Download or read book Cerebral Ischemia written by Wolfgang Walz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-03-25 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human brain represents about 2% of the body weight, yet it accounts for approximately 20% of aerobic metabolism. This high dependency on energy-consuming processes is mainly caused by the active transport of ions, which is necessary to compensate for the transmembrane ion currents that are part ofthe complex signaling processes in the brain. Ninety-five percent ofthe brain's ATP is derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Since that organ' s storage capacity for oxygen is minimal, any interruption of oxygen delivery to brain cells willlead to changes in membrane excitability and, there fore, to disruption of neuronal signaling within seconds. It seems that mamma lian brain is especially vulnerable to such an interruption, since oxygen deprivation leads to activation of ion channel mechanisms in neurons that impair their communications. Thus, the function of the brain as a coordinator of vital homeostatic reflexes, and complex body reactions to external challenges, depends critically on the rate of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. Oxygen delivery depends on two variables described in the Fick relation ship: volume flow rate ofblood and the arterial oxygen content. A reduction in either of these two variables will have serious effects on vital brain func tions. Reduction of arterial blood flow to the brain can be caused by cardiac arrest, shock, carotid occlusion, Of hypotension (global ischemia). Oxygen content is progressively decreased in asphyxia (including drowning).
Download or read book Acute Ischemic Stroke written by R. Gilberto González and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-05 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated second edition of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Imaging and Intervention provides a comprehensive account of the state of the art in the diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The basic format of the first edition has been retained, with sections on fundamentals such as pathophysiology and causes, imaging techniques and interventions. However, each chapter has been revised to reflect the important recent progress in advanced neuroimaging and the use of interventional tools. In addition, a new chapter is included on the classification instruments for ischemic stroke and their use in predicting outcomes and therapeutic triage. All of the authors are internationally recognized experts and members of the interdisciplinary stroke team at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. The text is supported by numerous informative illustrations, and ease of reference is ensured through the inclusion of suitable tables. This book will serve as a unique source of up-to-date information for neurologists, emergency physicians, radiologists and other health care providers who care for the patient with acute ischemic stroke.
Download or read book Brain Ischemia written by Louis R. Caplan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professor Caplan has extensively edited the book to shape and organize the contents into a succinct presentation by experts of the basic science and clinical aspects of the topic. The text has been divided into sections: The Brain.- Macroscopic and microscopic molecular aspects of brain ischemia, including pathophysiology, pathology, biochemistry, and clinical measurement.- Blood Vessels.- Their constitution and the pathology and physiology of the endothelium and arterial wall.- Blood Flow.- Its physics, control, rheology, and pathophysiology.- Blood.- The role of the cellular and serological constituents in coagulation and fibrinolysis. - Heart.- Sources of embolism and cardiac changes caused by brain ischemia.- And Epidemiology, Databases, and Trials. Prefatory remarks by Professor Caplan introduce each section. At the end of each section he relates the basic concepts to patient problems in the clinic, integrates the various contributions in the section, and covers other areas not discussed by the individual contributors.
Download or read book Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms written by Alexander Hartmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, one of a series of monographs devoted to the problems of cerebral ischemia and related topics, we present the proceedings of an international conference on Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms held in Bad Schachen/Lake Constance, Germany in June 1992. The enormous progress in research recently on the basic mechanisms associated with cerebral ischemia has provided greater insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of reduced brain perfusion and decreased cerebral metabolism. The high technology instrumentation used to unravel the intricacies of cerebral blood flow and metabolism includes positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A description of sophisticated neurophysiological techniques will give the reader insight into new models of reversible and irreversible tissue damage and changes at the molecular level have been described. The therapeutic approaches which have developed from this re search have been or will be used in clinical trials and will open new avenues in the treatment of stroke. The organizers of the meeting would like to thank the advisory board for its helpful suggestions and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and other sponsors for their important support.
Download or read book Brain Ischemia written by Eugene I. Gusev and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ischemia is localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood, thus brain ischemia is the condition where insufficient blood is delivered to the brain. Many physiological processes occurring in the brain critically depend on the state of its energy metabolism. The state of brain energy metabolism in turn depends on the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain via the bloodstream. Although it comprises only 2% of the total body weight, the human brain consumes 20-25% of the oxygen and up to 70% of the free glucose taken in by the body. The brain respires more intensively than any other organ of the body. The intensity of oxygen consumption by cortical brain tissue much exceeds the demands of other tissues (5.43 mmol 02/g per h versus 3.06 and 4.02 mmol for heart at rest and intensively working, respectively, 2.4 mmol for kidneys, and 1.8 mmol for liver). Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria generates 95% of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that is formed in the brain. Thus, it is clear why insufficiency of oxygen delivery to brain cells adversely affects brain function. Glucose is the main energy-providing substrate in the brain. The basic pathway of its metabolism in neural tissue is aerobic glycolysis.
