Download or read book Changes in the Swimming Performance Behavior and Physiology of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytcha After Exposure to One Two Or Three Acute Handling Stresses written by Linda A. Sigismondi and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of an organism or organismic subsystem is the result of the interaction between the performance capacity of the system and Its environment. Environmental conditions can stress an organism and thus affect it's performance. In this study, three whole organism performances were examined: critical swimming speed, fatigue time and response time to a sudden bright light. In addition, subsystem performances were examined by measuring changes in hematocrit and plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, osmolarity, sodium and potassium. Performance tests were made on juvenile chinook salmon stressed 0, 1, 2 or 3 times, with 1 or 3 h between stresses, and on fish allowed to recover 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after each level of stress. A stress consisted of holding the fish in a dip net in the air for 30 sec. The physiological responses and the swimming tests were conducted on salt water adapted fish while the behavioral response was measured with fish in fresh water. Plasma levels of cortisol, lactic acid, osmolarity and sodium increased cumulatively following several acute handling stresses spaced I h apart, though each parameter returned to control levels in 6-12 h. Plasma glucose rose significantly by 1 h after the first stress and remained higher than control levels at all levels of stress and through 24 h after stress. Plasma potassium increased initially following one and two stresses, dropped below control levels within 1-6 h after the last stress, and then increased above control levels for the remainder of the 24 h. Following three stresses potassium was lower than controls initially and then was similar to the levels for one and two stresses throughout the rest of the 24 h recovery period. There was a decrease in hematocrit 3-6 h after each level of stress followed by a return to control levels within 12 h of the last stress. Critical swimming speed was measured by increasing the water velocity in a flow-through swim tube and noting the velocity at which each fish stopped swimming. Critical swimming speeds after handling were highly variable and no differences were found between stressed fish and unstressed fish at any level of stress or any recovery time. Fatigue time was measured as the time a fish can maintain position in a swim tube at a given constant water velocity (60 cm/sec). Following each fatigue test, fish were killed and blood samples were obtained. Unlike unstressed fish, which all fatigued within13 min, the times to fatigue of stressed fish varied with some fish fatiguing within a few minutes and some fish swimming the 60 min period. There was a depression in fatigue times immediately following one and three handling stresses spaced 1 h apart. Immediately after two stresses and with all groups given time to recover from stress, fatigue times were similar to or higher than for unstressed fish. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, osmolarity and sodium were higher in swimming fish than in non-swimming controls. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactic acid were all highly variable in fish following fatigue and no differences were found betweeen fish handled in a dip net and unhandled fish at any level of stress or any time after stress. Plasma osmolarity and sodium levels in fatigued fish immediately after one stress were higher than levels in unstressed fatigued fish. Plasma potassium was higher in fatigued fish than in unstressed fatigued controls at several time periods after one and three stresses. The behavior test consisted of exposing groups of salmon in fresh water to a sudden bright light and measuring the time it took each fish to reach cover. Unstressed fish reached cover within 15 sec. Stressed fish took longer to reach cover, with the greatest delay immediately after stress and a gradual decrease in response time with recovery from stress. Exposure to two and three consecutive stress with 3 h between stresses increased the response times and the recovery times indicating that the effects of stress were cumulative.
