Download or read book Characterization of waste Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAH in waste using gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC MS written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characterization of Waste Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAH in Waste Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry GC MS written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 2009-03-31 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wastes, Sludge, Soils, Soil pollution, Bitumens, Chemical analysis and testing, Determination of content, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Extraction methods of analysis
Download or read book Handbook on Characterization of Biomass Biowaste and Related By products written by Ange Nzihou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 1394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides authoritative information, techniques and data necessary for the appropriate understanding of biomass and biowaste (understood as contaminated biomass) composition and behaviour while processed in various conditions and technologies. Numerous techniques for characterizing biomass, biowaste and by-product streams exist in literature. However, there lacks a reference book where these techniques are gathered in a single book, although such information is in increasingly high demand. This handbook provides a wealth of characterization methods, protocols, standards, databases and references relevant to various biomass, biowaste materials and by-products. It specifically addresses sampling and preconditioning methods, extraction techniques of elements and molecules, as well as biochemical, mechanical and thermal characterization methods. Furthermore, advanced and innovative methods under development are highlighted. The characterization will allow the analysis, identification and quantification of molecules and species including biomass feedstocks and related conversion products. The characterization will also provide insight into physical, mechanical and thermal properties of biomass and biowaste as well as the resulting by-products.
Download or read book Methods of Analysis by the U S Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory written by Mary C. Olson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Identification and Quantitation of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Environmental Samples Using Comprehensive Two dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of flight Mass Spectrometry written by Carlos Andres Manzano and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants and are mostly products of the incomplete combustion of organic material. PAHs are often found in environmental samples as a complex mixture of isomers. In addition, the same sources that produce complex PAH mixtures also produce other poorly characterized mixtures of organic compounds, commonly referred to as an unresolved complex mixture (UCM), that act as matrix interferences in the chromatographic analysis of samples. Conventional one-dimensional chromatographic techniques, such as gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS), are not sufficient for the analysis and quantitation of complex PAH mixtures present in environmental samples due to the high degree of overlap in compound vapor pressures, boiling points, and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Therefore, the separation and quantitation of complex mixtures of individual PAH compounds in environmental samples requires high chromatographic resolution. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/ToF-MS) was used for this study. GCxGC/ToF-MS uses two different gas chromatographic columns, with different separation mechanisms, for the analysis of complex environmental samples. In theory, the peak capacity in GCxGC/ToF-MS is equivalent to the product of the individual peak capacities of each column used. However, in practice, this is rarely obtained because of the existing correlation between the two GC columns used. This dissertation is a compilation of three studies related to analytical method development for the identification and quantitation of complex PAH mixtures (including parent-PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, nitro-PAHs, thio-PAHs, chloro-PAHs, bromo-PAHs and PAHs with molecular weight higher than 300 Da) that may be present in environmental samples using novel column combinations in GCxGC/ToF-MS. The use of a liquid crystal column (LC-50) in the first dimension, followed by a nano-stationary phase column (NSP-35) in the second dimension, was evaluated for the separation of a standard PAH mixture containing 97 different PAHs. Two standard reference materials purchased from NIST (NIST SRM1650b - Diesel Particulate Matter and NIST SRM1975 - Diesel Extract) were used, after extraction and cleanup, for method validation and comparison between the commonly used non-polar x polar column combination and the LC-50 x NSP-35 column combination with high orthogonality. As part of the method validation, an aliquot of NIST SRM1975 (Diesel extract), without sample cleanup was also analyzed for PAHs, showing that the LC-50 x NSP-35 column combination was accurate (with an average absolute percent difference of approximately 30%) for the identification and quantitation of complex PAH mixtures in environmental samples, with reduced sample preparation prior to analysis. In addition, the LC-50 x NSP-35 column combination was used for the analysis of PAHs sorbed to polystyrene pellets deployed in an urban bay area as passive water samplers because one-dimensional GC/MS was ineffective due to the presence of a strong unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and matrix interferences.
Download or read book From Zero Waste to Material Closed Loop written by Jianming Yang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-22 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book interprets the economic benefits and social benefits brought about by zero waste. Beginning with the general history of waste, its mechanism and different categories, this book first explores waste management and resourcing technology around the world nowadays. It then elaborates on the concept and practices of zero waste, discussing about the relationship between zero waste and eco-design, and about relative international standards. At last, it points out that zero waste could be the pathway from linear economy to circular economy, backed up by theories and practices. This book offers a clear direction for companies and organizations about environment. It can also be used as a sustainable development strategy handbook for executives in companies and organizations.
