Download or read book Cellular Immune Responses to Mycobacteria written by Sandra Monique Arend and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hide and Seek written by Christopher Jacob Cambier and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative pathogen of human tuberculosis, is one of the most deadly infectious diseases to inflict man, having killed one-quarter of the population of Europe during the 19th century. The evolutionary success of this pathogen is dependent on its ability to cause disease in order to transmit. Disease symptoms are driven by the bacteria's ability to orchestrate the formation of immune cell aggregates, known as granulomas. Using the zebrafish model of mycobacterial infection, I have taken advantage of the optical transparency of the zebrafish larvae to intricately detail the cellular responses mediating granuloma development. I have identified both host-evasion and host-manipulation strategies used by mycobacteria to cause disease. Mycobacteria avoid detection by immune pattern recognition receptors that identify both pathogens and commensals. This evasion strategy fails in the presence of other bacteria and therefore provides an explanation for the longstanding observation that M. tuberculosis must initiate infection in the relatively sterile lower lung, as opposed to the upper airways, which are replete with commensals. Mycobacteria also manipulate the immune response by driving the expression of host chemokines to recruit bacterial permissive cells, which they must infect in order to cause disease. A finding that provides a mechanistic understanding for human studies where overexpression of these same chemokines were associated with developing active tuberculosis. Finally, my work identified a tissue resident macrophage population as being able to clear infection in unimmunized hosts, an epidemiologically documented process that is rarely represented in animal models. These data strengthen our understanding of mycobacterial pathogenesis and will help to guide future therapeutic and vaccine efforts.
Download or read book Understanding the Host Immune Response Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection written by Vishwanath Venketaraman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-26 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host’s immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Download or read book Mycobacterium tuberculosis written by Mauro Bendinelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis once again occupies a special position in the areas of infec tious diseases and microbiology. This disease has been important to mankind since even before biblical times. Tuberculosis has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, especially in highly ur banized Europe, until a few decades ago. Indeed, this disease became a center of many novels, plays, and operas, since it appeared to be quite popular to have the heroine dying of "consumption. " Most importantly, tuberculosis also became the focus of attention for many investigations during the 19th and even the 20th centuries. Major advances were made in the areas of isolation and identification of M. tuberculosis and related microorganisms. The discovery, by Robert Koch, that tuberculosis was caused by an infectious agent revolutionized our thinking about dis eases. Koch's postulates were developed with tuberculosis in mind and became a focal point for many advances in microbiology and medicine. Studies with mycobacteria as a central focus have also led to revolu tionary new concepts about immunology in general. Koch himself showed that those exposed to M. tuberculosis develop a skin hypersen sitivity or allergy to the microorganism's antigens, an observation which was the starting point for many important developments. Indeed, imme diate-type hypersensitivity and atopic or IgE-mediated allergy were de fined in relation to the delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity evi denced with the tubercle bacillus.
Download or read book Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterial Infection written by Jinhee Lee and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The New Paradigm of Immunity to Tuberculosis written by Maziar Divangahi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates the intimate relationship between alveolar macrophages and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), and the former’s role in both innate and adaptive immunity against M.tb. It covers research done over the last decade. It also explores the role of macrophage death following infection with M.tb. in determining whether successful immunity is stimulated, or whether clinical disease develops; furthermore, the function of host lipid mediators in macrophage death modality are addressed. The book also illustrates how the balance between prostaglandins and lipoxins determines whether infected macrophages undergo apoptosis or necrosis, which is the ultimate factor in the outcome of infection. Finally, it is a synthesis of the authors’ recent studies and the studies of others to offer a new understanding of immunity to tuberculosis.
Download or read book Tuberculosis in Adults and Children written by Dorothee Heemskerk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-17 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases.
Download or read book Chemokine Biology Basic Research and Clinical Application written by Kuldeep Neote and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-08 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemokines play an important role in recruiting inflammatory cells into tissues in response to infection and inflammation. They also play an important role in coordinating the movement of T-cells, B-cells and dentritic cells, necessary to generate an immune response (response to injury, allergens, antigens, invading microorganisms). They selectively attract leukocytes to inflammatory foci, inducing both cell migration and activation. They are involved in various diseases, like atherosclerosis, lung and skin inflammation, multiple sclerosis, or HIV. Volume 2 of this two-volume set discusses the pathophysiology of chemokines. It is divided into two parts: a) chemokines in animal disease models, and b) chemokines as drug targets. Together with volume 1, which discusses the immunobiology of chemokines, both volumes give a comprehensive overview of chemokine biology.
