Download or read book Characterize Physical and Chemical Properties of Manure in California Dairy Systems to Improve Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates written by Deanne Morse Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physicochemical Transformations of Manure to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions Improve Nutrient Use and Minimize Environmental Impacts of Dairy Operations written by Rylie Jo Ellison and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Storage and agricultural applications of manure often result in significant loss of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the environment through volatilization and leaching. In California, manure management is estimated to be the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, mainly as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), with dairy operations being a key contributor. One of the main challenges with using animal wastes as nutrient sources is the unpredictable nitrogen mineralization rate for crop uptake. Many dairies limit application of manure organic nitrogen to prevent groundwater contamination. With a large range of dairy sizes and types of manure management systems in California, there is also a need for a variety of manure treatment technologies to address these problems. Treatments examined in this dissertation are two physicochemical techniques: chemical solid-liquid separation (coagulation) and hydrodynamic cavitation with chemical stabilization. Physically and chemically transforming animal wastes to exhibit a predictable nitrogen mineralization response is an important research and development priority. Generating a stabilized and easily transportable fertilizer from manure can help reduce environmental concerns related to on-farm nutrient management and enhance the economic feasibility for dairies. Enhancing solid-liquid separation with chemical coagulants traditionally used in wastewater treatment can isolate dissolved and particulate organic matter and phosphorus from manure into stabilized solids (flocs) while leaving the plant-available ammonium-N in the liquid fraction (effluent). In this research, a range of coagulants, including metal salts and organic polymers were tested with multiple dairy process wastewaters. The effects of chemical coagulation on the composition of the separated manure fractions, and the resulting impact on greenhouse gases and nutrient cycling are extensively explored through a series of laboratory incubations of manure effluents and manure-amended soils. Anaerobic incubations of the effluent fractions were performed to determine how both removing coagulated solids from manure process wastewater or leaving coagulated manure flocs in anaerobic storage affects greenhouse gases, CH4 in particular. This simulates how greenhouse gases from anaerobic storage ponds, or lagoons, on dairies would be affected by this treatment practice. In each incubation, regardless of coagulant type or separation of solids, CH4, and/or CO2 and N2O were significantly reduced. Several aerobic soil incubations simulated how adding coagulated manure flocs or effluents would impact the nutrient cycling of chemically separated manures applied to agricultural soils. Coagulation generally tended to stabilize organic matter, and slow C, N, and P mineralization of the solid floc fraction, depending on the type of coagulant used. This could potentially increase C sequestration and reduce nutrient runoff on dairies; however, farmers would need to manage for less nutrient availability. Lastly, the potential for hydrodynamic cavitation to be employed in a dairy manure treatment system was explored. The effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on manure were to break down organic matter and increase nitrogen availability, which could help in regulating the rate of nitrogen mineralization from manure. Hydrodynamic cavitation is also used for sterilization, which could be another benefit for manure applications. However, further work is needed to determine the efficacy of hydrodynamic cavitation for treating manure at a larger scale.

