Download or read book Changes in Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Phenotype in Response to Breeding for Yield and In furrow Fertilizer written by Rafael Eidi Maeoka and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) increased over time through plant breeding, and preliminary research suggested that yield response to fertilizer differs in modern versus historical genotypes. However, this response is not universal. We hypothesize selection for yield may have unintentionally modified the dynamics of nutrient uptake and partitioning in the plant. Thus, our objectives were to identify the key shifts in crop phenotype, in above-ground biomass and in dynamics of nutrient uptake and partitioning during vegetative and reproductive phases in response to selection for yield and to in-furrow fertilizer. Field experiments were conducted in four Kansas environments in a factorial trial combining eight winter wheat varieties released between 1920 and 2016, and two fertilizer practices (control versus 112 kg ha−1 in-furrow 12-40-0-10-1). Grain yield and grain N-removal increased non-linearly with year of release (YOR), with greater increases between 1966 and 2000. In-furrow fertilizer increased yield in ~300 kg ha−1 with no variety x fertility interactions. Grain protein concentration (GNC) related negatively to yield, and the residuals of this relationship were unaffected by YOR. Yield increase in semi-dwarf varieties were associated with shorter vegetative period and longer grain filling period, and more kernels m−2 derived from more kernels head−1. Historical varieties were taller, had thinner stems, and allocated more biomass to the stem than semi-dwarf varieties. At grain filling and maturity, shoot biomass was similar among varieties but semi-dwarf varieties allocated more dry matter to the kernels, suggesting that increases in yield derived from greater harvest index (HI) rather than greater biomass. Whole plant nutrient concentration negatively related to whole plant biomass and increased over decades for N, P, and S and decreased for K. In-furrow fertilizer increased the concentration of all nutrients. Grain-N, P, K, and S uptake increased from historical to semi-dwarf varieties; thus, nutrient HI increased with YOR, with greater increases between 1966 and 2000. Nutrient HI decreased with in-furrow fertilizer as the fertilizer increased biomass allocation to the vegetative tissues more than to the grain. Nutrient allocation rate to the head related positively to whole plant uptake rate, and YOR increased the head allocation rate for N, K, and S. There were positive and significant relationships between NHI and the HI of P, K, and S. Whole plant N uptake and P, K, and S uptake were also positively related, with ratios of 9.2, 1.1, and 15.4 for N:P, N:K, and N:S. Direct selection for grain yield modified the dynamics of nutrient uptake and partitioning over time, with semi-dwarf varieties allocating more N, P, K, and S to the grain. The ability of modern varieties to allocate more biomass and nutrients to the grain, coupled to an early maturity and longer grain filling period, increased grain yield and grain N-removal over time. However, increases in yield were greater than those in N-removal, reducing GNC. In-furrow fertilizer increased grain yield, biomass, and grain N, P, K, S uptake; nonetheless, the lack of variety x fertility interaction suggested variety response to fertility was similar.

Download or read book Exploring GxExM Synergies in World Wide Wheat Production and the Opportunities for International Collaboration written by Brian L. Beres and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Crop Response to Density Optimization of Resource Use to Promote Sustainability written by Yared Assefa and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-14 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Response of Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Em Thell to Nitrogen and Chloride Fertilization in the Presence of Take all Root Rot Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici Walker written by Mohamed El Hadi Maatougui and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Response from nitrogen and chloride fertilization was measured in field experiments on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell. var. 'Stephens' and 'Yamhill') grown in western Oregon in an environment with a range of susceptibility to take-all root rot (Gaumannomyces graminis var. tritici Walker). Cropping sequences and expected disease severity considered in the study were: first year wheat after clover (low risk of severe take-all root rot: Nixon I experiment), second year wheat with high disease infection in the previous crop (high risk of severe take-all root rot: Keyt II experiment), second year wheat with low disease infection in the previous crop (moderate risk of severe take-all root rot: Nixon II and Coon experiment), third year wheat (high risk of severe take-all root rot: Jones experiment), fifth year wheat (high risk of severe take-all root rot: Keyt II experiment), and eighteenth year wheat (take-all decline established: the pathogen is present in the soil but does not cause damage, Evers experiment). Nitrogen treatments were applied at 0, 67, 134, and 202 kg/ha in all experiments where wheat followed wheat and at 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg/ha in the experiment where wheat followed clover. Chloride treatments were applied at 0, 45, and 90 kg/ha in all experiments and a rate of 134 kg C1/ha was also used on the Jones experiment. Nitrogen was predominantly supplied from urea while ammonium chloride supplied chloride and ammonium sulfate supplied the crop requirement for sulfur (about 20 kg/ha). Fertilizers were top-dressed in split application with chloride and sulfur containing fertilizers applied first (February) and urea applied later (March) in all experiments but those conducted in the Nixon farm where a single fertilizer was applied in March. Crop response was measured through the effects of N and c1 treatments on dry matter production, plant nitrogen content, plant nitrogen uptake and plant percent nitrogen recovery, as well as grain yield, yield components, grain nitrogen content, grain protein content, grain nitrogen uptake, and grain percent nitrogen recovery. The results of the study strongly indicated that take-all root rot was only a problem in the Jones, Keyt I, and Keyt II experiments and was most severe in third year wheat (Jones experiment). This also was the only experiment with significant (p = 0.05) response from rates of 202 kg N/ha. Nitrogen fertilization was the main factor that greatly influenced the levels of the variables studied while chloride fertilization generally did not have a significant (p = 0.05) influence. 134 kg N/ha was generally the rate accounting for the best levels of each variable studied in all experiments except in the Jones experiment as precised earlier. Crop response was also affected by a relatively long 'dry' period (April 20th to June 20th), particularly in the experiment where take-all root rot was a problem. Levels of the variables studied accounted for by the optimum rates of N were consistently higher in the experiments where take-all root rot was not a problem than where it was a problem by the following amounts: dry matter yields-17%, plant nitrogen contents-18%, plant nitrogen uptake levels-30%, plant nitrogen recoveries-28%, grain yields-22%, grain nitrogen contents-only 4%, grain protein contents-only 2%, grain nitrogen uptake levels-26%, grain nitrogen recoveries-18%, and spikes/m2-24%.

