Download or read book Characterization and Stability of Bio oils Upgraded by Esterification and Olefination written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Raw bio-oil is produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass. The high level of oxygen content in bio-oil causes negative properties of polymerization over time, high acidity, pungent odor and low heating value relative to petroleum fuels. The objective of this study was to develop and identify upgrading processes to produce a boiler fuel with reduced acid value, reduced polymerization over time and increased higher heating value. By one upgrading method, raw bio-oil was upgraded by esterification over acid catalyst by batch reaction; a second approach was an in-reactor reaction, produced by injecting methanol or 1-butanol with acid catalyst into the pyrolysis vapor stream. An olefination reaction method combined with an alcoholation reaction was also studied. The resulting fuel produced from in-reactor esterification fuel was compared in terms of physical and chemical properties with esterifed bio-oil produced by the batch method. The olefination reaction was examined in terms of higher heating value, acid value, viscosity, and water content. The influence of reaction conditions such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst content relative to upgraded bio-oil properties were examined, and optimal conditions were identified. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and empirical analysis was utilized to analyze the difference in physical and chemical properties between treatment groups.
Download or read book Recent Advances in Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass written by Ashok Pandey and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides general information and data on one of the most promising renewable energy sources: biomass for its thermochemical conversion. During the last few years, there has been increasing focus on developing the processes and technologies for the conversion of biomass to liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals, in particular to develop low-cost technologies. This book provides date-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative processing of biomass as well as the process development elements on thermochemical processing of biomass for the production of biofuels and bio-products on (biomass-based biorefinery). The conversion of biomass to biofuels and other value-added products on the principle biorefinery offers potential from technological perspectives as alternate energy. The book covers intensive R&D and technological developments done during the last few years in the area of renewable energy utilizing biomass as feedstock and will be highly beneficial for the researchers, scientists and engineers working in the area of biomass-biofuels- biorefinery. - Provides the most advanced and innovative thermochemical conversion technology for biomass - Provides information on large scales such as thermochemical biorefinery - Useful for researchers intending to study scale up - Serves as both a textbook for graduate students and a reference book for researchers - Provides information on integration of process and technology on thermochemical conversion of biomass
Download or read book Reaction of Bio oil with Alcohols written by Priyanka Bhattacharya and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-oil is produced by the rapid pyrolysis of biomass and is a source of renewable fuel. The increase in viscosity during storage is a major problem that can be controlled by the addition of methanol or other alcohols. The objective of this research was to determine how alcohols stabilize bio-oil by investigating the reactions of alcohols with low molecular weight aldehydes and acids. The reaction of methanol with hydroxyacetaldehyde (HA) and acetic acid to form the respective acetal or ester was catalyzed by the 7 x 10-4 M strong acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and methylsulfonic acid. HA formed 2,2-dimethoxyethanol (DME) and AT 60°C, equilibrium was reached in less than one hour. Smaller amounts of DME were formed in the absence of strong acid. HA, acetaldehyde, and propanal formed their corresponding acetals when reacted with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or 1-butanol. Esters of acetic acid and hydroxyacetic acid were observed from reactions with these same four alcohols. Other acetals and esters were observed by GC/MS analysis of the reaction products. The results from accelerated aging experiments at 90°C suggest that the presence of methanol slows polymerization by formation of acetals and esters from low molecular weight aldehydes and organic acids. The other objective of this study was to improve the bio-oil quality as fuel in a single step by adding methanol to the pyrolysis gases. Therefore, a methanol/sulphuric acid mixture was injected into the pyrolysis vapor zone prior to the water cooled condensers of the auger reactor. The chemical and physical properties of bio-oils were determined and the results of these tests were compared with the results of tests with raw bio-oils. The amount of methanol injection varied from 1 to 20 wt % with and without catalysts. The results showed that the addition of 10% methanol was required for stability with the accelerated aging test. The bio-oil viscosity was reduced to 11.7 cSt from 15.45 cSt with the 10% methanol addition and after 5 days of ageing at 90°C the viscosity only increased by 17% whereas raw bio-oil turned into a highly viscous phase separated material. GC/MS analysis indicated the formation of the esters and quantified the amount of methanol present in the bio-oil after the reaction. The acid value was 87 compared to 99.8 for raw bio-oil. The lower acid value of the esterified bio-oil supports the hypothesis that the formation of esters lowered the amount of free acids present. The flash point of the bio-oil was improved to 37 °C and it burned intensely in the waste oil burner. A Principal component analysis supported these findings by indicating that the esterified bio-oil properties differed significantly from the raw bio-oil.
