Download or read book Characterization of the High Island Field 24L Field for Modeling and Estimating CO2 Storage Capacity in the Offshore Texas State Waters Gulf of Mexico written by Izaak Ruiz and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon, Capture, and Storage (CCS) is considered an essential technology that can contribute to reaching the IPCC’s target to limit global average temperature rise to no more than 2.0°C. The fundamental purpose of CCS is to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions by capturing gas from large point sources and injecting it into deep geologic formations. In the offshore Texas State Waters (10.3 miles; 16.6 kilometers), the potential to develop CO2 storage projects is viable, but the size of storage opportunity at the project level is poorly constrained. This research characterizes the High Island 24L Field, a relatively large historic hydrocarbon field, that has produced mainly natural gas (0.5 Tcf). The primary motivation for this study is to demonstrate that depleted gas fields can serve as volumetrically significant CO2 storage sites. The stratigraphy of the inner continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico has been extensively explored for hydrocarbon for over 50 years, and this area is well suited for CCS. Lower Miocene sandstones beneath the regional transgressive Amphistegina B shale have appropriate geologic properties (porosity, thickness, extent) and can be characterized utilizing 3D seismic and well logs in this study. Identifying key stratigraphic surfaces, faults, and mapping structural closure footprints illustrates the field’s geologic structure. The interpreted stratigraphic framework can then be used to model three different lithologic facies and effective porosity to calculate CO2 storage capacity for both the ~200-ft (60-m) thick HC Sand (most productive gas reservoir) and the overlying thicker 1700 ft (520 m), but non-productive, Storage Interval of Interest. Four different methodologies are utilized to achieve confidence in the CO2 storage capacity estimates. A storage capacity of 15 – 23 MT is calculated for the HC Sand and 108 – 179 MT for the Storage Interval of Interest by applying interpreted efficiency factors. This study evaluates the accuracy of these storage capacity methodologies to better understand the key geologic factors that influence CO2 storage in a depleted hydrocarbon field for CCS

Download or read book Geologic Characterization and Modeling for Quantifying CO2 Storage Capacity of the High Island 10 L Field in Texas State Waters Offshore Gulf of Mexico written by Omar Ramirez Garcia and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a promising technology for mitigating climate change by reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and injecting captured industrial emissions into deep geologic formations. Deep subsurface storage in geologic formations is similar to trapping natural hydrocarbons and is one of the key components of CCS technology. The quantification of the available subsurface storage resource is the subject of this research project. This study focuses on site-specific geologic characterization, reservoir modeling, and CO2 storage resource assessment (capacity) of a depleted oil and gas field located on the inner continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, the High Island 10L field. lower Miocene sands in the Fleming Group beneath the regional transgressive Amphistegina B shale have extremely favorable geologic properties (porosity, thickness, extent) and are characterized in this study utilizing 3-D seismic and well logs. Key stratigraphic surfaces between maximum flooding surfaces (MFS-9 to MFS-10) demonstrate how marine regression and transgression impact the stacking pattern of the thick sands and overlying seals, influencing the overall potential for CO2 storage. One of the main uncertainties when assessing CO2 storage resources at different scales is to determine the fraction of the pore space within a formation that is practically accessible for storage. The goal of the modeling section of this project is to address the uncertainty related to the static parameters affecting calculations of available pore space by creating facies and porosity geostatistical models based on the spatial variation of the available data. P50 values for CO2 storage capacity range from 37.56 to 40.39 megatonnes (Mt), showing a narrow distribution of values for different realizations of the geostatistical models. An analysis of the pressure build-up effect on storage capacity was also performed, showing a reduction in capacity. This research further validates the impact of the current carbon tax credit program (45Q), applied directly to the storage resources results for the High Island field 10L using a simple NPV approach based on discounted cash flows. Several scenarios are assessed, where the main variables are the duration of the applicability of the tax credit, number of injection wells, and total storage capacity. Results are measured in terms of the cost of capture required for a project to be economic, given previous assumptions.

