Download or read book Characterization of Sulfate Reduction Under Low Metal and Anaerobic Conditions by Sulfate reducing Bacteria in a Treatment Wetland System Treating a High Sulfate Concentrated Creek in an Urban Environment written by Keith White and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an increase in urbanization, many ephemeral water ways are becoming perennial as a result of excess water runoff from impervious surfaces. The Cities of Reno and Sparks in Nevada have monitored watersheds draining to the Truckee River, a river with established total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), and identified one such water way (Chalk Creek) as a source of elevated total dissolved solids (TDS), total nitrogen, and total phosphorous to the Truckee River. The Nevada Division of Environmental Protection's (NDEP) 2006 303d list of impaired water bodies has listed Chalk Creek for sulfate, orthophosphate, TDS, and selenium. Chalk Creek by itself is not a major contributor of TDS to the Truckee River, but control of TDS in the creek and elsewhere would have positive implications throughout the watershed. A watershed characterization study by JBR Environmental Consulting, Inc. determined that sulfate was the major component of the TDS in Chalk Creek. A treatment wetland was constructed to reduce the levels of sulfate in the water and thereby reduce the levels of TDS. Sulfate levels and other water quality parameters were analyzed over a 49 week period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reduction of sulfate in the wetland. At the time of this study, most literature involved sulfate reduction and subsequent sulfide removal by metal chelation in mining operations. Since the project area is low in metals, sulfide precipitation was not expected. The results of this study showed no significant change in sulfate levels or TDS levels over the study period.
Download or read book Sulfate Reduction in Five Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid Mine Drainage written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Constructed wetlands have been shown to be effective in treating various types of wastewater. One type, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), is characterized by high acidity, heavy metals, and sulfate. Five Constructed Wetlands, Friar Tuck, Tecumseh, and Midwestern in southwestern Indiana, and Simco and Wills Creek wetland in Ohio, were studied to determine their treatment efficiencies for sulfate and metal removal. Sulfate Reduction by microorganisms in constructed wetlands can remove sulfate and dissolved metals, and can generate alkalinity. Approximately 100 water samples and 50 soil samples were taken during the winter and summer seasons at the five wetlands and analyzed for sulfate and metal concentrations, sulfur isotope values, pH, Eh, and conductivity. Resulting data indicates that sulfate reduction is occurring at all five wetlands, but varies in degrees of treatment effectiveness. The Friar Tuck wetland shows minimal evidence of sulfate reduction, with dilution being the main remediation mechanism. A small volume of AMD is being overwhelmed by numerous freshwater inputs resulting in a significant improvement in water chemistry due to this dilution. The Tecumseh wetland shows little change in influent/effluent sulfate and sulfide values suggesting that treatment of the influent wastewater by sulfate reduction was ineffective for both sampling seasons. The Midwestern wetland for the summer season shows a significant increase in water sample d 34 S, from -5.03 permil to +0.27 permil with a corresponding drop in sulfate concentrations from 1740 ppm to 831 ppm, demonstrating successful sulfate reduction and wastewater treatment. However, the winter season sampling showed no change in d 34 S, indicating only minor sulfate reduction, but sulfate concentrations still fell from 1740 ppm to 831 ppm, indicating an additional sulfate removal process. The Wills Creek wetland shows little change in influent/effluent sulfate concentrations and sulfur isotope values suggesting that sulfate reduction is inactive for both sampling seasons. The Simco wetland was flooded due to beaver constructed damns during our winter sampling and accurate data were not obtained. Summer water sample data show a significant increase in d 34 S, from -3.58 at the influent to +6.26 at the effluent and a corresponding decrease in sulfate concentrations from 640 ppm to 290 ppm, demonstrating successful sulfate reduction trends.