Download or read book Cerebral Ischemia and Resuscitation written by Avital Schurr and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-09-24 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fascinating monograph is filled with information formerly found only in periodicals and symposia proceedings. Chapters discuss the different models of cerebral ischemia in use today, including their advantages and disadvantages. This one-of-a-kind resource also contains essential chapters on cellular mechanisms of ion and acid-base homeostases, and energy metabolism of the ischemic brain. It reviews the possible role of lipids, free fatty acids, and free radicals. Four chapters are devoted to neurotransmitters and neuroregulators in cerebral ischemia. This extraordinary work also covers aspects of protection against and resuscitation from cerebral ischemia. An extremely informative volume, this book is an absolute must for every student in the field of cerebral ischemia, as well as the clinician or scientist who is already involved with this worldwide problem.
Download or read book Cerebral Blood Flow written by Michael Pinsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cerebral Blood Flow: Quantifying Consciousness Although the heart may be the source of energy needed to generate blood flow,and other organs absolutely essential for normal living,the brain is the reason we are alive. The collected book chapters are aimed at addressing this most fundamental organ and its blood flow. These papers reflect detailed descriptions of similar topics presented over a two-day period as part of the 5th International Symposium on Applied Physiology of the Peripheral Circulation held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in June 2000. The symposium and this volume were organized into four distinct groupings that follow in a logical fashion. The initial papers focus on the basic unique physiology and pathophysiology of the cerebral circulation, including a historical reviewof the means to measure cerebral blood flow and its implications of the past 30 years. Dr. Walter D. Obrist was one of the original investigators to use radiolabeled markers to assess cerebral blood flow. His equations and initial studies form an impressive introduction to where we are now. As with much of the body's special organs, the brain too has many circulatory features unique to itself.These include the unique blood-brain barrier function ofthe endothelium, local neural regulation control, and intracranial pressure effects. These special issues,plus genetic factors that may predispose individuals to developing cere bral aneurysm, make up the initial section of the monograph.
Download or read book Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke written by Sarah T. Pendlebury and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-02-19 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accessible handbook covering the investigation, diagnosis and management of transient ischemic attacks and minor strokes.
Download or read book New Concepts in Cerebral Ischemia written by Rick C. S. Lin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-12-21 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately half a million Americans suffer brain ischemic episodes every year. These brain strokes are the third leading cause of death in the United States and the number-one cause of permanent disability. Over the past decade, we have made extensive attempts to understand the biological mechanisms that underlie stroke-induced neuronal injury.
Download or read book Cerebral Ischaemia written by Jacques Bories and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous meetings have been devoted to cerebral The angiographic study specifies the indications vascular accidents during the last few years. Never of angiography in the study of cerebral ischemia, and theless our experience at La Salpetriere shows that the techniques to be used. It shows the main etiologic cerebral infarcts are not always well explored. Indi aspects. Because of the important place of vascular cations for angiography today, as well as the main surgery today, it seemed necessary to show also the CT aspects during the evolution of ischemia seem main post operative angiographic aspects. not to be always well known by radiologists. We After CT and angiography, some pages are re therefore thought it useful to have a special issue de served to more modem techniques: positron emis voted to cerebral ischemia; this is also the reason sion tomography which will perhaps allow us to bet why this special issue looks more like a thoroughly ter understand the pathophysiological signification worked out study than one exclusively devoted to a of imaging and magnetic resonance imaging, which limited number of scientific papers. will perhaps allow us to detect ischemic edema in the After a brief clinical and pathophysiological ap reversible stage, prior to frank infarction.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage in Cerebral Ischemia and Trauma written by Alexander Baethmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication of the Vth International Symposium 1995 on "Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage" in Mauls/ltaly is a collection of focused reviews reaching from novel molecular- and cell biological findings to aspects of clinical management in head injury and cerebral ischemia. A specific purpose of these series of meetings introduced in 1984 is for an exchange on problems of mutual interest by international high ranking experts from the basic sciences and related clinical disciplines, such as intensive care medicine, neurology, or neurosurgery. The present volume covers three major areas: (a) Molecular and cell biological mechanisms including inflammation (b) Novel findings on mechanisms and treatment in cerebral ischemia (c) Secondary processes in head injury, regeneration and treatment Molecular-and cell biology is currently attracting attention towards activation of genomic processes associated with the demise of cells referred to as "programmed cell death" and "apoptosis" which, actually, might be distinguished from each other. Thus, the phenomenon of delayed neuronal death in selectively vulnerable brain areas following brief interruption of blood flow is scrutinized as to the contribution of the activation of suicide genes. The physiological role of such a response, among others, is removal of surplus neurons during ontogenesis of the brain. Yet, evidence is accumulating that similar mechanisms playa role in cerebral ischemia, probably also trauma, where nerve-and other cells demonstrate features of apoptosis. Observations on protection of neurons by administration of protein synthesis inhibitors in cerebral ischemia provide more direct support.