Download or read book Response of Winter Wheat Varieties Triticum Aestivum L to Plant Distribution Pattern and Rate of Nitrogen Fertilization written by Paul A. Rowoth and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Response of Hard Red Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L to Nitrogen and Growth Regulants written by Kevin Lee Mages and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Inheritance of Grain Yield and Protein in Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Crosses written by Abdus Sattar Chaudhry and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Performance of Cultivars Hybrids and Composites of Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Em Thell Grown at Three Locations written by Ruben P. Verges and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem.

Download or read book Growth and Development of Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L in Response to Intra and Interspecific Competition written by Osama S. Saleh and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kin recognition, is identified as the ability of individual to reduce its competitiveness in In plants, , relative recognizing could have evolved through selection of traits that control the competitive abilities of the organism depending on whether it is experiencing inter- or intra-specific competition. In this dissertation research, four studies were conducted to assess kin recognition in winter wheat. The cultivar AP503cl2 was chosen as a model plant in these studies. In the first study, winter wheat was grown together with self, different winter wheat cultivars, and other species to estimate intra and inter specific competition patterns. It found that winter wheat reduced its competitive potential with self and other wheat and respond differently with the other species. Winter wheats and other species were sown as sole and surrounded with four individuals (same or different species) to evaluate the effect of the high seeding rates on the plant growth and development. The presence of winter wheat high seeding rate has influenced the growth and development of all species, but not wheat cultivars. Winter wheat was separated to prevent any root connection and to study the effect of reflected light by self or other species related to Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Amaranthaceae on winter wheat shoot growth. It found the Amaranthaceae species had the highest impact on wheat shoot growth. The competition was also studied as the seed level by incubating winter wheat seeds under different light and temperature environments to assess the role of companion (competitor) species seeds on seed germination rates. Seed germination was influenced by light and temperature, but not by the presence of companion (competitor) species.