Download or read book Gulf of Mexico Miocene CO2 Site Characterization Mega Transect written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project characterized the Miocene-age sub-seafloor stratigraphy in the near-offshore portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Texas coast. The large number of industrial sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) in coastal counties and the high density of onshore urbanization and environmentally sensitive areas make this offshore region extremely attractive for long-term storage of carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources (CCS). The study leverages dense existing geologic data from decades of hydrocarbon exploration in and around the study area to characterize the regional geology for suitability and storage capacity. Primary products of the study include: regional static storage capacity estimates, sequestration "leads" and prospects with associated dynamic capacity estimates, experimental studies of CO2-brine-rock interaction, best practices for site characterization, a large-format 'Atlas' of sequestration for the study area, and characterization of potential fluid migration pathways for reducing storage risks utilizing novel high-resolution 3D (HR3D) seismic surveys. In addition, three subcontracted studies address source-to-sink matching optimization, offshore well bore management and environmental aspects. The various geologic data and interpretations are integrated and summarized in a series of cross-sections and maps, which represent a primary resource for any near-term commercial deployment of CCS in the area. The regional study characterized and mapped important geologic features (e.g., Clemente-Tomas fault zone, the regionally extensive Marginulina A and Amphistegina B confining systems, etc.) that provided an important context for regional static capacity estimates and specific sequestration prospects of the study. A static capacity estimate of the majority of the Study area (14,467 mi2) was estimated at 86 metric Gigatonnes. While local capacity estimates are likely to be lower due to reservoir-scale characteristics, the offshore Miocene interval is a storage resource of National interest for providing CO2 storage as an atmospheric emissions abatement strategy. The natural petroleum system was used as an analog to infer seal quality and predict possible migration pathways of fluids in an engineered system of anthropogenic CO2 injection and storage. The regional structural features (e.g., Clemente-Tomas fault zone) that exert primary control on the trapping and distribution of Miocene hydrocarbons are expected to perform similarly for CCS. Industrial-scale CCS will require storage capacity utilizing well-documented Miocene hydrocarbon (dominantly depleted gas) fields and their larger structural closures, as well as barren (unproductive, brine-filled) closures. No assessment was made of potential for CO2 utilization for enhanced oil and gas recovery. The use of 3D numerical fluid flow simulations have been used in the study to greatly assist in characterizing the potential storage capacity of a specific reservoir. Due to the complexity of geologic systems (stratigraphic heterogeneity) and inherent limitations on producing a 3D geologic model, these simulations are typically simplified scenarios that explore the influence of model property variability (sensitivity study). A specific site offshore San Luis Pass (southern Galveston Island) was undertaken successfully, indicating stacked storage potential. Downscaling regional capacity estimates to the local scale (and the inverse) has proven challenging, and remains an outstanding gap in capacity assessments. In order to characterize regional seal performance and identify potential brine and CO2 leakage pathways, results from three high-resolution 3D (HR3D) seismic datasets acquired by the study using novel HR3D (P-Cable) acquisition system showed steady and significant improvements in data quality because of improved acquisition and processing technique. Finely detailed faults and stratigraphy in the shallowest 1000 milliseconds (~800 m) of data ...

Download or read book A Question of Capacity Assessing CO2 Sequestration Potential in Texas Offshore Lands written by Erin Noel Miller and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combustion of fossil fuels results in the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, a known greenhouse gas. Evidence suggests that "most of the observed increase in global average temperatures... is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" (IPCC, 2007). One solution currently being examined is carbon capture and storage (CCS). The advantage of CCS is that it does not require an actual reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions created, but reduces emissions to the atmosphere by storing the greenhouse gases in the subsurface. Fundamentally, CCS works in the reverse of oil and gas production. Instead of extracting fluids from the subsurface, CCS injects carbon dioxide (CO2) into the pore spaces of developed oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, or coal bed seams (Bachu, 2007), where it exists in a dense but low-viscosity phase (Supercritical state). The Gulf Coast Carbon Center, based at the University of Texas at Austin's Bureau of Economic Geology, is currently evaluating the State of Texas Offshore Lands (STOL) in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) in order to evaluate the carbon-storage capacity in the state owned lands. "Capacity is defined as the volume fraction of the subsurface within a stratigraphic interval available for [CO2] sequestration" (Hovorka, 2004). There are a variety of methods currently used to calculate capacity. With so many options, how does a project decide which method to employ in determining capacity? This paper discusses the methods, presents an analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of the various methods, and develops a process for future projects to utilize in determining which methodology to employ. Additionally, storage capacity is calculated using the various methods presented, in order to compare the methods and understand their various advantages and drawbacks. Reservoir specific simulations are expected to predict smaller capacities in comparison to more broad static methods. This will provide end member predictions of capacity, shedding light on what can be expected in best case and worst case scenarios. The lessons learned from this study can be applied to future endeavors and formations all over the world.

