Download or read book Characterizing and Improving a Semiportable Mass Spectrometer System for Measurements of Noble Gas Ratios written by Alice Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The five stable noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) are useful tracers of physical processes in the environment, as they are biologically and chemically inert and respond solely to physical forcing. Most instrumental systems used for measurements of the suite of noble gases are expensive, low-throughput, and require laboratory support. Here we describe the development and optimization of a low-cost, high-throughput quadrupole mass spectrometer system for the measurement of noble gas ratios in water samples. This system is based around a Hiden 201 RC residual gas analyzer, which is coupled with a Bay Instruments membrane inlet for continuous gas extraction. This work is the first of its kind to use this particular membrane for measurements of noble gases; previously, these types of membranes have only been used in the study of other, more abundant gases. We evaluate the precision and accuracy of noble gas ratios as measured with this method. Our analysis of precision indicates that this instrument could be capable of measuring environmental samples if the most precise measurements could be consistently repeated. Preliminary data from accuracy experiments, however, suggests there is room for improvement before such a setup can be used in the field. Nevertheless, there are only a few other compact membrane-inlet QMS systems in development around the world, and our setup is already capable of measuring ratios more precisely and accurately than many of these analogous systems.
Download or read book Adapting a Field Deployable Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer for Continuous Measurements of Helium written by Katherine Chan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotopes of the five stable noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) are useful in analyzing physical processes in the environment such as air-sea gas exchange and sea ice formation and melting. Traditional measurements of noble gases are costly and time-consuming because of the need to transport water samples to analyze in a laboratory-based mass spectrometer. Field deployable mass spectrometers were developed as a low-cost method to increase the temporal resolution of the measurements. Our system utilizes a quadrupole mass spectrometer in tandem with a gas equilibrator cartridge to continuously measure equilibrated gases from water with ambient air as a calibration standard. The reproducibility of the system is better than 0.7% for all gas ratios in a lab environment. However, our current configuration is not optimized for measuring helium because of the high permeability of helium through many of the materials used. Nonetheless, measuring helium will yield insight into quantifying bubble processes, which significantly affects rates of air-sea gas exchange. Our mass spectrometer configuration was thus extended to measure helium by switching from fused silica capillaries to stainless steel capillaries and switching from Tygon tubing to Viton tubing. The equilibration and precision of the new system was compared to that of the old configuration. Leak tests were performed on the old and new configuration to assess whether the leakiness of the system has improved. Results showed effective measurements of He with precisions better than 0.80% for both He/Ar and He/Kr at water temperatures of 22°C and above. Further optimization is needed to improve the equilibration of He and Ne at water temperatures of 10°C.
Download or read book Adapting Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry for Accurate Measurements of Aquatic Noble Gases written by Sophia Meier and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As inert species, the noble gases represent a useful tool for quantifying physical processes in aquatic environments. Thanks to their widely differing physical properties (solubility, diffusivity, etc.), each noble gas responds in a recognizable way to distinct types of physical forcing. Even though data on each gas is thus unique and valuable, data on the less abundant gases (neon, krypton, and xenon in particular) are not often used for analysis or even collected in the first place due to the difficulty in analyzing those gases at the required precision. We aimed to develop a method to measure neon, argon, krypton, and xenon in discrete water samples with Membrane-Inlet Mass Spectrometry (MIMS). MIMS technology uses a gaspermeable membrane to extract gas from samples inline with the mass spectrometer, eliminating the need for the tedious degassing steps prior to analysis employed by most other mass spectrometric methods. In theory, this allows for both (i) small sample sizes (on the order of milliliters instead of liters) unlike Equilibrator-Inlet Mass Spectrometry and (ii) fast throughput (multiple samples per hour) compared to traditional methods of aquatic noble gas measurements. Although many have used MIMS to measure argon, the most abundant noble gas, few have attempted to apply this technique to other noble gases. With the addition of getters to remove common atmospheric gases, we were able to develop a method to measure the relative amounts of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon in airequilibrated water using a membrane and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. We quantified the accuracy of the method as the percent difference between the measured and expected values for both the individual gases and the following ratios: Ne/Xe, Ar/Kr, Ne/Ar, Ar/Xe, and Kr/Xe. We explored many different variations of the experimental procedure to improve the accuracy of the method. Individual gas accuracy was maximized when sampling from a beaker mixed with a stir rod, at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and an evacuation time of 10 minutes without the dry ice and ethanol slurry. We hope that further modifying our parameters and procedure will improve the accuracy and precision of our data.