Download or read book Quantifying Impact of Diet on Enteric Methane Emissions and Manure Nutrient Dynamics in Dairy Cattle written by Mutian Niu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global food demand is increasing with the greater population in the world, and people are at risk of hunger without climate change mitigation. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have a significant impact on climate change globally, which poses a major and growing threat to global food security. The GHG emissions from livestock account for 14.5% of global anthropogenic emission, in which, enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants (mainly from beef and dairy cattle production) are shown to be the major contributors (Gerber et al., 2013). In addition, production of CH4 and nitrous oxide from manure storage, grazing, and forage production. According to 2013 estimates, dairy cattle generated approximate 13% of agricultural GHG emission through enteric CH4 production and manure management along in U.S. (USDA, 2016). Furthermore, dairy production also contributes to the release of reactive nitrogen (N) into the environment, which can have negative impacts on water quality and alter the physical structure of ecosystems, which can have cascading effects in the environment (Pardo et al., 2015). Therefore, research is required to have a further understanding in this area, in order to take proper mitigation actions. In this context, the author approached such goals through five research studies including both animal or field experiments and statistical modeling projects. A brief description of each research experiment is given as follow. The objective of the first experiment was to determine the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) and forage contents on enteric CH4 emissions and N excretion from dairy cows simultaneously as described in Chapter 1. In particular, the interaction between dietary CP and energy on enteric CH4 emission and N excretion in lactating dairy cows fed a total mixed ration based on alfalfa hay was investigated. The experiment demonstrated no interactions between dietary CP and forage contents on enteric CH4 production of dairy cows, however, CH4 production and N excretions in lactating dairy cows can be independently reduced by reducing dietary forage and dietary CP contents, respectively. Following the in vivo experiment, fresh fecal samples were collected directly from dairy cows. The objective of the second experiment was to quantify the impacts of dietary forage and CP levels on the excretion and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria spp. in dairy cattle feces as describe in Chapter 2. In addition, the concentration of different pathogens over the course of a day was characterized. The experiment demonstrated that dietary forage and CP content in animal feed have the potential to influence the fecal shedding of pathogens in dairy cattle. Carryover from the in vivo experiment, all available manure from the sample collection periods were stored using different manure storage methods for 6 months in the third experiment as stated in Chapter 3. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary mitigation strategies to reduce both enteric CH4 production and N excretion on nutrient dynamics of manures stored in common western production practices. In addition, the short-term nutrient availability and update in soil amended with manures following storage, by barley, was evaluated. Furthermore, the overall system N use efficiencies of the dietary changes were determined. Turning manures during storage reduced the loss of both C and N, compared to both slurry and static piled manures, however, the availability of the N in the turned pile treatment was less than from the static pile and slurry treatments. In addition, feeding a lower CP diet increased the system N use efficiency when accounting for losses during excretion and storage in dairy farming system. The fourth project is outlined in Chapter 4. In this project, we collated a global database of enteric CH4 production containing more than 5,000 lactating dairy cow records from 15 countries around the world, consequently, developed both global and regional prediction equations for CH4 production (g/d per cow), CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake [DMI]), and CH4 intensity (g/kg energy corrected milk [ECM]) of different complexities. We aimed to identify key predictor variables for CH4 emissions and characterize their relationships to CH4 production, yield, and intensity were identified. In addition, the trade-off between model complexity and prediction accuracy of enteric CH4 production in dairy cows was assessed. Furthermore, robust enteric CH4 inventory and mitigation options for dairy farming system were provided through the prediction modeling outcomes. The study demonstrated an increasing trend of model predictive ability for enteric CH4 production of lactating dairy cows with increasing model complexity. For enteric CH4 production, DMI is the most important predictor variable, whereas its impact on CH4 yield and CH4 intensity is insignificant. In addition, results also indicated that the development of enteric CH4 prediction models should be made on regional basis. The fifth project was a follow-up modeling project of the previous study which is outlined in Chapter 5. The objective of this project is to develop regional enteric CH4 production prediction (g/d per cow) models of multiple complexities and study the trade-off between model complexity and their predictive ability using non-parametric statistical models and to characterize the potential nonlinear relationships between predictor variables and enteric CH4 production of lactating dairy cattle. The improvement on model predictive ability on enteric CH4 production was not observed by using generalized additive mixed model compared to linear mixed effect model approach.

