Download or read book Characterization of Recombinant Simian human Immunodeficiency Viruses SHIVs written by Debra Anne Wadford and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Construction and Characterization of Recombinant Simian human Immunodeficiency Viruses SHIV Expressing the HIV 1 Envelope Glycoproteins written by John T. Li and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characterization of recombinant simian human immunodeficiency viruses written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Functional and Immunological Characterization of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein written by Vicente Planelles and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection at the Early Stage of Heterosexual Transmission written by Zhong-Min Ma and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating the Characteristics of HIV 1 Envelope in the Context of Simian human Immunodeficiency Virus written by Anna Catherine Smith and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-1, the etiologic agent of AIDS, continues to be a challenge to global public health. There is no practical cure for HIV-1 infection and the development of a preventive vaccine remains a priority. The simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/macaque model is a valuable tool for HIV-1 preclinical vaccine studies. However, the model is limited by its ability to faithfully recapitulate diverse, transmitted HIV-1 Envelope (Env) proteins, the key antigenic target for preventative vaccines. Due to macaque innate immune barriers to infection, development of infectious SHIVs requires adaptation to their host, a process that introduces viral mutations and alters the original antigenic profile of the Env protein. A small subset of SHIVs has been successfully adapted for high levels of replication through serial passage in macaques. The process of in vivo passage in macaques, passage in cell culture, in vitro and in vivo selection, as well as structure-guided design have added to our knowledge of SHIV adaptation to macaque. However, further mechanistic studies to define the characteristics of Envs that mediate robust infection of macaques are needed to shed light on the viral and host factors necessary for the generation of SHIVs that retain the antigenic profiles of diverse, transmitted HIV-1 Env while also establishing persistent infection in macaques. Transmitted HIV-1 Envs must overcome intrinsic barriers as well as the host innate immune response, which is most active in the acute stage of infection. By identifying the minimal adaptive changes necessary to overcome the macaque innate immune response, infectious SHIVs that retain antigenic similarity to HIV-1 transmitted viruses can be designed for vaccine studies. Recent work has identified the env gene as the determinant of increased replication and type-I interferon in adapted SHIVs and here we discuss the identification of two potential N-linked glycosylation sites as the molecular determinants of type-I interferon resistance and increased replication in an Env isolated early in infection. Further, we define the characteristics conferred by these glycan mutants as well as their impact on a family of anti-viral interferon stimulated genes (ISG), the interferon- stimulated transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). The CD4 receptor is the entry receptor used by both HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). However, a single amino acid difference between human and macaque CD4 reduces the efficacy by which SHIVs encoding HIV-1 Env are able to mediate entry into macaque CD4+ T cells. Mutations previously identified in the HIV-1 Env gp120 and gp41 subunits that improve usage of rhesus macaque CD4 are evaluated here for improved fusion and replication in macaque cells, thus improving our understanding of the intrinsic barrier of CD4 usage and its contribution to improving replication of SHIVs encoding minimally altered HIV-1 Envs for vaccine preclinical trials. By investigating the ISGs that restrict unadapted SHIVs, exploring the role of glycosylation, and evaluating Env conformation, we improve our understanding of the host-virus interaction, adaptation to the innate immune response, and help inform the rational design of SHIVs that encode relevant transmitted Envs by identifying minimal changes that allow for improved viral replication. By evaluating several mutations in HIV- 1 Env that improve SHIV replication and fusion, described here, future structural studies of Envs encoding these mutations may guide design of SHIVs that retain HIV-1 Env structure and antigenic profile yet establish persistent infection in macaques.
Download or read book Simian Immunodeficiency Virus as a Model for the Characterization of Integrase Inhibitors written by Said Hassounah and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Currently, there is no cure for infection by HIV, the virus responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. Although attempts at generating an effective HIV vaccine have had little success, the development of antiretroviral drug treatments has led to improvements in the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS by delaying or preventing the progress to AIDS. Since the discovery of the first inhibitors of HIV replication, drug resistance has been a major problem in HIV therapy, due, in part, to the high mutation rate of HIV. Therefore, the development of a predictive animal model is important to identify impending resistance mutations and to possibly inform treatment decisions. Significant advances have been made possible through the use of nonhuman primates and humanized mouse models. The integrase (IN) protein is one of the important viral proteins since it plays a crucial role in the insertion of the viral genome into the host chromosomal DNA. This makes IN a therapeutic target. Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are the most recent category of antiretroviral therapy to be developed and include raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG). The first generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), RAL, and EVG have been shown to possess modest genetic barriers to the development of resistance; however, DTG has shown to possess higher genetic barrier than RAL and EVG. Second generation INSTIs, bictegravir (BIC), and cabotegravir (CAB), exhibit favorable resistance profiles against clinical isolates with resistance against the earlier INSTIs, as well as longer half-life and higher genetic barrier to the development of resistance than RAL and EVG.Previous studies on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have documented the antiviral activities of multiple antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, including INSTIs such as L-870812, a RAL analogue. Monotherapy of rhesus macaques infected with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) variant termed 89.6P with L-870812 led to the detection of a drug-resistant virus that contained a N155H mutation. This virus exhibited lower viral replication capacity and reduced pathogenicity compared to wild-type (WT) viruses; the N155H mutation in IN has also been documented in HIV in patients failing therapy with RAL. The susceptibility of SIVmac251 to a RAL analogue encourages the pre-clinical testing of novel INSTIs in SIVmac-infected animals. This thesis examined the challenge virus, SIVmac239, as a preclinical model for testing INSTIs, and the development of INSTI resistance through tissue culture, homology modeling, and biochemical experiments. Sequence alignments of SIVmac239 IN with the INs of various HIV-1 isolates showed high degrees of homology and conservation of each of the catalytic triad and key residues involved in drug resistance. In chapter 2, we evaluated the effect of IN mutations associated with INSTI-resistance on SIV susceptibility to INSTIs and infectivity. We observed that SIVmac239 is susceptible to different INSTIs and that SIV IN mutant viruses displayed resistance profiles similar to HIV-1 to RAL, EVG, and DTG. In chapter 3, we assessed the catalytic activities of IN and INSTI inhibitory constants in cell-free assays, and assessed whether SIV would yield the same resistance mutations as in HIV by performing tissue culture selections. We found that SIV and HIV share similar resistance pathway profiles towards EVG and DTG. In chapter 4, we compared SIV and HIV-1 WT and IN variant susceptibilities to BIC, CAB, and DTG. Chapter 4 shows that BIC possesses an excellent resistance profile in regard to HIV and SIV and an improved resistance profile against viruses containing HIV mutations associated with resistance against RAL and EVG.Collectively, our findings indicate that SIV and HIV share similar resistance pathway profiles towards INSTIs and that SIVmac239 is a useful challenge virus for studies of HIV resistance to INSTIs." --
Download or read book Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-12-05 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future.
