Download or read book Causality Rules written by Vladimir Pascalutsa and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scattering of light by light is a fundamental process arising at the quantum level through vacuum fluctuations. This short book will explain how, remarkably enough, this quantum process can entirely be described in terms classical quantities. This description is derived from general principles, such as causality, unitarity, Lorentz, and gauge symmetries. The reader will be introduced into a rigorous formulation of these fundamental concepts, as well as their physical interpretation and applications.
Download or read book The Law of Causality and Its Limits written by Philipp Frank and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Law of Causality and its Limits was the principal philosophical work of the physicist turned philosopher, Philipp Frank. Born in Vienna on March 20, 1884, Frank died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 21, 1966. He received his doctorate in 1907 at the University of Vienna in theoretical physics, having studied under Ludwig Boltzmann; his sub sequent research in physics and mathematics was represented by more than 60 scientific papers. Moreover his great success as teacher and expositor was recognized throughout the scientific world with publication of his collaborative Die Differentialgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, with Richard von Mises, in 1925-27. Frank was responsible for the second volume, on physics, and especially noted for his authoritative article on classical Hamiltonian mechanics and optics. Among his earliest papers were those, beginning in 1908, devoted to special relativity, which together with general relativity and physical cosmology occupied him throughout his life. Already in 1907, Frank published his seminal paper 'Kausalgesetz und Erfahrung' ('Experience and the Law of Causality'), much later collected with a splendid selection of his essays on philosophy of science, in English (1941c and 1949g, in our Bibliography). Joining the first 'Vienna Circle' in the first decade of the 20th century, with Hans Hahn, mathematician, and Otto Neurath, sociologist and economist, and deeply influenced by studies of Ernst Mach's critical conceptual histories of science and by the striking challenge of Poincare and Duhem, Frank continued his epistemological investigations.
Download or read book Proof of Causation in Tort Law written by Sandy Steel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-11 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear, critical analysis of proof of causation in the law of tort in England, France and Germany.
Download or read book Symmetry Causality Mind written by Michael Leyton and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this investigation of the psychological relationship between shape and time, Leyton argues compellingly that shape is used by the mind to recover the past and as such it forms a basis for memory. Michael Leyton's arguments about the nature of perception and cognition are fascinating, exciting, and sure to be controversial. In this investigation of the psychological relationship between shape and time, Leyton argues compellingly that shape is used by the mind to recover the past and as such it forms a basis for memory. He elaborates a system of rules by which the conversion to memory takes place and presents a number of detailed case studies--in perception, linguistics, art, and even political subjugation--that support these rules. Leyton observes that the mind assigns to any shape a causal history explaining how the shape was formed. We cannot help but perceive a deformed can as a dented can. Moreover, by reducing the study of shape to the study of symmetry, he shows that symmetry is crucial to our everyday cognitive processing. Symmetry is the means by which shape is converted into memory. Perception is usually regarded as the recovery of the spatial layout of the environment. Leyton, however, shows that perception is fundamentally the extraction of time from shape. In doing so, he is able to reduce the several areas of computational vision purely to symmetry principles. Examining grammar in linguistics, he argues that a sentence is psychologically represented as a piece of causal history, an archeological relic disinterred by the listener so that the sentence reveals the past. Again through a detailed analysis of art he shows that what the viewer takes to be the experience of a painting is in fact the extraction of time from the shapes of the painting. Finally he highlights crucial aspects of the mind's attempt to recover time in examples of political subjugation.
Download or read book Modern Epidemiology written by Kenneth J. Rothman and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2008 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the acclaimed Modern Epidemiology reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasingly focal role that epidemiology plays in dealing with public health and medical problems. Coauthored by three leading epidemiologists, with sixteen additional contributors, this Third Edition is the most comprehensive and cohesive text on the principles and methods of epidemiologic research. The book covers a broad range of concepts and methods, such as basic measures of disease frequency and associations, study design, field methods, threats to validity, and assessing precision. It also covers advanced topics in data analysis such as Bayesian analysis, bias analysis, and hierarchical regression. Chapters examine specific areas of research such as disease surveillance, ecologic studies, social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology, and clinical epidemiology.