Download or read book Microbially Mediated Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction written by Andrew Clyde Middleton and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sulphate Reducing Bacteria written by Larry L. Barton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-05-31 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description
Download or read book Microbial Processes and Carbon Utilization in High Sulfate Waters and Sediments written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of microorganisms for treating high sulfate effluents is proving to be an effective approach although the processes involved are not well understood. One example is the use of anaerobic passive systems such as mine pit lakes and subsurface flow wetlands. This work addresses the missing information on microbial processes in two high sulfate environments: a permanently stratified fjord and a subsurface flow wetland treating mine waste. In Nitinat Lake fjord, although sulfide was present, no significant sulfate reduction occurred and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (dsr) detected very few sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Instead, the small subunit rRNA phylogenetic analysis revealed almost complete domination by novel Arcobacter-related species in deep anoxic water. In contrast, substantial sulfate reduction was measured in the fjord sediments. A rate of 250 " 60 nmol cm−3 d−1 was determined, and 8.7 " 0.7 x 106 copies of dsr mL−1 were found using quantitative PCR (qPCR). When the sediments were amended with carbon sources (acetate, lactate, or a mixture of compost, silage and molasses), acetate stimulated the highest rate of sulfate reduction. An operating passive treatment system remediating metal-containing seepage near the Teck smelter in Trail, B.C. was used for a study of five carbon materials (silage, pulp mill biosolids, compost, molasses with hay, and cattails) as potential substrates for passive systems. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rRNA and dsr genes were performed, as well as qPCR and chemical analyses of carbon parameters including easily degradable material (EDM), dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and TOC), particulate nitrogen (PN), and carbon to nitrogen ratio C/N. Silage showed highest sulfate-reducing potential. The results showed that the initial C/N ratio of organic materials correlated positively with the SRB activity. However, phylogenetic analysis determined tha.
Download or read book Evaluation of Kinetic Controls on Sulfate Reduction in a Contaminated Wetland aquifer System written by Tara Ann Kneeshaw and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our ability to understand and predict the fate and transport of contaminants in natural systems is vital if we are to be successful in protecting our water resources. One important aspect of understanding chemical fate and transport in natural systems is identifying key kinetic controls on important redox reactions such as sulfate reduction. Anaerobic microbial activities like sulfate reduction are of particular interest because of the important role they play in the degradation of contaminants in the subsurface. However, current rate estimates for sulfate reduction have a wide range in the literature making it difficult to determine representative rates for a given system. These differences in rate data may be explained by varying kinetic controls on reactions. Push-pull tests were used to evaluate sulfate reduction rates at the wetland-aquifer interface. Anaerobic aquifer water containing abundant sulfate was injected into sulfate-depleted wetland porewater. The injected water was subsequently withdrawn and analyzed for geochemical indicators of sulfate reduction. Complexities in rate data, such as presence of a lag phase, changing rate order and spatial variability, were observed and are hypothesized to be linked to activities of the native microbial population. Subsequent experiments explored the response of native microorganisms to geochemical perturbations using a novel approach to measure directly the effects of a geochemical perturbation on an in situ microbial population and measure rates of resulting reactions. In situ experiments involved colonization of a substrate by microorganisms native to the wetland sediments followed by introductions of native water amended with sulfate and tracer. Experimental results showed that higher sulfate concentrations and warmer seasonal temperatures result in faster sulfate reduction rates and corresponding increases in sulfate reducing bacteria. Findings from this research provide quantitative evidence of how geochemical and microbiological processes are linked in a system not at equilibrium.
Download or read book Sulfate Reduction at 0 5 C Under Halophilic and Anaerobic Conditions by Sulfate reducing Bacteria written by Bailey K. Cannon and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sulfate Reduction by Bacteria written by Mark Istok Leban and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbially Mediated Sulfate Reduction written by E. Timothy Oppelt and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Persulfate Oxidation Coupled with Microbial Sulfate Reduction as a Combined Remedy written by Mahsa Shayan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) compounds including the high impact and persistent aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) poses serious risk to human health and the environment. The coupling or sequential use of different remediation technologies, also referred to as a “treatment train”, has become an emerging strategy for the treatment of PHC-contaminated sites. Minimizing clean-up cost and time as well as maximizing the overall treatment efficiency are the primary goals of combined remedies. Coupling in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and enhanced bioremediation (EBR) is an example of a plausible treatment train. The general concept behind an integrated ISCO/EBR system is the use of chemical oxidation to target the bulk of the contaminant mass near the source, followed by the enhancement of biological processes to “polish” the remaining mass in the source and the downgradient plume. Persulfate (S2O82-) is a persistent but yet aggressive oxidant which can rapidly destroy a wide variety of PHC compounds. Persulfate degrades complex organic compounds into simpler and more bioavailable organic substrates and produces sulfate, an electron acceptor. The anaerobic environment that is created is ideal for sulfate reduction to be enhanced. Therefore, enhanced bioremediation under sulfate reducing