Download or read book Monitoring of Stored Dairy Manure written by Gudmundur H. Johannesson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although animal manures are traditionally viewed as a valuable resource material, there is also a risk for adverse environmental effect from manure generation and utilization. Research was conducted into impacts of common liquid dairy manure storage practices in Canada on methane emissions as well as nutrient composition changes during storage. Further investigation evaluated liquid dairy manure as feedstock for biogas production along with off-farm organic waste. During 17-month continuous on-farm monitoring of stored liquid dairy manure CH4 fluxes varied diurnally, monthly and seasonally, the variability largely regulated by measured internal manure temperatures, particularly at 2 m depth. Peak fluxes occurred in summer and fall seasons, increasing from July to September, falling in October and November, and remained constantly minimal from December to June. From September 2010 to August 2011, 85% of CH4 emissions occurred in summer and fall while 15% took place during winter and spring. Estimated emissions using IPCC methodology varied between months by 357% below to 88% above measured emissions, but on an annual basis the measured emission were 3.8% higher than the IPCC estimate. Monitoring of changes in manure composition during 12-month manure storage showed temporal changes and high variability in volatile solids (VS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents. These changes reflect biological activity levels that were a function of location within the tank and depended on meteorological factors such as temperature and precipitation. Nitrogen losses amounted to 0.32%-0.35% TKN per day or about 10% per month. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay of liquid Dairy manure (LDM) in co-digestion with poultry manure (SPM) and dissolved air flotation waste (DAF) showed maximum specific CH4 yield (SMY) of 0.40 L g-1 VS from a mixture with about 10% DAF along with 40% VS of LDM and 50% SPM. Observed reduced biogas production at higher levels of DAF and SPM was likely due to high ammonia (NH3) or VFA content. Study results underline that manure storage condition and duration affect emissions of greenhouse gases as well as losses of nutrients from stored manure. Improved manure storage conditions therefore have the potential to enhance value of the manure resource and limit environmental impacts from its management and use.

Download or read book Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-08-25 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Dairy Manure Management Systems written by Horacio Aguirre-Villegas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production written by Pierre J. Gerber and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential of nutritional, manure and animal husbandry practices for mitigating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) - i.e. non-carbon dioxide (CO2) - GHG emissions from livestock production. These practices were categorized into enteric CH4, manure management and animal husbandry mitigation practices. Emphasis was placed on enteric CH4 mitigation practices for ruminant animals (only in vivo studies were considered) and manure mitigation practices for both ruminant and monogastric species. Over 900 references were reviewed; simulation and life cycle assessment analyses were generally excluded

Download or read book Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.

Download or read book Biochar for Environmental Management written by Johannes Lehmann and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-05-16 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process. This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines.

Download or read book The European Nitrogen Assessment written by Mark A. Sutton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-14 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public.

Download or read book Sustainable Animal Agriculture written by Ermias Kebreab and published by CABI. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to meet increasing global demand for meat and animal by-products increasingly intensive animal production is necessary. Creating a sustainable system in animal agriculture that works in different production environments is a major challenge for animal scientists. This book draws together themes on sustainability that have emerged as the most pressing in recent years. Addressing practical topics such as air quality, manure management, animal feeds, production efficiency, environmental sustainability, biotechnology issues, animal welfare concerns, societal impacts and an analysis of the data used to assess the economic sustainability of farms.

Download or read book Livestock s Long Shadow written by Henning Steinfeld and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.

Download or read book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture written by Todd S. Rosenstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.

Download or read book Local Food Systems Concepts Impacts and Issues written by Steve Martinez and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive overview of local food systems explores alternative definitions of local food, estimates market size and reach, describes the characteristics of local consumers and producers, and examines early indications of the economic and health impacts of local food systems. Defining ¿local¿ based on marketing arrangements, such as farmers selling directly to consumers at regional farmers¿ markets or to schools, is well recognized. Statistics suggest that local food markets account for a small, but growing, share of U.S. agricultural production. For smaller farms, direct marketing to consumers accounts for a higher percentage of their sales than for larger farms. Charts and tables.

Download or read book Animal Manure Recycling written by Sven G. Sommer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-07-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales. Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users. Topics covered include: Regulation of animal manure management Manure organic matter: characteristics and microbial transformations Greenhouse gas emissions from animal manures and technologies for their reduction Technologies and logistics for handling, transport and distribution of animal manures Bioenergy production Animal manure residue upgrading and nutrient recovery in bio-fertilisers Life cycle assessment of manure management systems Innovation in animal manure management and recycling Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents state-of-the-art coverage of the entire animal manure chain, providing practical information for engineers, environmental consultants, academics and advanced students involved in scientific, technical and regulatory issues related to animal manure management.

Download or read book Indicators of Climate Change in California written by Carmen Milanes (Environmentalist) and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Manure Treatment Technologies Anaerobic Digesters written by Deanne Meyer and published by University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. This book was released on 2011 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased awareness and regulation of dairy waste products have spawned a variety of technical innovations, including anaerobic digesters, which use bacteria to make a useful biogas fuel from animal waste products.