Download or read book Investigations Into the Extraction and the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs from Water by Solid phase Extraction and Capillary Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry written by Mohamed Elrutb and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors affecting the detennination of PAHs by capillary GC/MS were studied. The effect of the initial column temperature and the injection solvent on the peak areas and heights of sixteen PAHs, considered as priority pollutants, USillg crosslinked methyl silicone (DB!) and 5% diphenyl, 94% dimethyl, 1% vinyl polysiloxane (DBS) columns was examined. The possibility of using high boiling point alcohols especially butanol, pentanol, cyclopentanol, and hexanol as injection solvents was investigated. Studies were carried out to optimize the initial column temperature for each of the alcohols. It was found that the optimum initial column temperature is dependent on the solvent employed. The peak areas and heights of the PAHs are enhanced when the initial column temperature is 10-20 c above the boiling point of the solvent using DB5 column, and the same or 10 C above the boiling point of the solvent using DB1 column. Comparing the peak signals of the PAHs using the alcohols, p-xylene, n-octane, and nonane as injection solvents, hexanol gave the greatest peak areas and heights of the PAHs particularly the late-eluted peaks. The detection limits were at low pg levels, ranging from 6.0 pg for fluorene t9 83.6 pg for benzo(a)pyrene. The effect of the initial column temperature on the peak shape and the separation efficiency of the PARs was also studied using DB1 and DB5 columns. Fronting or splitting of the peaks was obseIVed at very low initial column temperature. When high initial column temperature was used, tailing of the peaks appeared. Great difference between DB! and.DB5 columns in the range of the initial column temperature in which symmetrical.peaks of PAHs can be obtained is observed. Wider ranges were shown using DB5 column. Resolution of the closely-eluted PAHs was also affected by the initial column temperature depending on the stationary phase employed. In the case of DB5, only the earlyeluted PAHs were affected; whereas, with DB1, all PAHs were affected. An analytical procedure utilizing solid phase extraction with bonded phase silica (C8) cartridges combined with GC/MS was developed to analyze PAHs in water as an alternative method to those based on the extraction with organic solvent. This simple procedure involved passing a 50 ml of spiked water sample through C8 bonded phase silica cartridges at 10 ml/min, dried by passing a gentle flow of nitrogen at 20 ml/min for 30 sec, and eluting the trapped PAHs with 500 Jll of p-xylene at 0.3 ml/min. The recoveries of PAHs were greater than 80%, with less than 10% relative standard deviations of nine determinations. No major contaminants were present that could interfere with the recognition of PAHs. It was also found that these bonded phase silica cartridges can be re-used for the extraction of PAHs from water.
Download or read book The Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment written by Ebru Mehmetli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-14 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a scientific approach to identify and take action against persistent organic pollutants (POPs), this book focuses on preventative measures to manage POPs at their source. Readers get a complete overview of existing POPs monitoring activities and programs. Moreover, readers discover the full range of remediation methods and the latest advances in the measurement of POPs. In addition, the authors discuss how POPs affect health.
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Characterization in Otter Creek Northwest Ohio written by Deanna M. Bobak and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are globally found contaminants, classified into two main groups: petrogenic and pyrogenic. Petrogenic PAHs are introduced naturally into the environment by oil seeps or anthropogenically by spills of crude or refined petroleum product. Pyrogenic PAHs are formed from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel or biomass and are commonly distributed by atmospheric deposition and urban runoff. The persistence and toxicity of PAHs make them a target for remedial investigations. Otter Creek, northwest Ohio, is a small tributary to Maumee Bay and has been associated with natural oil and multiple incidents of crude/refined oil spills. As part of the greater Maumee River Area of Concern, PAH contamination has been documented, but never attributed to sources. Knowledge of PAH type may help in remedial actions planned for the creek. A modified EPA Method 8270 was used for the analysis of 23 Otter Creek sediment samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A suite of 44 non-alkylated and alkylated PAHs was identified and quantified in selected ion monitoring mode. PAH source allocation was accomplished through compilation of diagnostic data, including distribution histograms of homologous PAH series, key diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis. Total PAH concentrations in Otter Creek ranged from 10.9 to 3015.0 mg kg-1. Sites located at the headwaters had relatively low concentrations compared with downstream sites associated with PAH point sources and were considered baseline values of PAH contamination. Pyrogenic PAHs associated with urban background were prevalent in the headwaters section of the creek. As proximity to known point sources increased, total PAH concentrations increased and sediments exhibited mixing of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Mixed signatures were predominant over the refinery and residential stretches of the creek. Furthest downstream, the industrial portion of Otter Creek contained the highest PAH concentrations and mainly petrogenic features.
