download or read book Advanced Chipless RFID written by Nemai Chandra Karmakar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-03 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces advanced high-capacity data encoding and throughput improvement techniques for fully printable multi-bit Chipless RFID tags and reader systems The book proposes new approaches to chipless RFID tag encoding and tag detection that supersede their predecessors in signal processing, tag design, and reader architectures. The text is divided into two main sections: the first section introduces the fundamentals of electromagnetic (EM) imaging at mm-wave band to enhance the content capacity of Chipless RFID systems. The EM Imaging through Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technique is used for data extraction. The second section presents a few smart tag detection techniques for existing chipless RFID systems. A Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) based tag detection technique improves the spectral efficiency and increases data bit capacity. The book concludes with a discussion of how the MIMO approach can be combined with the image based technique to introduce a complete solution with a fast imaging approach to chipless RFID systems. The book has the following salient features: Discusses new approaches to chipless RFID tags such as EM imaging, high capacity data encoding, and robust tag detection techniques Presents techniques to enhance data content capacity of tags and reliable tag detection for the readers at unlicensed microwave and mm-wave 2.45, 24 and 60 GHz instrumentation, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands Includes case studies of real-world applications

Download or read book Chipless Radio Frequency Identification Reader Signal Processing written by Nemai Chandra Karmakar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a comprehensive overview and analysis of the recent developments in signal processing for Chipless Radio Frequency Identification Systems This book presents the recent research results on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and provides smart signal processing methods for detection, signal integrity, multiple-access and localization, tracking, and collision avoidance in Chipless RFID systems. The book is divided into two sections: The first section discusses techniques for detection and denoising in Chipless RFID systems. These techniques include signal space representation, detection of frequency signatures using UWB impulse radio interrogation, time domain analysis, singularity expansion method for data extraction, and noise reduction and filtering techniques. The second section covers collision and error correction protocols, multi-tag identification through time-frequency analysis, FMCW radar based collision detection and multi-access for Chipless RFID tags as we as localization and tag tracking. Describes the use of UWB impulse radio interrogation to remotely estimate the frequency signature of Chipless RFID tags using the backscatter principle Reviews the collision problem in both chipped and Chipless RFID systems and summarizes the prevailing anti-collision algorithms to address the problem Proposes state-of-the-art multi-access and signal integrity protocols to improve the efficacy of the system in multiple tag reading scenarios Features an industry approach to the integration of various systems of the Chipless RFID reader-integration of physical layers, middleware, and enterprise software Chipless Radio Frequency Identification Reader Signal Processing is primarily written for researchers in the field of RF sensors but can serve as supplementary reading for graduate students and professors in electrical engineering and wireless communications.

Download or read book Readers for Frequency Signature based Chipless RFID Tags written by Randika Vishwajith Koswatta and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems are currently a major research area globally. Most of the RFID tags available in the market use application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) which are expensive compared to other tagging techniques. RFID can only compete with, even and replace barcodes if they are made chipless and printed like the barcodes. Chipless RFID tags reduce the manufacturing costs and enable the use of the technology in high volume applications. Much research has been carried out on the development of chipless RFID tags. However, only a limited amount of work has been carried out on the development of chipless RFID readers.This thesis presents the design of three novel, very low-cost chipless RFID readers for reading spectral signature-based chipless RFID tags. Two of the readers use frequency domain-based techniques to decode data from the chipless tags. The Gen-1 reader is capable of detecting the features of amplitude and phase signature of a chipless RFID tag. The reader requires a calibration measurement. The detection process is more hardware-based and fewer signal processing techniques are used.The Gen-2 reader reconstructs the amplitude and phase responses using the signals received from the chipless RFID tags. The reader does not need a calibration measurement, which offers a major improvement over the predecessors. The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) of the reader generates a linear chirp (swept) frequency interrogation signal. The Gen-2 reader is even lower-cost compared to the Gen-1 and has a simpler RF section. The detection process uses a Hilbert transform-based signal processing technique to re-construct the amplitude and phase responses of the chipless tag. The operation of both Gen-1 and Gen-2 readers are validated experimentally.The tag reading speed is hindered by the performance of the VCO and the number of data points required in frequency domain-based readers. A novel high-speed tag reading technique based on ultra-wideband RF pulses is proposed in this research. The proposed method is validated with simulations. The integrated reader is a complete system with an RF section, a digital section and a graphical user interface (GUI) and software interface.Most of the existing UWB antenna designs are not suitable for chipless RFID applications due to their low gain or physical size. Hence, in addition to the readers, a design of novel UWB antenna is also proposed in this research work to use with the readers. The antenna is compact and high gain and provides UWB operation with over 9 dB gain and 3.9-10 GHz operating frequency band.The unique features of the developed chipless RFID reader systems are (i) low cost, (ii) secure and (iii) remote and non-line of sight operability. The importance of these developments lies in the fact that they enable the development of low-cost chipless RFID systems comparable to other cheap tagging systems such as optical barcodes.