Download or read book Biological Indicators of Stress in Fish written by Austin B. Williams and published by Bethesda, Md. : American Fisheries Society. This book was released on 1990 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Transmitter Type Tagging Method Body Size and Temperature on Behavior Physiology and Swimming Performance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha written by Russell W. Perry and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biology of Stress in Fish written by Carl B. Schreck and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-11-01 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biology of Stress in Fish: Fish Physiology provides a general understanding on the topic of stress biology, including most of the recent advances in the field. The book starts with a general discussion of stress, providing answers to issues such as its definition, the nature of the physiological stress response, and the factors that affect the stress response. It also considers the biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in the stress response, how the stress response is generated and controlled, its effect on physiological and organismic function and performance, and applied assessment of stress, animal welfare, and stress as related to model species. Provides the definitive reference on stress in fish as written by world-renowned experts in the field Includes the most recent advances and up-to-date thinking about the causes of stress in fish, their implications, and how to minimize the negative effects Considers the biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in the stress response
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Saltwater entry Behavior and Saltwater Preference of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha written by Carol Seals Price and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1998-2000, laboratory studies were conducted to examine factors that impact saltwater-entry behavior and saltwater preference (SWP) of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. These factors included bacterial kidney disease, stress and the presence of trout, O. mykiss. An additional study investigated the orientation of the startle response of chinook salmon within a salinity gradient. All experiments were conducted in 757-1 tanks in which a stable, vertical salinity gradient was established. SWP was decreased in fish suffering from bacterial kidney disease (31 ± 20.0%), compared with control fish (85 ± 17.6%). A mild chasing stressor resulted in a 26% decrease in SWP relative to unstressed fish. After a severe handling stressor, only 20% of fish preferred salt water, compared with 100% of unstressed controls. After exposure to an overhead predator model, severely stressed fish descended into the saltwater layer, but this response was transient. The presence of non-aggressive steelhead trout did not affect SWP of chinook salmon. Chinook salmon stocked with rainbow trout displayed decreased SWP. Aggression levels in tanks with rainbow trout were higher than in tanks with only chinook salmon. The orientation of the startle response was affected by the presence of salt water. Fish that preferred salt water within a gradient responded by moving horizontally within the saltwater layer. In contrast, control fish (held only in freshwater) moved vertically within the water colunm when startled. Prior preference for salt water superseded the inclination to move upward in the water column when startled. Smoltification involves physiological, behavioral and morphological changes that prepare healthy chinook salmon for seawater residence. However, disease, stress and aggressive interactions can decrease the SWP of fish at this life history stage. Avoidance of salt water during estuarine outmigration is likely maladaptive, and may have ecological ramifications including increased risk of avian predation during outmigration and decreased fitness in the marine environment.
Download or read book The Effects of Elevated Temperature and Stress on Immune Function in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha written by Laura Nicole Martini Harrahy and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress, including extreme or rapidly changing temperatures, are known to have deleterious effects on fish health and physiology. This thesis examines the combined effects of elevated acclimation temperature and acute handling stress on the number of antibody producing cells, plasma lysozyme concentrations, and the number of pronephric leukocytes in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). An additional goal of this thesis was to explore the effects of a temperature fluctuation, as a potential instigator of thermal shock, on innate immunity in wild fall chinook salmon of the Columbia River, specifically to determine if there are effects on plasma lysozyme concentrations and on the frequencies of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes in circulation. Finally, based on results found in an experiment involving elevated acclimation temperature, the relationship between the number of antibody producing cells and fish body weight was examined. Plasma lysozyme concentrations and the number of pronephric leukocytes were both affected by acclimation to 21°C compared to 13°C. While a positive relationship was found between temperature and lysozyme, an inverse relationship was found between temperature and the number of pronephric leukocytes. Plasma lysozyme concentrations, the number of pronephric leukocytes, and the number of antibody producing cells did not respond to the stressor, and the combination of elevated temperature and stress did not have an additive effect on any of the physiological or immunological variables studied. Differences between controls and temperature-treated fish were not detected among individual time points throughout a temperature fluctuation experiment, despite overall responses in plasma lysozyme concentrations and the frequencies of circulating lymphocytes. The frequencies of circulating neutrophils and thrombocytes did not respond to the thermal stressor. Finally, a significant positive relationship was detected between the number of antibody producing cells (assessed by a hemolytic plaque assay) and body weight among non-stressed fish acclimated to 21°C and 13°C. Regardless of acclimation temperature, these results emphasize the importance of the standardization of fish size for immunological experiments. Results from this thesis suggest that some components of innate immunity are affected by elevated acclimation temperatures and that the adaptive immune system is affected by acclimation temperature differently in small and large fish.