Download or read book Management of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2014-12-02 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication summarizes the reviewed information distributed in previous IAEA publications and provides an up to date, overall picture of the management of disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS) based upon the current status and trends in this field. It incorporates the most recent experience in source management, including newly developed techniques used for DSRS conditioning and storage. Problems encountered and lessons learned are also highlighted in the publication in order to help avoid the mistakes commonly made in the past in managing disused sources.
Download or read book Photochemical oxidants and air pollution written by Air Pollution Technical Information Center and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About 1900 references, intended as a balanced sample of available literature mostly from the period 1959-1970. Foreign literature is included. Entries are arranged under topics. Author, title, subject, and geographic location indexes.
Download or read book Inertial Electrostatic Confinement IEC Fusion written by George H. Miley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an introductory understanding of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC), a type of fusion meant to retain plasma using an electrostatic field. IEC provides a unique approach for plasma confinement, as it offers a number of spin-off applications, such as a small neutron source for Neutron Activity Analysis (NAA), that all work towards creating fusion power. The IEC has been identified in recent times as an ideal fusion power unit because of its ability to burn aneutronic fuels like p-B11 as a result of its non-Maxwellian plasma dominated by beam-like ions. This type of fusion also takes place in a simple mechanical structure small in size, which also contributes to its viability as a source of power. This book posits that the ability to study the physics of IEC in very small volume plasmas makes it possible to rapidly investigate a design to create a power-producing device on a much larger scale. Along with this hypothesis the book also includes a conceptual experiment proposed for demonstrating breakeven conditions for using p-B11 in a hydrogen plasma simulation. This book also: Offers an in-depth look, from introductory basics to experimental simulation, of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement, an emerging method for generating fusion power Discusses how the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement method can be applied to other applications besides fusion through theoretical experiments in the text Details the study of the physics of Inertial Electrostatic Confinement in small-volume plasmas and suggests that their rapid reproduction could lead to the creation of a large-scale power-producing device Perfect for researchers and students working with nuclear fusion, Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Fusion: Fundamentals and Applications also offers the current experimental status of IEC research, details supporting theories in the field and introduces other potential applications that stem from IEC.
Download or read book Techniques in Archaeological Geology written by Erv Garrison and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The archaeological geology of the Quaternary or the geological epoch during which humankind evolved is a scientific endeavor with much to offer in the fields of archaeology and palaeoanthropology. Earth science techniques offer diverse ways of characterizing the elements of past landscapes and archaeological facies. This book is a survey of techniques used in archaeological geology for the study of soils, sediments, rocks and minerals. The techniques presented represent those most commonly used today. They are discussed in detail and examples are provided, in many cases, to demonstrate their usefulness to archaeologists.
Download or read book The History of Medical Informatics in the United States written by Morris F. Collen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-08 with total page 769 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a meticulously detailed chronological record of significant events in the history of medical informatics and their impact on direct patient care and clinical research, offering a representative sampling of published contributions to the field. The History of Medical Informatics in the United States has been restructured within this new edition, reflecting the transformation medical informatics has undergone in the years since 1990. The systems that were once exclusively institutionally driven – hospital, multihospital, and outpatient information systems – are today joined by systems that are driven by clinical subspecialties, nursing, pathology, clinical laboratory, pharmacy, imaging, and more. At the core is the person – not the clinician, not the institution – whose health all these systems are designed to serve. A group of world-renowned authors have joined forces with Dr Marion Ball to bring Dr Collen’s incredible work to press. These recognized leaders in medical informatics, many of whom are recipients of the Morris F. Collen Award in Medical Informatics and were friends of or mentored by Dr Collen, carefully reviewed, editing and updating his draft chapters. This has resulted in the most thorough history of the subject imaginable, and also provides readers with a roadmap for the subject well into later in the century.
Download or read book Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties of Solids written by Joseph C. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Leading the Way written by Ronald B. Hartzer and published by U.S. Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2014 with total page 846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Leading the way describes how the men and women of Air Force civil engineering have provided the basing that enabled the Air Force to fly, fight, and win. This book depicts how engineers built hundreds of bases during World Wars I and II, Korea, Vietnam, the Gulf War, and Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. At the same time, these engineers operated and maintained a global network of enduring, peacetime bases. It describes the engineers' role in special projects such as the ballistic missile program, the Arctic early warning sites, and construction of the U.S. Air Force Academy. Using hundreds of sources, this detailed narrative tells the story of how civil engineers have been organized, trained, equipped, and employed for more than 100 years. From the beaches of Normandy to the mountains of Afghanistan, civil engineers have forged an unmatched record of success and built a solid foundation for today's Air Force."--Back cover.