Download or read book A Logical Theory of Causality written by Alexander Bochman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-08-17 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A general formal theory of causal reasoning as a logical study of causal models, reasoning, and inference. In this book, Alexander Bochman presents a general formal theory of causal reasoning as a logical study of causal models, reasoning, and inference, basing it on a supposition that causal reasoning is not a competitor of logical reasoning but its complement for situations lacking logically sufficient data or knowledge. Bochman also explores the relationship of this theory with the popular structural equation approach to causality proposed by Judea Pearl and explores several applications ranging from artificial intelligence to legal theory, including abduction, counterfactuals, actual and proximate causality, dynamic causal models, and reasoning about action and change in artificial intelligence. As logical preparation, before introducing causal concepts, Bochman describes an alternative, situation-based semantics for classical logic that provides a better understanding of what can be captured by purely logical means. He then presents another prerequisite, outlining those parts of a general theory of nonmonotonic reasoning that are relevant to his own theory. These two components provide a logical background for the main, two-tier formalism of the causal calculus that serves as the formal basis of his theory. He presents the main causal formalism of the book as a natural generalization of classical logic that allows for causal reasoning. This provides a formal background for subsequent chapters. Finally, Bochman presents a generalization of causal reasoning to dynamic domains.
Download or read book Causality written by Judea Pearl and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-14 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Causality offers the first comprehensive coverage of causal analysis in many sciences, including recent advances using graphical methods. Pearl presents a unified account of the probabilistic, manipulative, counterfactual and structural approaches to causation, and devises simple mathematical tools for analyzing the relationships between causal connections, statistical associations, actions and observations. The book will open the way for including causal analysis in the standard curriculum of statistics, artificial intelligence ...
Download or read book Actual Causality written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression.
Download or read book An Introduction to Causal Inference written by Judea Pearl and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both. The tools are demonstrated in the analyses of mediation, causes of effects, and probabilities of causation. -- p. 1.
Download or read book Association Rule Mining written by Chengqi Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-08-01 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the popularity of knowledge discovery and data mining, in practice as well as among academic and corporate R&D professionals, association rule mining is receiving increasing attention. The authors present the recent progress achieved in mining quantitative association rules, causal rules, exceptional rules, negative association rules, association rules in multi-databases, and association rules in small databases. This book is written for researchers, professionals, and students working in the fields of data mining, data analysis, machine learning, knowledge discovery in databases, and anyone who is interested in association rule mining.
Download or read book Creating A Memory of Causal Relationships written by Michael J. Pazzani and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-02-25 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a theory of learning new causal relationships by making use of perceived regularities in the environment, general knowledge of causality, and existing causal knowledge. Integrating ideas from the psychology of causation and machine learning, the author introduces a new learning procedure called theory-driven learning that uses abstract knowledge of causality to guide the induction process. Known as OCCAM, the system uses theory-driven learning when new experiences conform to common patterns of causal relationships, empirical learning to learn from novel experiences, and explanation-based learning when there is sufficient existing knowledge to explain why a new outcome occurred. Together these learning methods construct a hierarchical organized memory of causal relationships. As such, OCCAM is the first learning system with the ability to acquire, via empirical learning, the background knowledge required for explanation-based learning. Please note: This program runs on common lisp.
Download or read book Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions written by Claudio Lombardi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-02 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elucidates the concept of causation in competition law damages and outlines its practical implications through relevant case law.