Download or read book Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAH in Airborne Particles and Assessment of Human Exposure to PAHs written by Zheng Li and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of toxic air pollutants formed during incomplete combustion and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. To determine particle-bound PAHs in archived PM2.5 samples taken with low flow rate in Atlanta, a sensitive and robust method was developed for measuring 28 PAHs and methyl PAHs in PM samples using isotope dilution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). The method was then used to analyze PM2.5 samples collected at three sites (rural, urban, suburban-highway) from the Assessment of Spatial Aerosol Composition in Atlanta (ASACA) network. Distinct seasonal and spatial variations were observed in PAH concentration. Particle-bound PAH levels were significantly higher in winter than in summer. The suburban-highway site had higher PM2.5-bound PAH concentration than did the urban site, and the rural site had the lowest PAH levels. Retene, a proposed biomass burning tracer, captured both the high leaves-grasses-bushes-branches burning season and the high wood burning months, suggesting that it might be a better marker for all biomass burning, while potassium ion might be a more specific tracer for wood burning. Human exposure to PAHs can be assessed by characterizing their hydroxy PAH (OH-PAH) metabolites in urine samples. A method was developed to measure 24 urinary OH-PAHs, metabolites of 8 parent PAHs, using enzymatic de-conjugation, automatic liquid-liquid extraction, and GC/HRMS. A study was then carried out to evaluating the variability of the urinary biomarker levels in a non-occupationally exposed non-smoking reference group. Levels of urinary PAH metabolites varied widely both within-subject and between-subjects and the within-day variance far exceeded the between-day variance. There were also considerable temporal correlations for these biomarkers. Sample size calculations were conducted and taking 24-hour voids would require the least number of subjects, which should be considered during epidemiological study design. Finally, a study was conducted to evaluate exposure to ambient PAHs in an urban setting among 8 non-occupationally exposed non-smoking volunteers employing both personal air sampling and urine biomonitoring. PAH levels varied largely in air samples taken at home, at work, and while driving or jogging. Monitoring urinary OH-PAH levels can capture both inhalation and dietary exposures. Total inhaled PAH was correlated with total excreted OH-PAHs, suggesting that by combining personal air sampling and biomonitoring, exposure to environmental PAHs can be well characterized even for low-level exposure.
Download or read book Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography mass Spectrometry and Method Development in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Jari Tuominen and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biochar for Environmental Management written by Johannes Lehmann and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-02-20 with total page 977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar is the carbon-rich product which occurs when biomass (such as wood, manure or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its persistence in soil and nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with potentially major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process. The first edition of this book, published in 2009, was the definitive work reviewing the expanding research literature on this topic. Since then, the rate of research activity has increased at least ten-fold, and biochar products are now commercially available as soil amendments. This second edition includes not only substantially updated chapters, but also additional chapters: on environmental risk assessment; on new uses of biochar in composting and potting mixes; a new and controversial field of studying the effects of biochar on soil carbon cycles; on traditional use with very recent discoveries that biochar was used not only in the Amazon but also in Africa and Asia; on changes in water availability and soil water dynamics; and on sustainability and certification. The book therefore continues to represent the most comprehensive compilation of current knowledge on all aspects of biochar.
Download or read book Characterization of Waste Determination of Hydrocarbon Content in the Range of C10 to C40 by Gas Chromatography written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 2004-10-29 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wastes, Solids, Sludge, Chemical analysis and testing, Determination of content, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Gas chromatography, Liquids, Boiling point, Soil testing, Soils, Contamination
Download or read book Novel Improvements on the Analytical Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Metabolites written by Wang Huiyong and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important environmental pollutants originating from a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. Because many of them are highly suspect as etiological agents in human cancer, chemical analysis of PAH is of great environmental and toxicological importance. Current methodology for PAH follows the classical pattern of sample preparation and chromatographic analysis. Sample preparation pre-concentrates PAH, simplifies matrix composition, and facilitates analytical resolution in the chromatographic column. Among the several approaches that exist to pre-concentrate PAH from water samples, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are the basis for standard PAH identification and determination. