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Book Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Gasoline fueled Vehicles

Download or read book Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Gasoline fueled Vehicles written by Joseph M. Norbeck and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Physical Characterization of Exhaust Particle Emissions from Late Technology Gasoline Vehicles

Download or read book Physical Characterization of Exhaust Particle Emissions from Late Technology Gasoline Vehicles written by Giorgio Martini and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study assesses the feasibility of introducing the regulated particle number measurement procedure for the regulation of gasoline vehicles, focusing on the established cut-off size of 23 nm. A range of late technology gasoline vehicles were tested under regulated and unregulated test conditions. The results indicated a distinct emission behavior of Direct Injection Gasolines (G-DI), Port Fuel Injection gasolines (PFI) and Diesels equipped with Particulate Filters (DPF), that differed both in terms of the absolute levels but also with respect to the fraction of undetected nano-sized non-volatile particles. The latter was found to be around 20% (based on comparisons with a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) having a 50% cut-off size at 4.5 nm) for three G-DI vehicles tested, but ranged between 40 and 70% for the two PFIs measured. Interestingly, a relatively large fraction of undetected nanosized was also observed for two late technology DPFs, ranging between 30 and 50%.^To a large extent these differences originate from differences in the size distributions and the relatively blunt shape of the counting efficiency curve of PMP compliant CPCs. Under conditions favouring nucleation mode formation in the dilution tunnel, excessive particle concentrations were detected by the low cut-off size CPCs, and especially the one with a d50 at 4.5 nm, that could exceed those of the PMP compliant CPC by up to one order of magnitude. However, the concentration of these nano-sized particles was found to decrease with increasing the dilution ratio in the first stage of the Volatile Particle Remover (VPR), indicating that this is rather a volatile artifact possibly originating from re-nucleation of evaporated material downstream of the VPR. The study also investigated the potential offered by a range of available approaches to effectively control particle emissions from G-DIs.^These included the use of a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF), the introduction of ethanol in the fuel but also an advanced engine concept combining port and direct fuel injection. The GPF system was found to very efficient in controlling particle number emissions under all driving conditions, having no visible impact on carbon dioxide emissions. The use of fuel with hi-ethanol content (75-85%) was also found to be beneficial especially at high engine loads (up to 97% reduction of nonvolatile particle numbers) and during cold start operation (up to 70% reduction). The tests with the "hybrid" G-DI-PFI vehicle indicated that there exists the potential for significant reduction of PM formation through engine measures. The non-volatile particle number emissions of this vehicle remained below the diesel limit over all hot start tests.

Book Characterization of Gas and Particle phase Emissions from On road Motor Vehicles

Download or read book Characterization of Gas and Particle phase Emissions from On road Motor Vehicles written by George Alexander Ban-Weiss and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Engine Exhaust Particulates

Download or read book Engine Exhaust Particulates written by Avinash Kumar Agarwal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.

Book Exhaust Particle Characterization for Lean and Stoichiometric DI Vehicles Operating on Ethanol gasoline Blends

Download or read book Exhaust Particle Characterization for Lean and Stoichiometric DI Vehicles Operating on Ethanol gasoline Blends written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines can offer better fuel economy and higher performance over their port fuel-injected (PFI) counterparts, and are now appearing in increasingly more U.S. and European vehicles. Small displacement, turbocharged GDI engines are replacing large displacement engines, particularly in light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles, in order for manufacturers to meet the U.S. fuel economy standards for 2016. Furthermore, lean-burn GDI engines can offer even higher fuel economy than stoichiometric GDI engines and have overcome challenges associated with cost-effective aftertreatment for NOx control. Along with changes in gasoline engine technology, fuel composition may increase in ethanol content beyond the current 10% due to the recent EPA waiver allowing 15% ethanol. In addition, the Renewable Fuels Standard passed as part of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandates the use of biofuels in upcoming years. GDI engines are of environmental concern due to their high particulate matter (PM) emissions relative to port-fuel injected (PFI) gasoline vehicles; widespread market penetration of GDI vehicles may result in additional PM from mobile sources at a time when the diesel contribution is declining. In this study, we characterized particulate emissions from a European certified lean-burn GDI vehicle operating on ethanol-gasoline blends. Particle mass and particle number concentration emissions were measured for the Federal Test Procedure urban driving cycle (FTP 75) and the more aggressive US06 driving cycle. Particle number-size distributions and organic to elemental carbon ratios (OC/EC) were measured for 30 MPH and 80 MPH steady-state operation. In addition, particle number concentration was measured during wide open throttle accelerations (WOTs) and gradual accelerations representative of the FTP 75. Fuels included certification gasoline and 10% (E10) and 20% (E20) ethanol blends from the same supplier. The particle mass emissions were approximately 3 and 7 mg/mile for the FTP75 and US06, respectively, with lower emissions for the ethanol blends. The data are compared to a previous study on a U.S.-legal stoichiometric GDI vehicle operating on the same ethanol blends. The lean-burn GDI vehicle emitted a higher number of particles, but had an overall smaller average size. Particle number per mile decreased with increasing ethanol content for the transient tests. For the 30 and 80 mph tests, particle number concentration decreased with increasing ethanol content, although the shape of the particle size distribution remained the same. Engine-out OC/EC ratios were highest for the stoichiometric GDI vehicle with E20, but tailpipe OC/EC ratios were similar for all vehicles.