conditions is expected to dominate the mass removal processes following the consumption of persulfate. To assess the viability and performance of a persulfate/EBR treatment train, the role of the intertwined mass removal processes (e.g., persulfate oxidation vs sulfate reduction) and the impact of persulfate on indigenous microbial processes need to be quantified. Hence, a pilot-scale trial was conducted in a 24 m long experimental gate at the University of Waterloo Groundwater Research Facility at CFB Borden over a period of 13 months. After a quasi steady-state plume of dissolved benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) was established in the gate, two persulfate injection episodes were conducted to create a chemical oxidation zone. As this chemical oxidation zone migrated downgradient it was extensively monitored as it transitioned into an enhanced bioremediation zone. Mass loss estimates and geochemical indicators were used to identify the distinct transition between the chemical oxidation and enhanced biological reactive zones. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) was used to delineate the dominant mass removal process, and to track the fate of the sulfate. Molecular biology tools, including specific metabolite detection and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to understand the effect of persulfate on the population and activity of the indigenous microorganisms with a focus on the SRB community. A modelling tool was developed to simulate the coupled processes involved in a persulfate/EBR treatment train, and to quantify the impact of various parameters on the performance of this treatment system. The existing BIONAPL/3D model was enhanced (BIONAPL/PS) with the capabilities of simulating the majority of processes involved in a persulfate/EBR treatment train including: density-dependent advective-dispersive transport, persulfate decomposition, sulfate production, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation of PHC compounds under various redox conditions. The BIONAPL/PS model formulation was validated against observations from a series of column experiments designed to mimic various phases of a persulfate/EBR treatment train, and then was used to capture the observations from the pilot-scale trial. This latter effort was aimed to evaluate the model capability to simulate a complex system with multiple components within a dynamic flow system. The modelling tool was also used to evaluate options for performance optimization. Multiple lines of evidence from the pilot-scale trial confirmed that the BTX plume was degraded with this persulfate/EBR treatment train (>70% BTX mass removed). Chemical oxidation was the dominant mass removal process in the vicinity of the persulfate injections (i.e., ChemOx zone), whereas enhanced bioremediation (including enhanced microbial sulfate reduction and methanogenesis) dominated BTX degradation in the downgradient portions of the experimental gate (i.e., the EBR zone). The transformation of the ChemOx zone into the EBR zone was also observed following depletion of persulfate from the system. The population and activity of SRB communities which were temporarily inhibited in the ChemOx zone immediately after persulfate injection, rebounded and increased by three (3) orders of magnitude after persulfate depletion. This significant enhancement in the microbial population was linked to increased sulfate concentrations, and the breakdown of complex substrates into simpler, more bioavailable compounds. The data also demonstrated that once flow in the experimental gate was stopped, the activity and population of the SRB community decreased as a result of the lack of sulfate, and methanogenic activity increased. In general, the data collected confirmed that the activity of both SRB and methanogens was enhanced under the geochemical conditions created following persulfate injection. BIONAPL/PS provided a suitable platform in which the complex processes involved in a persulfate/EBR treatment train could be captured including the degradation of PHC compounds following persulfate injection, formation of ChemOx and EBR zones, depletion of persulfate, and the generation and consumption of sulfate. Benchmarking of BIONAPL/PS against data from the pilot-scale trial highlighted the impact of persulfate on the subsequent sulfate reduction process. It was shown that aerobic degradation and sulfate reduction acted sequentially as the dominant mass removal process during the plume generation phase; however, immediately after persulfate injection, sulfate reduction was inhibited in the ChemOx zone and persulfate oxidation dominated the removal of BTX mass. Upon the depletion of persulfate, microbial sulfate reduction was re-established and became the dominant mass removal process at this location. Persulfate oxidation was responsible for the majority (78%) of the mass loss that occurred in the vicinity of the persulfate injections, followed by sulfate reduction (21%) and aerobic biodegradation (1%). Alternatively, it was observed that microbial sulfate reduction was responsible for most of the mass removal at a downgradient location with an increased rate that corresponded to the arrival of high sulfate concentrations. Reaction kinetics, transport parameters and design options (i.e., persulfate concentration, and injection period/interval and rate) were identified as the key factors which influence the overall system performance. It was also found that a less aggressive persulfate treatment step (i.e., lower dosage, duration and extent) improves the overall treatment efficiency by minimizing the inhibitory effect of persulfate on the subsequent microbial processes. Results from this research effort indicated that persulfate oxidation coupled with enhanced bioremediation appears to be a viable approach to treat dissolved PHC compounds in situ. The inhibitory impact of persulfate on the population and activity of indigenous microbial communities (including SRB) was shown to be short term. Stable isotope analysis of BTX and sulfate, and monitoring of process-specific functional genes and intermediate metabolites proved useful to evaluate system performance and to identify temporal changes in the dominant degradation pathway. For an effective persulfate/EBR treatment train, a carefully balanced design which takes into account the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological processes is required. The combination of experimental and modelling efforts provided key insights into an effective design of a combined persulfate/EBR remedy, and lessons learned will be useful for remediation engineers and scientists.