Download or read book Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injuries CIRI written by Weijian Jiang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is focused on subjects related to cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injuries after acute stroke. All chapters are selected from the Sixth Elite Stroke meeting named Pangu Stroke Conference and written by members of world leading laboratories of stroke studies. The contents cover both clinical and bench studies, from basic components of cerebral arterial system to clinical reperfusion injury cases, from reperfusion caused programmed cell death and astrocyte activation to oxidative stress and nitric oxide after reperfusion, from extracellular matrix and inflammation to a role of diabetes after reperfusion, from small artery disorders to collateral circulation and blood pressure control after reperfusion. Wei-Jian Jiang, Chairman of New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute of PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wengui Yu, Professor and Director of Comprehensive Stroke & Cerebrovascular Center, University of California, Irvine Yan Qu, Professor and Director of Neurosurgery at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China. Zhongsong Shi, Professor of Neurosurgery at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Ben-yan Luo, Professor and Chair of Neurology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. John H. Zhang, Professor of Anesthesiology and Physiology at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
Download or read book Clinical Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia written by Gert J. Ter Horst and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-11-01 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A distinguished international panel of authors define our current understanding of neuronal damage after ischemia and critically review the significant recent developments and progress in cerebrovascular accident (CVA) drug trials, both in animal models and in the clinical setting. These leading basic and fundamental authorities survey such important new drugs as calcium-influx inhibitors, free-radical scavenging drugs, glutamate and glycinergic antagonists, and immune suppressors. They also evaluate all the latest findings concerning calcium homeostasis, glutamate toxicity, gene activation, and the role of free radicals, glycine, and hormones. Chapters devoted to the neuroimaging of stroke, clinical trials, and the role of cerebral immune activation complete this informative collection of cutting-edge reviews.
Download or read book Maturation Phenomenon in Cerebral Ischemia III written by Umeo Ito and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Maturation Phenomenon, described by Ito et al. in 1975 [3) on the basis of his to logical observations in the hippocampus as well as other portions of the cerebral hemisphere, refers to the hours or days of delay in the development of pathological changes in various parameters of ischemic injury following the restoration of blood flow to the ischemic brain. There is a direct relationship between the intensity of ischemic insult and the speed and rate of maturation of ischemic injury, a lesser intensity being associated with slower and less severe development of the lesions. The delayed neuronal death of CAl pyramidal cells of the hippocampus [8) is a classic example. In the cerebral cortex, with increasing intensity of the ischemic insult, the maturation phenomenon of ischemic injuries intensifies, seamlessly, from less exten sive to more extensive disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN), and then further to cerebral infarction upon reaching a critical threshold [1,2,4,6,7). We also have found that following ischemic insults just under the threshold level required to induce infarction, only disseminated selective neuronal necrosis (DSNN) progresses, while following ischemic insults at the threshold level, initially only DSNN develops, followed by the evolution of a gradually enlarging infarcted focus [5, 7). The reporting of this phenomenon boosted research in the field, as it became evi dent that ischemic damage is not a sudden event, but a process potentially susceptible to therapeutic intervention.
Download or read book Brain Ischemia New Insights for the Healthcare Professional 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain Ischemia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Brain Ischemia in a concise format. The editors have built Brain Ischemia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Brain Ischemia in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Brain Ischemia: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Handbook of Neuroemergency Clinical Trials written by Brett E. Skolnick and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Neuroemergency Clinical Trials, Second Edition, focuses on the practice of clinical trials in acute neuroscience populations, or what have been called neuroemergencies. Neuroemergencies are complex, life-threatening diseases and disorders, often with devastating consequences, including death or disability. The overall costs are staggering in terms of annual incidence and costs associated with treatment and survival, yet despite their significance as public health issues, there are few drugs and devices available for definitive treatment. The book focuses on novel therapies and the unique challenges their intended targets pose for the design and analysis of clinical trials. This volume provides neurologists, neuroscientists, and drug developers with a more complete understanding of the scientific and medical issues of relevance in designing and initiating clinical development plans for novel drugs intended for acute neuroscience populations. The editors provide the best understanding of the pitfalls associated with acute CNS drug development and the best information on how to approach and solve issues that have plagued drug development. Presents a comprehensive overview on clinical trials and drug development challenges in acute neuroscience populations Provides neurologists, neuroscientists and drug developers with a complete understanding of scientific and medical issues related to designing clinical trials Edited by leaders in the field who have designed and managed over 50 neuroemergency clinical trials
Download or read book Hypothermia and Cerebral Ischemia written by Carolina M. Maier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-10-17 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of the scientific and clinical studies that have led to the resurgence of interest in hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy in the treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Topics of special importance include intraoperative and intensive care management of hypothermia-treated patients, a critical look at the potential for combining hypothermia with pharmacotherapy, and an update on the latest technological advances that have made hypothermic treatment possible in today's clinical setting.