Download or read book Deploying RFID written by Cristina Turcu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that is rapidly gaining popularity due to its several benefits in a wide area of applications like inventory tracking, supply chain management, automated manufacturing, healthcare, etc. The benefits of implementing RFID technologies can be seen in terms of efficiency (increased speed in production, reduced shrinkage, lower error rates, improved asset tracking etc.) or effectiveness (services that companies provide to the customers). Leading to considerable operational and strategic benefits, RFID technology continues to bring new levels of intelligence and information, strengthening the experience of all participants in this research domain, and serving as a valuable authentication technology. We hope this book will be useful for engineers, researchers and industry personnel, and provide them with some new ideas to address current and future issues they might be facing.

Download or read book Handbook of Smart Antennas for RFID Systems written by Nemai Chandra Karmakar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-25 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Smart Antennas for RFID Systems is a single comprehensive reference on the smart antenna technologies applied to RFID. This book will provide a timely reference book for researchers and students in the areas of both smart antennas and RFID technologies. It is the first book to combine two of the most important wireless technologies together in one book. The handbook will feature chapters by leading experts in both academia and industry offering an in-depth description of terminologies and concepts related to smart antennas in various RFID systems applications. Some topics are: adaptive beamforming for RFID smart antennas, multiuser interference suppression in RFID tag reading, phased array antennas for RFID applications, smart antennas in wireless systems and market analysis and case studies of RFID smart antennas. This handbook will cover the latest achievements in the designs and applications for smart antennas for RFID as well as the basic concepts, terms, protocols, systems architectures and case studies in smart antennas for RFID readers and tags.

Download or read book Chipless and Conventional Radio Frequency Identification Systems for Ubiquitous Tagging written by Chandra Karmakar, Nemai and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2012-05-31 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless tracking and data capturing technique for automatic identification, tracking, security surveillance, logistics, and supply chain management. RFID tags, which have been successfully employed in many industries including retail and healthcare, have provided a multitude of benefits but also currently remain very costly. Chipless and Conventional Radio Frequency Identification: Systems for Ubiquitous Tagging explores the use of conventional RFID technology as well as chipless RFID technology, which provides a cheaper method of implementation, opening many doors for a variety of applications and industries. This practical reference, designed for researchers and practitioners, investigates the growing field of RFID and its promising future.

Download or read book Chipless RFID Transponder Design written by Isaac Balbin and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless data transmission and reception technology for automatic identification, asset tracking and security surveillance. RFID technology has gained momentum in market penetration, with both the US Department of Defense and retail giant Wal-Mart introducing mandatory tagging of goods in their supply chain. However, for large-scale RFID implementation, the cost of the systems cannot compete with optical barcodes. The main hindrance is the cost of the microchip used in RFID. An RFID tag that can compete with the barcode will need to be fully printable on plastic or paper. To date, only a few fully printable chipless RFID technologies have been reported in the open literature. The reported chipless RFID tags have a limited number of bits. To compete with the optical barcode, the chipless tag needs to encode 64 to 128-bits. The present thesis has addressed the problem and conceptualized fully printable multi-bit chipless tags.In the present thesis, three novel designs of multi-bit chipless RFID tags have been presented. The tags operate over the ultra wideband (UWB) frequency domain with more than 100% bandwidth. The first prototype is a Pythagorean tree (PT) fractal resonator based chipless RFID tag. A UWB monopole is loaded with the PT fractal resonator to generate multiple frequency signatures in the frequency spectrum. To achieve 64-bits from the PT chipless tag, eight PT fractal resonators with different frequency signatures are connected in parallel with a 1-to-8-way power divider and the input port of the power divider is connected to a UWB monopole antenna. The Radar Cross Section (RCS) of the monopole antenna shows distinct nulls in the respective resonant frequencies of the PT fractal resonators. Therefore, the resonant nulls corresponds 1:1 to data bits for the identification tag.The second prototype is the fine slot loaded UWB monopole antenna. The antenna resonates at many narrow resonant bins and they are resolvable in the return loss vs. frequency plot of the antenna. A single such antenna is encoded up to 32-bits. Two such orthogonally polarized antennas are connected together via microstrip transmission lines that include a Real Frequency Technique (RFT) designed broadband matching section. Thus a 64-bit chipless tag is obtained. Another set of two orthogonally polarized antennas on the opposite polarization of the former antenna yields the ability to encode 128-bits of data. Thus a 128-bit chipless RFID tag concept is proved. The tags were tested with input return loss, transmission amplitude and phases and finally the RCS. Distinct nulls are present in the RCS vs. frequency plots.The third and final prototype is a phase encoded square patch antenna reflector loaded with open circuited reactive stub elements in two orthogonal planes of the patch antenna. The relative phase difference generated between the two degenerate modes at the same frequency due to the variation of the stub length is used as the encoded data. In this final design six 2x2-sub-arrays of the patch antennas are designed to encode many data bits in six different frequency points. The RCS measurement shows distinct phase shifts in the RCS vs. frequency plot due to the variation of the stub length of the patch. Moreover, due to the array geometry instead of the single element design, the shift in phase and increase in RCS amplitude has increased four-fold. This ensures that low power transmission is able to detect the tag. All the designed prototypes have the potential to replace and/or co-exist with optical barcodes for low cost item tagging.