Download or read book Buruli Ulcer written by Gerd Pluschke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major objective of this open access book is to summarize the current status of Buruli Ulcer (BU) research for the first time. It will identify gaps in our knowledge, stimulate research and support control of the disease by providing insight into approaches for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of Buruli Ulcer. Book chapters will cover the history, epidemiology diagnosis, treatment and disease burden of BU and provide insight into the microbiology, genomics, transmission and virulence of Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Download or read book Mycobacteria Host Interactions Genetics Immunity Pathology written by Alexander S. Apt and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Download or read book Immunity to Mycobacteria written by Ian Orme and published by Springer. This book was released on 1995 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Importance of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis written by Jean-Yves Dubé and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has afflicted humankind over centuries and continues to be one of the most lethal infectious agents globally. Although a clear role for host genetics during Mtb infection has defied decades of research efforts, some genes have been linked to altered immunity and to other mycobacterial infections, like the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) gene NOD2. Previous studies by our group demonstrated that NOD2 is important for innate and adaptive immune responses to mycobacteria. Mycobacteria have a unique cell wall modification, N-glycolylation of muramic acid, that renders the corresponding NOD2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), more potent. Other groups have pointed to the unique mycobacterial molecule trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and its host PRR Mincle as key drivers of the mycobacterial immune response. In this thesis, I aimed to measure the sufficiency and essentiality of NOD2 and Mincle signalling in innate and adaptive immune responses to mycobacteria, plus determine the importance of these pattern recognition receptors, alone and together, during mycobacterial infection. I hypothesize that NOD2 and Mincle are major pattern recognition receptors of mycobacteria and thus contribute to immunity and the outcome of infection. We studied mycobacterial immunity in the context of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, essentially dead Mtb in mineral oil). By using mycobacterial and murine knockouts plus chemical complementation, we demonstrated that the NOD2/MDP and Mincle/TDM pathways were essential for the mycobacterial adjuvant effect. Dendritic cell effector functions were synergistically augmented with a combination of synthetic N-glycolyl MDP and TDM. This wholly synthetic adjuvant also induced experimental autoimmunity qualitatively similar to but quantitatively less than CFA, demonstrating that much of innate mycobacterial signalling comes from the NOD2 and Mincle pathways and that the reactogenic CFA can be substituted with a molecularly-defined adjuvant for future pharmacological optimization. We next sought to define the importance of NOD2 and Mincle singly and in combination during infection with live Mtb. Aerosol infection of mice deficient in NOD2, Mincle or both receptors showed minor or insignificant differences in bacterial burden compared to wildtype controls. Mice without NOD2 (regardless of Mincle status) survived around 290 days post infection while wildtype counterparts survived longer than 363 days; Mincle deficiency alone was intermediate. Hastened mortality in NOD2 deficient mice was accompanied by weight loss, increased bacterial burden plus distinct pulmonary necrotic cell death. Using an established model of murine intraperitoneal Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis infection, we similarly showed maintained bacterial control in PRR deficient mice with the trend of altered immunity, compared to wildtype controls. We have demonstrated that PRRs are essential for the immune response elicited by mycobacteria in different contexts, yet their benefit to the host during infection is subtle. NOD2 was more important than Mincle in terms of survival, indicating that an immune response elicited by a PRR per se does not correlate with control or tolerance of infection. Acting as immune modifiers, the contribution of genetic variation in PRRs will need to be investigated with a nuanced approach"--
Download or read book Induction of Cellular Immunity to Haptens Conjugated to Mycobacteria written by Park Edward Trefts and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Cell mediated Immune Response to Murine Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection written by Edwin S. Miller and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its Interaction with the Host Organism written by Jean Pieters and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-09 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most notorious pathogens on earth, causing the death of approximately 1.5 million people annually. A major problem in the fight against tuberculosis is the emergence of strains that have acquired resistance to all available antibiotics. One key to the success of M. tuberculosis as a pathogen is its ability to circumvent host immune responses at different levels. This is not only a result of the special makeup of M. tuberculosis in terms of genetic diversity and DNA metabolism and its possession of specialized secretion systems, but also of its ability to hijack the host’s innate immune defence mechanisms. In this volume, researchers from different disciplines provide a topical overview of the diverse mechanisms that contribute to the virulence of M. tuberculosis, ranging from their genetic, metabolic and molecular makeup, as well as the complex strategies these bacteria utilize to escape immune destruction within infected hosts.
Download or read book Virus induced Immunopathology written by Morris Pollard and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