Download or read book Potential Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Utilizing Acidophilic Sulfate Reducing Bacteria in an Upflow Bioreactor written by Elise Fay Kittrell and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "During coal and iron mining, pyrite is often exposed to oxygen, causing acid mine drainage (AMD). Acid mine drainage has characteristic traits of: a rust color, low pH levels (around 3 or 4) and high concentrations of sulfate, metal sulfates and heavy metals. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are often utilized in acid mine drainage treatment by implementing them into biochemical reactors (BCR). As SRB break down various carbon sources, bicarbonate is produced, raising the pH and generating hydrogen sulfide which reacts with numerous metals. This approach can be troublesome, as SRBs do not thrive at low pH levels often associated with AMD. Previous studies have found acidophilic sulfate reducing bacteria (aSRB) able to reduce sulfate and remove metals at pH values as low as 3.25. However these studies often use easily degradable carbon sources like ethanol, lactic acid and glycerol. In the present study, various solid carbon sources at a pH range of 3.0 to 6.0, high and low sulfate concentration, and media that provided either sulfate or iron as an electron acceptor were tested. Of the five carbon sources, sweet potato and horse manure resulted in black precipitate, indicating possible sulfate reduction. To mimic a BCR, column studies were conducted. After flowing pH 3.5 to 4.0 synthetic AMD through the upflow columns for 117 days, pH was raised to between 6.0 and 7.0. Sulfate reduction was evident in one column containing sweet potato and inoculum, but no others were active in this ongoing study. A leading hypothesis is that complete reduction was inhibited by the presence of fermenting bacteria."--Abstract, page iii.
Download or read book The Applicability of Passive Treatment Systems for the Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage at the Williams Brothers Mine Mariposa County California written by Erin Jane Clyde and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Williams Brothers Mine is located in Mariposa County, California. Surface waters from the site drain into the south fork of the Merced River and the San Joaquin River Basin. The mine was developed in the 1980s and mined intermittently until 1996. In 1998, concerns of acidic drainage at the site arose. Effluent sampling by Engineering Remediation Resources Group (ERRG) found acid mine drainage (AMD) characterized by a pH of 3.9, sulphate concentrations of 100 mg/L and low metal concentrations of 0.074, 4.60, 1.23, 0.047 and 0.133 mg/L for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn, respectively. The aim of this research was to evaluate passive treatment system alternatives for the mitigation of the AMD to meet water quality objectives for the San Joaquin River Basin. A bench-scale study was undertaken which consisted of 3 systems treating synthetic AMD: (1) a peat biofilter to remove dissolved metals followed by an anoxic limestone drain (ALD) to increase alkalinity and pH; (2) a sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) bioreactor followed by an ALD, in which SRB reduce sulphate to sulfides, generating alkalinity and decreasing metal concentrations via metal sulfide precipitation; and (3) a SRB bioreactor. Synthetic AMD was produced to represent AMD characteristics observed at the site. The peat-ALD system effluent pH was 6.9 and concentrations of Fe and Cu decreased to below water quality objectives with concentrations of 0.008 and 0.06, respectively. The SRB-ALD and SRB system effluents met water quality objectives for pH and Cu, Ni and Zn metal concentrations. The effluent pH for both systems was 6.5. The SRB-ALD system reduced Cu, Ni and Zn to concentrations of 0.004, 0.016 and 0.025 mg/L, respectively. The SRB system reduced metal concentrations for Cu, Ni and Zn 0.006, 0.010 and 0.027 mg/L, respectively. Based on the bench-scale study, the pilot-scale system consisted of a combined passive treatment system containing a peat biofilter, SRB bioreactor and a limestone drain. Pilot-scale testing commenced on May 23rd, 2007. To date, some metal attenuation has been observed, with average effluent concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn equal to
Download or read book Microbial Sulfate Reduction in Extremely Acid Lakes written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Treatment Wetlands written by Gabriela Dotro and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents: Overview of Treatment Wetlands; Fundamentals of Treatment Wetlands; Horizontal Flow Wetlands; Vertical Flow Wetlands; French Vertical Flow Wetlands; Intensified and Modified Wetlands; Free Water Surface Wetlands; Other Applications; Additional Aspects.
Download or read book Effects of Organic Material Characteristics on Metal Removal and Sulfate Reduction Rates in Anaerobic Passive Treatment Systems written by Jason Edward Seyler and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: V.3 ... consists of individual chapters that describe 1) the conceptual background for radionuclides, including tritium, radon, strontium, technetium, uranium, iodine, radium, thorium, cesium, plutonium-americium and 2) data requirements to be met during site characterization.
Download or read book Characterization and Prediction of Biodeterioration in Aquatic Systems written by Ching-Gang Peng and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