Download or read book Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Response to F 8426 written by Stephen Mark Van Vleet and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Influence of Environment Nitrogen Fertilizer and Cultivar on Dr y Matter Accumulation Grain Yield and Grain Quality of Three Cultivars of Hard Red Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L written by Margaret Kadenyi Kilibwa and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Developmental and Physiological Responses of Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L to Selected Environmental Factors written by Nereu Augusto Streck and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hard Red Winter and Hard Red Spring Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Response to Fertilizer N Rates and Application Method written by Ajmal Khan and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Three Herbicides on Yields of Five Cultivars of Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L Em Thell written by Amor Yahyaoui and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the development of new selective herbicides and the frequent change in commercial wheat cultivars, information is needed as to the possible interaction between cultivars and herbicides. The responses of five genotypically diverse wheat cultivars (Bezostaya, Daws, Maris Hobbit, Stephens and Yamhill) to diuron [3-(3,4-dichloropheny1)-1,1- dimethylurea], diclofop methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) herbicides were compared under field and greenhouse conditions during the 1979-80 growing season. Grain yield was considered as a measure of herbicide injury when compared to the control plots for each cultivar. Effect on components of yield, plant height and grain protein content also were investigated. Differences in yield performance and related agronomic characters could be attributed to specific herbicides, designated rates and growth stages at the time of application. The lower (1.4 kg/ha) rate of diuron, diclofop and 2,4-D reduced yields less than the higher rate (2.8 kg/ha). Diuron and diclofop applied at the earlier (three to to five leaf) growth stage caused greater yield reductions than when applied at the later (five to six tiller) growth stage. Differential yield responses were found among and within the five winter wheat cultivars. The higher rate of diuron (2.8 kg/ha) caused the most injury in all of the cultivars tested. Major injury from diclofop occurred on the cultivar Maris Hobbit with minor effects on the other four cultivars. The primary reduction in yield from application of 2,4-D was to the cultivar Bezostaya. Among the five wheat cultivars tested in this experiment, Daws was the most tolerant to the three herbicides tested. Among the yield components (number of spikes per unit area, kernels per spike and 1000 kernel weight), number of kernels per spike accounted for most of the variation in yield. The data showed a direct relationship between kernel number and grain yield. Grain protein percentage of Daws, Maris Hobbit, Stephens and Yamhill significantly increased at the higher rate of diuron; whereas a similar increase was noted only in Bezostaya at the lower rate of 2,4-D. These increases in protein were associated with significant decreases in yield. Yield reductions due to herbicide treatments were generally lower than those due to weed competition. Reductions in yield and corresponding changes in the other agronomic characteristics observed in this experiment were the result of concentrations which are higher than those normally used in spraying wheat for weed control. This high chemical dosage was chosen for each herbicide to assure a greater differential response among and within the wheat cultivars. It also provided information for the plant breeder as to which cultivars had higher levels of tolerance. Such information is important when making hybrid combinations for the development of future varieties if higher levels of tolerance to specific herbicides are required.

Download or read book Influence of Phosphorous and Lime Application on Root Growth and Grain Yield of Two Winter Wheat Cultivars Triticum Aestivum L Em Thell written by Mary Caroline Boulger and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Differential grain yield response of two winter wheat cultivars ('Yamhill' and'McDermid) when grown on acid soils prompted this investigation. Root samples were taken at two soil depths at late tillering and anthesis from plots established on an acid nonpareil soil in Douglas County, Oregon. The soil pH was 5.2-5.3 and this was increased to 6.5 on the limed plots. Lime and/or phosphorous were applied in a split-split plot design. Grain yields were also obtained from each plot. A root sampling method was evaluated using soil cores. After separating the roots from the soil, they were stored in 95% ethanol until stained with Feulgens. Nuclei of live roots were differentiated by the stain. The live roots were counted and the Newman formula was used to determine root length. Yamhill had significantly greater root length than McDermid at the late tillering stage of plant development. Though cultivar differences for root length across all treatments were not statistically significant at anthesis. Yamhill tended to have more root length than McDermid, especially when phosphorous was not applied. Phosphorous was the most significant factor affecting root length both in the 0-20cm depth and in the 20-40cm depth samples. McDermid root length responded to phosphorous to a greater degree than Yamhill. In the deeper soil samples (20-40cm) lime did not contribute to increased root length. In the upper soil layer (0-20cm) it did significantly affect root length. Though neither lime nor phosphorous was incorporated into the 20-40cm depth, the phosphorous affected root length below its area of application by causing an overall increase in plant growth. Grain yield responded to lime and phosphorous application in the same manner as root length. In 1978 the correlation between grain yield and root length was r = .750 at the tillering stage and r = .880 at anthesis. The second year a value of r = .750 was obtained between root length and grain yield at the tillering stage of plant development. The root sampling technique was effective in distinguishing cultivar differences at the 0-20cm depth in the early stages of plant development. Deeper in the soil not enough roots were obtained to get an accurate assessment of cultivar root development. This technique was also an accurate method of determining root length response to lime and phosphorous applications.

Download or read book Bread Wheat written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2002 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wheat is the most widely grown cereal crop in the world, with an ever increasing demand. It plays a fundamental role in food security, and a major challenge is to meet the additional requirements with new cultivars and improved cropping technologies. This book covers information from a number of international experts on the current status of research on wheat improvement and production (wheat breeding programs and genetics), as well as on other aspects (including wheat diseases), from its evolutionary origins to seed production technologies. [from the FAO website]

Download or read book Biochemical Models of Leaf Photosynthesis written by Susanna Von Caemmerer and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2000 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing concerns of global climatic change have stimulated research in all aspects of carbon exchange. This has restored interest in leaf-photosynthetic models to predict and assess changes in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in different environments. This is a comprehensive presentation of the most widely used models of steady-state photosynthesis by an author who is a world authority. Treatments of C3, C4 and intermediate pathways of photosynthesis in relation to environment have been updated to include work on antisense transgenic plants. It will be a standard reference for the formal analysis of photosynthetic metabolism in vivo by advanced students and researchers.