Download or read book Biological Opinion that Address the Potential Effects on Sacramento River Winter run Chinook Salmon from the Bureau of Reclamation s Proposed Los Vaqueros Project written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Analysis of the Prolonged Swimming Performance of Hatchery and River Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha from the Lower American River California written by Katherine L. Seefloth and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ecological Influence of Bacterial Kidney Disease on Juvenile Spring Chinook Salmon written by Matthew G. Mesa and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to investigate the effects of BKD on three aspects of juvenile salmonid performance: (1) predator avoidance ability; (2) smoltification; and (3) physiological responses to stress. For these experiments, fish with different Rs-infection profiles (created by using an immersion challenge method) were sampled to assess physiological change and subjected to various performance tests during disease progression. When equal numbers of Rs-challenged and unchallenged fish were subjected to predation by northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. A progressively worsening infection with Rs did not alter the normal changes in gill ATPase and condition factor associated with smoltification in juvenile chinook salmon. A dramatic proliferation of BKD was associated with maximal responses of indicators of smoltification, suggesting that the process of smoltification itself can trigger outbreaks of disease. When Rs-infected fish were subjected to three 60-s bouts of severe handling that were separated by 48-72 h, this experience did not lead to higher infection levels or increased mortality when compared to diseased fish that did not receive the stressors. Furthermore, the kinetics of plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate over 24-h following each stressor were similar between fish with moderate to high BKD and those that had low or no detectable infection. Fish with moderate to high Rs infections had higher titers of cortisol and lactate prior to each application of the stressor and were also unable to consistently elicit a significant hyperglycemia in response to the stressors when compared to fish with low infection levels. During all experiments, fish consistently developed decreased hematocrits and blood glucose levels and increased levels of cortisol and lactate as the disease worsened, indicating that BKD is stressful, particularly during the later stages. Collectively, these results illustrate the impact of BKD on juvenile salmonids and have also ascribed some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality.
Download or read book The Effects of Warming and Hypoxia as Individual and Combined Stressors on the Survival Physiology and Development of Early Life Stage Chinook Salmon written by Annelise Mary Del Rio and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Central Valley of California are the most vulnerable to climate variability within the species (Crozier et al., 2019). Major threats include climate change, habitat loss, and water management infrastructure. Early life stages of salmon are particularly susceptible to stressors related to these threats because they have little to no ability to swim away from sub-optimal conditions within the incubation environment. Instead, they must rely on internal physiological responses to cope with stressors. Developing salmon thrive in cool, well-oxygenated water; however, warming and hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) are two stressors that are prevalent within the gravel redds. Few studies have examined the effects of multiple, co-occurring stressors on salmon embryos, but warming and hypoxia are likely to interact because of opposing effects on metabolic rate and physiological performance. The interaction between warming and hypoxia may have contributed to recent high embryo mortality in an endangered population of Sacramento River salmon, where low flows and resulting hypoxia are hypothesized to have reduced the thermal tolerance of salmon embryos (Martin et al. 2017). In this dissertation I examined the effects of warming and hypoxia on the survival and physiology of early life stage Chinook salmon in laboratory and field studies. Rearing embryos under chronic hypoxia resulted in higher mortality, especially in combination with warming, and affected upper thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, I investigated how the timing of exposure to warming, hypoxia, or both stressors affected early life stages during the exposure and found that exposure to both stressors had the greatest effect on hatching, growth, and metabolic rate if embryos were chronically exposed to these stressors during their entire embryogenesis or if they were only exposed late in embryogenesis, shortly before hatch. Furthermore, salmon developmental rate, metabolic rate, and acute stress tolerance continued to be affected in the alevin and fry even though they were transferred to control conditions following hatch, suggesting there are lasting effects of early stress exposure on the physiological performance of juvenile salmon. In Chapter 4, I conducted a field experiment to study how natural water quality variables, with a focus on dissolved oxygen and temperature, affected salmon embryo hatching and survival within artificial redds on the American River near Sacramento, California. Overall, hatching success was low, in part because of poor egg quality. Intergravel dissolved oxygen was highly variable and contributed to differences in embryo survival among the redds, along with intergravel temperature and water flow above the redds. Overall, these studies indicate that the interactions between temperature and dissolved oxygen affect key aspects of early salmon development and physiology in different ways than the individual stressors. My dissertation should help to inform management strategies to improve early life stage salmon survival in Central Valley rivers such as dam management plans for river flows that consider dissolved oxygen and water temperature for salmon.