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption and room temperature fluorescence detection are both widely used in HPLC, but the specificity of these detectors is modest. Since PAH identification is solely based on retention times, unambiguous PAH identification requires complete chromatographic resolution of sample components. When HPLC is applied to "unfamiliar" samples, the EPA recommends that a supporting analytical technique such as GC-MS be applied to verify compound identification and to check peak-purity HPLC fractions. Independent of the volume of extracted water, the approximate time required to separate and determine the sixteen "priority pollutants" (EPA-PAH) via HPLC is approximately 60min. If additional GC-MS analysis is required for unambiguous PAH determination, the total analysis time will reach 2-3 hours per sample. If the concentrations of target species are found to lie outside the detector's response range, the sample must be diluted and the process repeated. These are important considerations when routine analysis of numerous samples is contemplated. Parent PAH are relatively inert and need metabolic activation to express their carcinogenicity. By virtue of the rich heterogeneous distribution of metabolic products they produce, PAH provide a full spectrum of the complexity associated with understanding the initial phase of carcinogenesis. PAH metabolites include a variety of products such as expoxides, hydroxyl aromatics, quinines, dihydrodiols, dioepoxides, tetrols and water soluble conjugates. During the past decades tremendous efforts have been made to develop bio-analytical techniques that possess the selectivity and sensitivity for the problem at hand. Depending on the complexity of the sample and the relative concentrations of the targeted metabolites, a combination of sample preparation techniques is often necessary to reach the limits of detection of the instrumental method of analysis. The numerous preparation steps open ample opportunity to metabolite loss and collection of inaccurate data. Separation of metabolites has been accomplished via HPLC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and GC-MS. Unfortunately, the existence of chemically related metabolic products with virtually identical fragmentation patterns often challenges the specificity of these techniques. This dissertation presents significant improvements in various fronts. Its first original component--which we have named solid-phase nano-extraction (SPNE)--deals with the use of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as extracting material for PAH. The advantages of SPNE are demonstrated for the analysis of PAH in water samples via both HPLC and Laser-Excited Time-Resolved Shpol'skii Spectroscopy (LETRSS). The same concept is then extended to the analysis of monohydroxy-PAH in urine samples via SPE- HPLC and In-Capillary SPNE-CE. The second original component of this dissertation describes the application of Shpol'skii Spectroscopy to the analysis of polar PAH metabolites. The outstanding selectivity and sensitivity for the direct analysis of PAH at trace concentration levels has made Shpol'skii spectroscopy a leading technique in environmental analysis. Unfortunately, the requirement of a specific guest-host combination--typically a non-polar PAH dissolved in an n-alkane-- has hindered its widespread application to the field of analytical chemistry. This dissertation takes the first steps in removing this limitation demonstrating its feasibility for the analysis of polar benzopyrene metabolites in alcohol matrixes.
Download or read book Gas Chromatography written by Colin Poole and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A single source of authoritative information on all aspects of the practice of modern gas chromatography, from theory, to methods, to selected applications. It also provides access to core data for practical work, comparison of results, and decision making and facilitates the search for sources in related areas of study.
Download or read book Handbook of Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis written by Fidel Toldrá and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-03-08 with total page 969 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seafood and seafood products represent some of the most important foods in almost all types of societies around the world. More intensive production of fish and shellfish to meet high demand has raised some concerns related to the nutritional and sensory qualities of these cultured fish in comparison to their wild-catch counterparts. In addition, the variety in processing, preservation, and storage methods from traditional to modern is contributing to an increase in variability in consumer products. This second edition of the Handbook of Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis brings together the work of 109 experts who focus on the most recent research and development trends in analytical techniques and methodologies for the analysis of captured fresh and preserved seafood, either cultivated or wild, as well as for derived products. After providing a general introduction, this handbook provides 48 chapters distributed in six sections: Chemistry and biochemistry focuses on the analysis of main chemical and biochemical compounds of seafood. Processing control describes the analysis of technological quality and the use of some non-destructive techniques as well as methods to check freshness, detection of species, and geographic origin and to evaluate smoke flavoring. Nutritional quality deals with the analysis of nutrients in seafood such as essential amino acids, bioactive peptides, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and trace elements, and fatty acids. Sensory quality covers the sensory quality and main analytical tools to determine color, texture, flavor and off-flavor, quality index methods as well as sensory descriptors, sensory aspects of heat-treated seafood, and sensory perception. Biological Safety looks at tools for the detection of spoilage, pathogens, parasites, viruses, marine toxins, antibiotics, and GM ingredients. Chemical Safety focuses on the identification of fish species, detection of adulterations, veterinary drug residues, irradiation, food contact materials, and chemical toxic compounds from the environment, generated during processing or intentionally added. Key Features: This comprehensive handbook provides a full overview of the tools now available for the analysis of captured fresh and preserved seafood, either cultivated or wild, as well as for derived products. This is a comprehensive and informative book that presents both the merits and limitations of analytical techniques and also gives future developments for guaranteeing the quality of seafood and seafood products. This cutting-edge work covers processes used from all of the seven seas to ensure that consumers find safe, nutritionally beneficial, and appealing seafood products at their markets and restaurants. This handbook covers the main types of worldwide available analytical techniques and methodologies for the analysis of seafood and seafood products.