Download or read book Pre injection Reservoir Characterization for CO2 Storage in the Inner Continental Shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico written by Reinaldo Jose Sabbagh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The injection of CO2 into the subsurface (carbon capture and storage; CCS) is the most viable approach to significantly reduce industrial emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. The inner continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico has incredible potential for CO2 storage. This study quantitatively evaluates the CO2 storage capacity of the Lower Miocene brine-filled sandstones in the inner continental shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico using 3D seismic and well log data. The first part of this work investigates the relationship between elastic properties and reservoir properties (e.g., porosity, mineralogy, and pore fluid) of the Lower Miocene section using rock physics modeling and simultaneous seismic inversion. The elastic properties are related to porosity, mineralogy and pore fluid using rock physics models. These rock physics transforms are then applied to the seismically derived elastic properties to estimate the porosity and lithology away from the wells. The porosity and lithology distribution derived using this quantitative method can be interpreted to predict the best areas for CO2 storage in the inner continental shelf of the Texas Gulf of Mexico. The second part of this work studies the effect that CO2 has on the elastic properties of the Lower Miocene rocks using fluid substitution, amplitude variation with angle (AVA), and statistical classification to determine the ability of the seismic method to successfully monitor CO2 injected into the subsurface. The velocities and density well logs were modeled with different fluid saturations. To characterize the seismic properties corresponding to these different fluid saturations, the AVA responses and probability density functions were calculated and used for statistical classification. The AVA modeling shows a high sensitivity to CO2 due to the soft clastic framework of the Lower Miocene sandstones. The statistical classification successfully discriminates between brine and CO2 saturation using Vp/Vs and P-impedance. These results shows that the Lower Miocene sandstones have the capacity to host CO2, and that the CO2 injected in these rocks is likely to be successfully monitored using seismic methods.

Download or read book Characterizing Reservoir Quality for Geologic Storage of CO2 written by Harry Lejeune Hull and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geologic storage of anthropogenic CO2 through Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is necessary to reduce the emissions produced as a biproduct of fossil fuel combustion. This process of injecting CO2 into the subsurface is known as carbon sequestration and requires the assessment of geologic reservoirs. Depositional processes and the resulting facies and stratigraphic architectures have great influence over reservoir volumetrics and behavior. The objective of this study is to constrain the depositional controls on storage capacity. A subsurface Lower Miocene 2 strandplain/barrier bar complex of the Texas Gulf Coast at Matagorda bay is interpreted and modeled using well data and 3D seismic. These data reveal the presence of a major shore zone that experienced initial progradation through the late highstand and into the lowstand before later retrogradation. The LM2 is then capped by a thick regional shale. A stratigraphic framework is built that captures these changes in shoreline position at both the systems tract and parasequences level. Sediments were strike fed and wave-dominated processes are apparent. Petrophysical properties of this region including porosity are modeled from with machine learning from log data. Machine learning to predict porosity is carried out using a random forest regression in which porosity is a function of lithology and depth. Finally, a 3D reservoir model is built integrating the stratigraphic, facies, and petrophysical properties. Static storage capacity estimates and storage capacity maps are created from the 3D model. Storage capacity is observed to occur at a strike parallel geometry. This “axis” of highest storage capacity tracts with the position of the shore zone in vertical succession highlighting a dependence on the balance between the generation of accommodation and sediment supply. At a higher resolution storage capacity is observed highest within the foreshore where beach ridges are interpreted from seismic stratal slices. High wave energy processes at this position in the shoreline profile are known to create well sorted and therefore highly porous sandstones. Storage capacity is then a direct function of the high wave energy paleo-depositional processes occurring at the shoreline