Book Particulate Matter Mass Measurement and Physical Characterization

Download or read book Particulate Matter Mass Measurement and Physical Characterization written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel powered Heavy duty Trucks

Download or read book Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel powered Heavy duty Trucks written by James N. Braddock and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gaseous and particulate emission rates from seven class 2B, one class 5 and six class 6 heavy-duty gasoline- and diesel-powered trucks were determined using transient chassis dynamometer test procedures. All vehicles were tested at approximately 70% of their rated gross vehicle weight over the Heavy-Duty Transient Cycle and the Durham Road Route driving cycles. The sensitivity of emission rates to vehicle configuration, engine design, and driving cycle characteristics was examined. Emissions characterization included total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, fuel economy, total particulates matter, particulate organics, inert material, particle size less than 2m, and lead, bromine, and chlorine analyses. All class 2B truck emission rates were less than class 5 or 6 truck emission rates. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and fuel consumption were significantly higher with the gasoline trucks than with the diesel trucks. Total particulate, particulate organics, and inert material emissions were significantly greater with the diesel trucks. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, total particulate emissions, and fuel consumption were sensitive to the characteristics of the transient driving cycles.

Book Improved Characterization of Vehicle Fuels and Emissions for Particulate Matter Estimations

Download or read book Improved Characterization of Vehicle Fuels and Emissions for Particulate Matter Estimations written by William Max Lichtenberg and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicle emissions are a major source of precursors for SOA, thus estimating the potential for SOA formation from vehicle emissions is desirable. Colleagues at CE-CERT conducted concurrent studies to measure the SOA formed from the eight fuels. A strong trend between the PMI and the SOA formed was observed. However, this trend was not sufficiently robust to use PMI alone as a predictor for SOA formation. A modification of the PMI was developed, the secondary PMI, by weighting the PMI factor for each of the compound classes based on the contribution of each class to potential SOA formation vs. PMI. Application of this secondary PMI demonstrated the potential for SOA formation to be estimated as a function of fuel composition. Future studies will be needed to refine development and define applicability limits of the secondary PMI.

Book Characterization of Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Two Diesel Automobiles as Functions of Fuel and Driving Cycle

Download or read book Characterization of Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Two Diesel Automobiles as Functions of Fuel and Driving Cycle written by Charles T. Hare and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines

Download or read book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines written by Jerzy Merkisz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.

Book Particulate Emissions from Vehicles

Download or read book Particulate Emissions from Vehicles written by Peter Eastwood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The public health risks posed by automotive particulate emissions are well known. Such particles are sufficiently small to reach the deepest regions of the lungs; and moreover act as carriers for many potentially toxic substances. Historically, diesel engines have been singled out in this regard, but recent research shows the need to consider particulate emissions from gasoline engines as well. Already implicated in more than one respiratory disease, the strongest evidence in recent times points to particle-mediated cardiovascular disorders (strokes and heart attacks). Accordingly, legislation limiting particulate emissions is becoming increasingly stringent, placing great pressure on the automotive industry to produce cleaner vehicles - pressure only heightened by the ever-increasing number of cars on our roads. Particulate Emissions from Vehicles addresses a field of increased international interest and research activity; discusses the impact of new legislation globally on the automotive industry; and explains new ways of measuring particle size, number and composition that are currently under development. The expert analysis and summary of the state-of-the-art, which encompasses the key areas of combustion performance, measurement techniques and toxicology, will appeal to R&D practitioners and engineers working in the automotive industry and related mechanical fields, as well as postgraduate students and researchers of engine technology, air pollution and life/ environmental science. The public health aspects will also appeal to the biomedical research community.