Download or read book Characterization and Upgrading of Bio oil from Slow Pyrolysis of Organic Waste written by Pengli Xiao and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Measuring Bio Oil Upgrade Intermediates and Corrosive Species with Polarity Matched Analytical Approaches written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrating biofuels with conventional petroleum products requires improvements in processing to increase blendability with existing fuels. This work demonstrates analysis techniques for more hydrophilic bio-oil liquids that give improved quantitative and qualitative description of the total acid content and organic acid profiles. To protect infrastructure from damage and reduce the cost associated with upgrading, accurate determination of acid content and representative chemical compound analysis are central imperatives to assessing both the corrosivity and the progress toward removing oxygen and acidity in processed biomass liquids. Established techniques form an ample basis for bio-liquids evaluation. However, early in the upgrading process, the unique physical phases and varied hydrophilicity of many pyrolysis liquids can render analytical methods originally designed for use in petroleum-derived oils inadequate. In this work, the water solubility of the organic acids present in bio-oils is exploited in a novel extraction and titration technique followed by analysis on the water-based capillary electrophoresis (CE) platform. The modification of ASTM D664, the standard for Total Acid Number (TAN), to include aqueous carrier solvents improves the utility of that approach for quantifying acid content in hydrophilic bio-oils. Termed AMTAN (modified Total Acid Number), this technique offers 1.2% relative standard deviation and dynamic range comparable to the conventional ASTM method. The results of corrosion product evaluations using several different sources of real bio-oil are discussed in the context of the unique AMTAN and CE analytical approaches developed to facilitate those measurements. Keywords: biomass, capillary electrophoresis, Total Acid Number, pyrolysis oil upgrading, carboxylic acid, corrosion.
Download or read book Prospectives for Bio oil Upgrading Via Esterification Over Zeolite Catalysts written by Maria Milina and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Upgrading Bio oil and Pretreated Bio oil by Hydroprocessing in a Continuous Packed bed Reactor written by Divya Reddy Parapati and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-oil obtained by the fast pyrolysis of biomass has the potential to serve as source of alternative liquid fuel for both power generation and transportation fuel. Bio-oils are comprised of oxygenated compounds, due to the presence of a high percentage of these oxygenated groups bio-oil possesses negative properties such as low heating value, low volatility, thermal instability, corrosiveness, immiscibility with fossil fuels and a tendency to polymerize over time. Bio-oils have been converted to both boiler and transportation fuels in laboratory and demonstration projects. However, the available technologies have not proven commercially viable. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop additional, potentially commercializable, technologies to upgrade bio-oils and pretreated bio-oil by hydroprocessing pathways. Previous hydrodeoxygenation studies over nearly three decades have provided considerable information about methods to upgrade bio-oil by this technology. However, rapid catalyst deactivation and low yields continue to be problematic and further research is required to refine current hydrodeoxygenation methods and catalysts. In our study we are applying pretreatment to the bio-oil at ambient temperature and pressure conditions to hydroprocess pretreated bio-oil in a single-stage. An initial pretreatment was performed to convert aldehydes present in the bio-oil into carboxylic acids followed by a single-stage hydroprocessing, that was performed to produce hydrocarbons. Where appropriate, successful products produced from the hydroprocessing treatments were analyzed for acid value, oxygen content, heating value, elemental analysis, FTIR and GC-MS. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Download or read book Production of Higher Quality Bio oils by In line Esterification of Pyrolysis Vapor written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The disclosure encompasses in-line reactive condensation processes via vapor phase esterification of bio-oil to decease reactive species concentration and water content in the oily phase of a two-phase oil, thereby increasing storage stability and heating value. Esterification of the bio-oil vapor occurs via the vapor phase contact and subsequent reaction of organic acids with ethanol during condensation results in the production of water and esters. The pyrolysis oil product can have an increased ester content and an increased stability when compared to a condensed pyrolysis oil product not treated with an atomized alcohol.
Download or read book The Extraction and Characterization of Bio oils from Woody Biomass and Investigation of Their Use as Antioxidants in Model Biodiesel written by Abdulrahman Alwehaibi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor written by Miika Franck and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In search of an alternative for chemicals and energy from fossil fuels, lignin pyrolysis is experimentally investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. Deviation in pyrolysis behavior of a softwood Kraft lignin and a wheat straw hydrolysis lignin is analyzed by means of char morphology as well as overall yield and composition determination for gas, oil, and char. The influence of catalytically active mineral matter in lignin on the product distribution is investigated. Progressively, the fluidized bed pyrolysis process is modeled semi-empirically considering fluid dynamics, feedstock composition, micro-particle pyrolysis reactions and mass balances. The lignin secondary reaction kinetics from oil–to–gas are obtained from the Kraft lignin experimental data and a pyrolysis plant with integrated char and permanent gas combustion is modeled with a flowsheeting tool.
Download or read book Total Synthesis of Natural Products written by Jie Jack Li and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Total Synthesis of Natural Products' is written and edited by some of today's leaders in organic chemistry. Eleven chapters cover a range of natural products, from steroids to alkaloids. Each chapter contains an introduction to the natural product in question, descriptions of its biological and pharmacological properties and outlines of total synthesis procedures already carried out. Particular emphasis is placed on novel methodologies developed by the respective authors and their research groups. This text is ideal for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, as well as organic chemists in academia and industry.