Download or read book Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection written by Anthony S. Fauci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.
Download or read book AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program Catalog written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fields Virology written by David Mahan Knipe and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2007 with total page 3116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM has same title as book.
Download or read book Simian Virology written by Alexander F. Voevodin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-08-06 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simian Virology is the first text to comprehensively cover all currently known simian viruses. Chapters provide an overview of nonhuman primate models of medically important viral diseases as well as natural infections of nonhuman primates with human and animal viruses. The text covers a variety of topics including primate models of medically important viral diseases such as AIDS, hypotheses on the origins of epidemic forms of HIV, and viral diseases caused by non-simian viruses in both wild and captive primates.
Download or read book Immunodeficiency written by Krassimir Metodiev and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-10-10 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reflects a major medical problem which is still under thorough studies. There is a number of clinical cases corresponding directly or indirectly to a certain alteration of the immune system, thus leading to various pathologic conditions. The unique defense, what humans have with their immunity, is rather often affected by infections, tumor processes, organ, tissue and cell transplantation, allergy, autoimmune processes, as well as different influences by the environment. The Book has an international team of authors all contributing to the investigation of the questions of what, why, how, when and where the immune system deviates from its normal function, what clinical consequences are manifested and is there a way to prevent and treat the immunodeficiency cases. This Book can be a very good teaching tool for students and post-docs of medicine and biology, but it also provides updated information for the colleagues immunologists, microbiologists, virologists, chemotherapists, oncologists, hematologists, transplantologists and pathologist.
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pharmaceutical Biotechnology written by Carlos A. Guzmán and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology is a unique compilation of reviews addressing frontiers in biologicals as a rich source for innovative medicines. This book fulfills the needs of a broad community of scientists interested in biologicals from diverse perspectives—basic research, biotechnology, protein engineering, protein delivery, medicines, pharmaceuticals and vaccinology. The diverse topics range from advanced biotechnologies aimed to introduce novel, potent engineered vaccines of unprecedented efficacy and safety for a wide scope of human diseases to natural products, small peptides and polypeptides engineered for discrete prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes. Modern biologicals promise to dramatically expand the scope of preventive medicine beyond the infectious disease arena into broad applications in immune and cancer treatment, as exemplified by anti-EGFR receptors antibodies for the treatment of breast cancer. The exponential growth in biologicals such as engineered proteins and vaccines has been boosted by unprecedented scientific breakthroughs made in the past decades culminating in an in-depth fundamental understanding of the scientific underpinnings of immune mechanisms together with knowledge of protein and peptide scaffolds that can be deliberately manipulated. This has in turn led to new strategies and processes. Deciphering the human, mammalian and numerous pathogens’ genomes provides opportunities that never before have been available—identification of discrete antigens (genomes and antigenomes) that lend themselves to considerably improved antigens and monoclonal antibodies, which with more sophisticated engineered adjuvants and agonists of pattern recognition receptors present in immune cells, deliver unprecedented safety and efficacy. Technological development such a nanobiotechnologies (dendrimers, nanobodies and fullerenes), biological particles (viral-like particles and bacterial ghosts) and innovative vectors (replication-competent attenuated, replication-incompetent recombinant and defective helper-dependent vectors) fulfill a broad range of cutting-edge research, drug discovery and delivery applications. Most recent examples of breakthrough biologicals include the human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV, prevention of women genital cancer) and the multivalent Pneumoccocal vaccines, which has virtually eradicated in some populations a most prevalent bacterial ear infection (i.e., otitis media). It is expected that in the years to come similar success will be obtained in the development of vaccines for diseases which still represent major threats for human health, such as AIDS, as well as for the generation of improved vaccines against diseases like pandemic flu for which vaccines are currently available. Furthermore, advances in comparative immunology and innate immunity revealed opportunities for innovative strategies for ever smaller biologicals and vaccines derived from species such as llama and sharks, which carry tremendous potential for innovative biologicals already in development stages in many pharmaceutical companies. Such recent discoveries and knowledge exploitations hold the promise for breakthrough biologicals, with the coming decade. Finally, this book caters to individuals not directly engaged in the pharmaceutical drug discovery process via a chapter outlining discovery, preclinical development, clinical development and translational medicine issues that are critical the drug development process. The authors and editors hope that this compilation of reviews will help readers rapidly and completely update knowledge and understanding of the frontiers in pharmaceutical biotechnologies.
Download or read book Analysis of Restriction of HIV 1 Replication in Macaque Cells written by Sunee Himathongkham and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Advances in Research and Treatment 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases in a concise format. The editors have built Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