Download or read book A Dictionary of Mining Mineral and Related Terms written by United States. Bureau of Mines and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 1284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes about 55,000 individual mining and mineral industry term entries with about 150,000 definitions under these terms.
Download or read book A History of the Growth of the Steam engine written by Robert Henry Thurston and published by N.Y.: D. Appleton. This book was released on 1878 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The History and Future of Technology written by Robert U. Ayres and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eminent physicist and economist, Robert Ayres, examines the history of technology as a change agent in society, focusing on societal roots rather than technology as an autonomous, self-perpetuating phenomenon. With rare exceptions, technology is developed in response to societal needs that have evolutionary roots and causes. In our genus Homo, language evolved in response to a need for our ancestors to communicate, both in the moment, and to posterity. A band of hunters had no chance in competition with predators that were larger and faster without this type of organization, which eventually gave birth to writing and music. The steam engine did not leap fully formed from the brain of James Watt. It evolved from a need to pump water out of coal mines, driven by a need to burn coal instead of firewood, in turn due to deforestation. Later, the steam engine made machines and mechanization possible. Even quite simple machines increased human productivity by a factor of hundreds, if not thousands. That was the Industrial Revolution. If we count electricity and the automobile as a second industrial revolution, and the digital computer as the beginning of a third, the world is now on the cusp of a fourth revolution led by microbiology. These industrial revolutions have benefited many in the short term, but devastated the Earths ecosystems. Can technology save the human race from the catastrophic consequences of its past success? That is the question this book will try to answer.
Download or read book Heat Transfer Equipment written by Don W. Green and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2007-10-26 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get Cutting-Edge Coverage of All Chemical Engineering Topics— from Fundamentals to the Latest Computer Applications First published in 1934, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook has equipped generations of engineers and chemists with an expert source of chemical engineering information and data. Now updated to reflect the latest technology and processes of the new millennium, the Eighth Edition of this classic guide provides unsurpassed coverage of every aspect of chemical engineering-from fundamental principles to chemical processes and equipment to new computer applications. Filled with over 700 detailed illustrations, the Eighth Edition of Perry's Chemcial Engineering Handbook features: Comprehensive tables and charts for unit conversion A greatly expanded section on physical and chemical data New to this edition: the latest advances in distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, reactor modeling, biological processes, biochemical and membrane separation processes, and chemical plant safety practices with accident case histories Inside This Updated Chemical Engineering Guide - Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols • Physical and Chemical Data • Mathematics • Thermodynamics • Heat and Mass Transfer • Fluid and Particle Dynamics Reaction Kinetics • Process Control • Process Economics • Transport and Storage of Fluids • Heat Transfer Equipment • Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying • Distillation • Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design • Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment • Adsorption and Ion Exchange • Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment • Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment • Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment • Size Reduction and Size Enlargement • Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging of Solids and Liquids • Alternative Separation Processes • And Many Other Topics!
Download or read book Heritage weathering and conservation 2006 written by Rafael Fort and published by Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conservation of cultural heritage is a major commitment for all countries around the world, since it is a complex task and a matter of great responsibility. Amongst other sectors of society, science has a contribution to make to heritage preservation. This book is the result of the international conference Heritage, Weathering and Conservation (HWC2006), held in Madrid, Spain, in 2006. It brought together prominent scientists and professionals from a variety of disciplines who have been active in the field and have raised the profile of heritage preservation. The main aspects addressed at this conference were those related to the causes of decay of cultural materials (stone, ceramics, metals, paintings, mortars, timber, adobes, etc); the characterization of their properties and the assessment of analytical techniques for their study, with a focus on non-destructive techniques. Many of the studies stress the importance of salt crystallization, atmospheric pollution and biodeterioration and relate these specific factors to decay. A variety of case studies are included, as well as an examination of policies and management. This book will be useful to professionals and scientists working in a variety of fields related to heritage: geologists, geographers, chemists, physicists, biologists, architects, engineers, restorers, historians, archaeologists, policy makers and the general public.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media written by Carol Vernallis and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 833 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection surveys the contemporary landscape of audiovisual media. Contributors from image and sound studies explore the history and the future of moving-image media across a range of formats including blockbuster films, video games, music videos, social media, experimental film, documentaries, video art, pornography, theater, and electronic music.
Download or read book Galactic Patrol written by Edward Elmer Smith and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