Download or read book Natural Product Extraction written by Mauricio A Rostagno and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-10-09 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural products are sought after by the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, and research continues into their potential for new applications. Extraction of natural products in an economic and environmentally-friendly way is of high importance to all industries involved. This book presents a holistic and in-depth view of the techniques available for extracting natural products, with modern and more environmentally-benign methods, such as ultrasound and supercritical fluids discussed alongside conventional methods. Examples and case studies are presented, along with the decision-making process needed to determine the most appropriate method. Where appropriate, scale-up and process integration is discussed. Relevant to researchers in academia and industry, and students aiming for either career path, Natural Product Extraction presents a handy digest of the current trends and latest developments in the field with concepts of Green Chemistry in mind.
Download or read book Carboxylic Acid written by Georgiana-Ileana Badea and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an attempt to bring together current knowledge on the role and importance of organic acids in life processes. There are lots of compounds based on the chemical nature of this functional group, which makes this class of molecules to be present in our lives starting with the human body (Krebs cycle - the core of cellular metabolism) to the products we currently use (food, medicines and cosmetics). No overall consensus is sought in this book, and the following chapters are authored by dedicated researchers presenting a diversity of applications and hypotheses concerning organic acids. The five chapters in this book include general information on carboxylic acids and their applications in life sciences (use in organic synthesis, nanotechnology, plant physiology, plant nutrition and soil chemistry).
Download or read book Lipid Modification by Enzymes and Engineered Microbes written by Uwe T. Bornscheuer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lipid Modification by Enzymes and Engineered Microbes covers the state-of-the art use of enzymes as natural biocatalysts to modify oils, also presenting how microorganisms, such as yeast, can be designed. In the past ten years, the field has made enormous progress, not only with respect to the tools developed for the development of designer enzymes, but also in the metabolic engineering of microbes, the discovery of novel enzyme activities, and in reaction engineering/process development. For the first time, these advances are covered in a single-volume that is edited by leading enzymatic scientist Uwe Borchscheuer and authored by an international team of experts. - Identifies how, and when, to use enzymes and microbes for lipid modification - Provides enzymatic, microbial and metabolic techniques for lipid modification - Covers lipases, acyltransferases, phospholipases, lipoxygenases, monooxygenases, isomerases and sophorolipids - Includes lipid modification for use in food, biofuels, oleochemicals and polymer precursors
Download or read book Applications of Transition Metal Catalysis in Drug Discovery and Development written by Matthew L. Crawley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-14 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the drug discovery and development applications of transition metal catalyzed processes, which can efficiently create preclinical and clinical drug candidates as well as marketed drugs. The authors pay particular attention to the challenges of transitioning academically-developed reactions into scalable industrial processes. Additionally, the book lays the groundwork for how continued development of transition metal catalyzed processes can deliver new drug candidates. This work provides a unique perspective on the applications of transition metal catalysis in drug discovery and development – it is a guide, a historical prospective, a practical compendium, and a source of future direction for the field.
Download or read book Carotenoids written by Hanspeter Pfander and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Britton, Synnl/Jve Liaaen-Jensen and Hanspeter Pfander This book, Volume 2 in the series Carotenoids, is the first book to be published that is devoted entirely to the total synthesis of carotenoids, but it is timely in view of the rapid development and the growing diversification of the carotenoid field. The 1971 Carotenoids book contained a major chapter of 250 pages on total synthesis by H. Mayer and O. Isler. That comprehensive and authoritative review described systematically the construction of many synthons and the synthesis of many natural and unnatural carotenoids and related compounds. Twenty five years on, that chapter remains an essential reference work and source of information, with its extensive collection of tabulated data and lists of references to the original literature. Surveys of progress since 1971 have been presented at the IUPAC International Symposia on Carotenoids and are included in the published proceedings of these symposia. The history of major publications in the carotenoid field, leading to the development of this series, was outlined in the preface to the series published in Vol. IA. The general philo sophy outlined in that preface, with emphasis on practical guidance and the inclusion of worked examples of some of the most useful procedures, is maintained in Vol. 2. In kceping with this philosophy, Vol. 2 is not intended to be an exhaustive review of the literature, but is planned as a practical book, as well as a source of information.
Download or read book Natural Products in the Chemical Industry written by Bernd Schaefer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 844 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Products in the Chemical Industry is not a conventional textbook, but rather an invitation to join an entertaining journey that takes you into the fascinating world of natural products. This book features diverse compound classes from a number of areas: colourants, fragrances and flavourings, amino acids, pharmaceuticals, hormones, vitamins and agrochemicals. Whether you are a teacher or a scholar, an undergraduate or graduate student, a professional chemist in industry or academia, or someone just interested in natural sciences, this book allows you to be inspired and entertained by facts and information along with enjoyable anecdotes, historical, economic, political, biological and social considerations. Experts in the field can have a pleasurable time cruising through captivating synthesis methods, which enable the generation of complex molecules on industrial scale. This book · deals with the manufacturing of larger quantities of complex molecules (asymmetric and heterocyclic compounds, polycyclic structures, macrocycles and small rings) · displays all reaction schemes in colour, which makes them easy to read · highlights aesthetics and elegance in modern industrial organic chemistry