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Role of Methane in Limiting CO2 EOR written by Prisca Chinwendu Ogbuabuo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data from the US Department of Interior - Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management - 2012 Offshore Gulf of Mexico Atlas were analyzed to: (i) compute reconnaissance-level estimates of CO2 volumes for storage in sub-seabed offshore Gulf of Mexico (GoM) oil sands before and after carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR), (ii) investigative technical and economic impacts of CO2 injection in gas-rich offshore GoM hydrocarbon fields, and (iii) analyze legal issues and framework associated with offshore geologic sequestration or storage (GS). Part (i) of this study, Reconnaissance-level estimation of CO2 sub-seabed GS potential in offshore GoM, builds on a similar study conducted by The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology on potential onshore CO2 GS in the GoM region, published in Nunez-Lopez et al. (2008). Part (ii) focuses on the use of two screening methodologies to investigate the impact of native methane (CH4) in recycled CO2. The impact of CH4 on the effectiveness of CO2 as a solvent for EOR is defined by: Calculating minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of pure CO2 for each oil sand (conventional oil reservoirs), Computing impure CO2 MMP for each oil sand considering only native CH4 as an impurity and neglecting other trace gas components in the oil reservoir. Five to 50 mole percent CH4 impurity factor was computed as a function of the pseudocritical temperature (T[subscript pc]) of the CH4-CO2 mixture. Plotting miscibility against sub-seabed depth, total depth, play type, and API gravity. Part (iii) analyzes existing US outer continental shelf (OCS) regulations under the authority of the US Department of the Interior stated in Title 30 CFR Part 250 and Part 550 to determine their applicability to carbon capture, offshore GS, and CO2 EOR. The study results show a potential storage capacity of approximately 3.5 billion metric tons of CO2 after CO2 EOR for the 3,598 offshore GoM individual oil sands assessed in Part (i). For Part (ii), results indicate that deeper reservoirs are most tolerant to miscible impure CO2 EOR. Of the play types defined by the BOEM, fan and fold belt plays are most tolerant to impure CO2 flooding. Further study on the impact of impure CO2 on MMP resulted in a definition of 18 mole percent as the cutoff for economic and technically viable CO2 flooding in offshore GoM oil fields. When a hypothetical CO2 injection stream exceeded 18 mole percent CH4 contamination, 72% of the case study oil reservoirs became immiscible. In Part (iii), policies that address offshore CO2 GS, CO2 EOR, and both price based and non-price based mechanisms in the OCS would accelerate a shift towards implementing GS and CO2 EOR in offshore GoM.

Download or read book Prototype Near Field GIS Model for Sequestered CO2 Risk Characterization and Management written by S. G. Homann and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detecting unmapped abandoned wells thus remains a major carbon sequestration (CS) technology gap. Many (>10{sup 5}) abandoned wells are thought to lie in potential sequestration sites. For such wells, risk analysis to date has focused on aggregate long-term future impacts of seepage at rates or “{approx}1 g m{sup 2} d{sup -1} on storage goals as sequestered plumes encroach upon wells with assumed distributions of seal ineffectiveness (Oldenburg and Unger, 2003; Saripali et al. 2003; Celia, 2005). However, unmapped abandoned wells include an unknown number without any effective seal at all, venting through which may dominate CO{sub 2}-loss scenarios. A model of such a well is Crystal Geyser (CG), a prospective oil well abandoned in the 1930s with no barrier installed after it encountered a natural CO{sub 2} reservoir rather than oil (Baer and Rigby, 1978; Rinehart, 1980). CG demonstrates how an unimpeded conduit to the surface now regularly vents from 10{sup 3} to10{sup 4} kg of CO{sub 2} gas to the terrestrial surface (Figure 1). Unique field data recently gathered from Crystal Geyser (CG) in Utah (Gouveia et al. 2005) confirm that, although resulting surface CO{sub 2} concentrations resulting from CG-like eruptions would likely be safe in general, they could accumulate to pose lethal hazards under relatively rare meteorological and topographic (MT) conditions. This source of foreseeable risk needs to be managed if carbon sequestration is to be publicly accepted. To address this concern, we used CG field data to estimate the source term for a prototype model that identifies zones at relatively highly elevated risk for sequestered-CO{sub 2} casualties. Such a model could be applied both to design and comply with future regulatory requirements to survey high-risk zones in each proposed sequestration site for improperly sealed wells.