Download or read book Early Life History of Fish written by E. Kamler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the fishes, a remarkably wide range of biological adaptations to diverse habitats has evolved. As well as living in the conventional habitats of lakes, ponds, rivers, rock pools and the open sea, fish have solved the problems of life in deserts, in the deep sea, in the cold Antarctic, and in warm waters of high alkalinity or of low oxygen. Along with these adaptations, we find the most impressive specializations of morphology, physiology and behaviour. For example we can marvel at the high-speed swimming of the marlins, sailfish and warm-blooded tunas, air breathing in catfish and lungfish, parental care in the mouth-brooding cichlids and viviparity in many sharks and toothcarps. Moreover, fish are ofconsiderable importance to the survival ofthe human species in the form of nutritious and delicious food of numerous kinds. Rational exploitation and management of our global stocks of fishes must rely upon a detailed and precise insight of their biology. The Chapman and Hall Fish and Fisheries Series aims to present timely volumes reviewing important aspects of fish biology. Most volumes will be of interest to research workers in biology, zoology, ecology and physiology, but an additional aim is for the books to be accessible to a wide spectrum ofnon specialist readers ranging from undergraduates and postgraduates to those with an interest in industrial and commercial aspects of fish and fisheries.
Download or read book Developmental Plasticity of Muscle Cellularity and Swim Performance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Response to Temperature written by Dan Dohyung Lim and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I investigated the influence of incubation temperature on muscle development and swim performance in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In 2011 and 2012, embryos were incubated at different combinations of temperature (7, 9, 15 °C), before and after the onset of free swimming. High-intensity fixed velocity swim tests were performed to assess anaerobic capacity of juveniles. In 2012, these tests were done at a standardized body size (4̃0 mm). The mean (least-squares) logged times to fatigue of the 15 °C-incubated fish was higher (0.623 ± 0.049 SE) than the 7 °C-incubated fish (0.435 ± 0.048 SE) even after acclimation at a common temperature (9 °C). This indicates a carry-over effect of incubation temperature on swim performance. However, cross-sectional fibre area and number did not correlate with individual swim performance. My study shows the importance of controlling for body size in studies linking muscle cellularity to swim performance.
Download or read book Interrenal and Metabolic Responses to Stress and Their Modifying Factors in Juvenile Salmonid Fishes microform written by Barton, Bruce Alexander and published by Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International. This book was released on 1986 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental factors modified characteristic interrenal and glycemic responses to stress in juvenile salmonid fishes. During continuous confinement stress, plasma cortisol rose more quickly in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, acclimated to high rather than medium or low temperatures; hyperglycemia following either acute or chronic stress was also highest in this group. When chinook salmon were subjected to three handling stresses, separated by 3-h intervals, increases of plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate and decreases in plasma sodium were cumulative. Healthy chinook salmon appeared sore able than diseased fish to elevate plasma cortisol after stress, but post-stress plasma glucose was higher in the unhealthy fish. Glycemic responses to stress in chinook salmon were related to diet type and to fasting. When rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were exposed to pH 4.7 and then handled, the post-stress plasma cortisol elevation was more than twice that in those at ambient pH. Rainbow trout subjected to an acute disturbance daily for 10 wk exhibited habituation, evident from plasma cortisol and glucose levels after handling that were about one half of those in previously unstressed fish. The interrenal. response to handling in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, increased twofold during the normal period of smoltification. A comparison of chinook salmon, coho salmon, rainbow trout and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, subjected to identical handling stresses, suggested that there were species and stock differences affecting the megnitude of plasma cortisol elevations. Rainbow trout fed with cortisol-treated feed exhibited reduced growth, condition factor, liver glycogen and circulating lymphocytes, and higher plasma glucose and hemetocrit. The plasma cortisol elevation following handling was completely abolished in the cortisol-fed trout, indicating that continuous negative feedback of cortisol eliminated the fish's ability to initiate an interrenal stress response. When forced to swim, seen oxygen consumption rate in stressed steelhead, Salmo gairdneri, was about twice that in unstressed fish and individual rates were positively correlated with please cortisol elevations. The metebolic cost of this stress was estimated to reduce the energy available for other performance components within the fish's scope for activity by about one quarter.
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Acute and Chronic Stress Response in Green Sturgeon Acipenser Medirostris with Emphasis on the Hypothalamic pituitary interrenal Axis written by Scott Edward Lankford and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Swimming Performance and Muscle Function in Juvenile California Salmon written by Shana Michelle Katzman and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