Download or read book Commercial Aviation Safety Sixth Edition written by Stephen K. Cusick and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2017-05-12 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Up-To-Date Coverage of Every Aspect of Commercial Aviation Safety Completely revised edition to fully align with current U.S. and international regulations, this hands-on resource clearly explains the principles and practices of commercial aviation safety—from accident investigations to Safety Management Systems. Commercial Aviation Safety, Sixth Edition, delivers authoritative information on today's risk management on the ground and in the air. The book offers the latest procedures, flight technologies, and accident statistics. You will learn about new and evolving challenges, such as lasers, drones (unmanned aerial vehicles), cyberattacks, aircraft icing, and software bugs. Chapter outlines, review questions, and real-world incident examples are featured throughout. Coverage includes: • ICAO, FAA, EPA, TSA, and OSHA regulations • NTSB and ICAO accident investigation processes • Recording and reporting of safety data • U.S. and international aviation accident statistics • Accident causation models • The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) • Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Threat and Error Management (TEM) • Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) and Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) • Aircraft and air traffic control technologies and safety systems • Airport safety, including runway incursions • Aviation security, including the threats of intentional harm and terrorism • International and U.S. Aviation Safety Management Systems

Download or read book Reservoir Characterization written by Larry Lake and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reservoir Characterization is a collection of papers presented at the Reservoir Characterization Technical Conference, held at the Westin Hotel-Galleria in Dallas on April 29-May 1, 1985. Conference held April 29-May 1, 1985, at the Westin Hotel—Galleria in Dallas. The conference was sponsored by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Reservoir characterization is a process for quantitatively assigning reservoir properties, recognizing geologic information and uncertainties in spatial variability. This book contains 19 chapters, and begins with the geological characterization of sandstone reservoir, followed by the geological prediction of shale distribution within the Prudhoe Bay field. The subsequent chapters are devoted to determination of reservoir properties, such as porosity, mineral occurrence, and permeability variation estimation. The discussion then shifts to the utility of a Bayesian-type formalism to delineate qualitative ""soft"" information and expert interpretation of reservoir description data. This topic is followed by papers concerning reservoir simulation, parameter assignment, and method of calculation of wetting phase relative permeability. This text also deals with the role of discontinuous vertical flow barriers in reservoir engineering. The last chapters focus on the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on oil reservoir. Petroleum engineers, scientists, and researchers will find this book of great value.

Download or read book Coastal Ecological Systems of the United States written by Howard T. Odum and published by Conservation Foundation. This book was released on 1974-06-01 with total page 1977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Integrated Natural Resources Management written by Lawrence K. Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book has been designed to serve as a natural resources engineering reference book as well as a supplemental textbook. This volume is part of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, an incredible collection of methodologies that study the effects of resources and wastes in their three basic forms: gas, solid, and liquid. It complements two other books in the series including "Natural Resources and Control Processes" and "Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering". Together they serve as a basis for advanced study or specialized investigation of the theory and analysis of various natural resources systems. The purpose of this book is to thoroughly prepare the reader for understanding the topics of global warming, climate change, glacier melting, salmon protection, village-driven latrines, engineers without borders (USA), surface water quality analysis, electrical and electronic wastes treatment, water quality control, tidal rivers and estuaries, geographic information systems, remote sensing applications, water losses investigations, wet infrastructure, lake restoration, acidic water control, biohydrogen production, mixed culture dark anaerobic fermentation, industrial waste recycle, agricultural waste recycle, recycled adsorbents, heavy metals removal, magnetic technology, recycled biohydrogen materials, lignocellulosic biomass, extremely halotolerant bacterial communities, salt pan and salt damaged soil. The chapters provide information on some of the most innovative and ground-breaking advances in resources conversation, protection, recycling, and reuse from a panel of esteemed experts.

Download or read book Tilapias Biology and Exploitation written by M.C.M Beveridge and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Referred to in the Bible, pictured on the wall-friezes of ancient Egyptian tombs, and a subject of fascination for generations of scientists, the tilapias (Cichlidae: Tilapiini) have featured in the diet and culture of humankind for thousands of years. The present century has seen their spread from Africa throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, largely for food and fisheries purposes. This book attempts to pull together our knowledge of this important group - their biology and fisheries and aquaculture - in a single volume, something that has not been done comprehensively for nearly two decades. A succession of chapters by acknowledged authorities covers evolution, phylogenetic relationships and biogeography, reproductive biology, mating systems and parental care, diet, feeding and digestive physiology, environmental physiology and energetics, the role of tilapias in ecosystems, population dynamics and management, genetics, seed production, nutrition, farming, economics and marketing. The book is aimed at biologists, fisheries scientists, aquaculturists, and all interested in aquatic ecology.

Download or read book The Effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System written by Chesapeake Research Consortium and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Harvesting written by Alireza Khaligh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Also called energy scavenging, energy harvesting captures, stores, and uses "clean" energy sources by employing interfaces, storage devices, and other units. Unlike conventional electric power generation systems, renewable energy harvesting does not use fossil fuels and the generation units can be decentralized, thereby significantly reducing transmission and distribution losses. But advanced technical methods must be developed to increase the efficiency of devices in harvesting energy from environmentally friendly, "green" resources and converting them into electrical energy. Recognizing this need, Energy Harvesting: Solar, Wind, and Ocean Energy Conversion Systems describes various energy harvesting technologies, different topologies, and many types of power electronic interfaces for stand-alone utilization or grid connection of energy harvesting applications. Along with providing all the necessary concepts and theoretical background, the authors develop simulation models throughout the text to build a practical understanding of system analysis and modeling. With a focus on solar energy, the first chapter discusses the I−V characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and equivalent circuits, sun tracking systems, maximum power point tracking systems, shading effects, and power electronic interfaces for grid-connected and stand-alone PV systems. It also presents sizing criteria for applications and modern solar energy applications, including residential, vehicular, naval, and space applications. The next chapter reviews different types of wind turbines and electrical machines as well as various power electronic interfaces. After explaining the energy generation technologies, optimal operation principles, and possible utilization techniques of ocean tidal energy harvesting, the book explores near- and offshore approaches for harvesting the kinetic and potential energy of ocean waves. It also describes the required absorber, turbine, and generator types, along with the power electronic interfaces for grid connection and commercialized ocean wave energy conversion applications. The final chapter deals with closed, open, and hybrid-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion systems.

Download or read book The Pleistocene Old World written by Olga Soffer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regional approaches to past human adaptations have generated much new knowledge and understanding. Researchers working on problems of adaptations in the Holocene, from those of simple hunter-gatherers to those of complex sociopolitical entities like the state, have found this approach suitable for comprehension of both ecological and social aspects of human behavior. This research focus has, however, until recently left virtually un touched a major spatial and temporaI segment of prehistory-the Old World during the Pleistocene. Extant literature on this period, by and large, presents either detailed site speeific accounts or offers continental or even global syntheses that tend to compile site speeific information but do not integrate it into whole c~nstructs of funetioning so ciocuhural entities. This volume presents our current state of knowledge about a variety of regional adaptations that charaeterized prehistoric groups in the Old World before 10,000 B. P. The authors of the chapters consider the behavior of humans rather than that of objects or features and present data and models for variaus aspects of past cultures and for culture change. These presentations integrate findings and understandings derived from a number of related disciplines actively involved in researching the past. Data and interpretations are offered on a range of Old \yorld regions during the PaIeolithic, induding Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe, and chronological coverage spans from the Early to Late PIeisto cene.