Download or read book Event structures with higher order dynamics written by Karcher, David S. and published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. This book was released on 2019-03-11 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Event Structure were introduced in 1979 [18] as a formal model to connect the theory of Petri nets and domain theory. Originally they consisted of atomic non-repeatable events, a binary causal dependency relation, and a binary conflict relation between those events. For a long time various extensions of the original formalism were used to define semantics for other structures such as classes of Petri nets and process calculi.In this thesis the Event Structures (ESs) are considered solely as a declarative modelling tool than as a formalism to define semantics for other structures. In order to model highly dynamic real-world processes (i.e. processes in which occurrences of events may change the dependencies of other events) with a concise model the dynamics must be an inherent part of the modelling formalism. Therefore, the Higher-Order Dynamic-Causality ESs (HDESs) were introduced. They consist of a finite set of atomic non-repeatable events, a causal dependency relation between these events, and a rule-based formalism for events to change the dependencies and the existing rules. This formalism is studied with the respect to its expressive power in comparison to transition systems, some subclasses of HDESs, and to Dynamic Condition Response Graphs (DCR-Graphs). A web tool was created in which HDESs can be defined and explored by executing events, creating the corresponding transition system, or even applying some predefined transformations.Ereignisstrukturen wurden 1979 als formales Modell eingeführt um die Theorie der Petri Netze mit der Theorie der Verbände zu verknüpfen. Ursprünglich bestanden sie aus atomaren nicht wiederholbaren Ereignissen, einer binären kausalen Abhängigkeitsrelation und einer binären Konfliktrelation auf den Ereignissen. Lange Zeit wurden verschiedene Erweiterungen des Ursprungsformalismus genutzt, um Semantiken für andere Strukturen zu definieren (z.B. Klassen von Petri Netzen und Prozesskalkülen). In dieser Arbeit werden Ereignisstrukturen (ESs) als deklarativer Modellierungsformalismus betrachtet und nicht, um Semantiken für andere Strukturen zu definieren. Um hochdynamische Prozesse (also Prozesse, in denen Ereignisse die Abhängigkeiten anderer Ereignisse verändern können) aus der realen Welt in einem präzisen, aber kleinen Modell abbilden zu können, muss die Dynamik inhärenter Bestandteil des Modellierungsformalismus sein. Um dieses leisten zu können, wurden die Higher-Order Dynamic-Causality ESs (HDESs) eingeführt. Sie bestehen aus einer endlichen Menge atomarer und nicht wiederholbarer Ereignisse, einer kausalen Abhängigkeitsrelation auf diesen Ereignissen und einem regelbasierten Formalismus, mit dem Ereignisse die Abhängigkeiten anderer Ereignisse (und auch eben diese Regeln) verändern können. Der Formalismus wird bezüglich seiner Ausdrucksstärke im Vergleich zu Transitionssystemen, zu einigen Unterklassen von HDESs und zu Dynamic Condition Response Graphs (DCR-Graphs) betrachtet. Des Weiteren wird ein Web-Tool vorgestellt, das es ermöglicht, HDESs zu definieren und zu erforschen, indem man Ereignisse ausführt, das zugehörige Transitionssystem erzeugt oder vordefinierte Transformationen anwendet.
Download or read book The Bounds of Freedom Kant s Causal Theory of Action written by Robert Greenberg and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph is a new interpretation of Kant’s àtemporal conception of the causality of the freedom of the will. The interpretation is based on an analysis of Kant’s primary conception of an action, viz., as a causal consequence of the will. The analysis in turn is based on H. P. Grice’s causal theory of perception and on P. F. Strawson’s modification of the theory. The monograph rejects the customary assumption that Kant’s maxim of an action is a causal determination of the action. It assumes instead that the maxim is definitive of the action, and since its main thesis is that an action for Kant is to be primarily understood as an effect of the will, it concludes that the maxim of an action can only be its logical determination. Kant’s àtemporal conception of the causality of free will is confronted not only by contemporary philosophical conceptions of causality, but by Kant’s own complementary theory of causality, in the Second Analogy of Experience. According to this latter conception, causality is a natural relation among physical and psychological objects, and is therefore a temporal relation among them. Faced with this conflict, Kant scholars like Allen W. Wood either reject Kant’s àtemporal conception of causality or like Henry E. Allison accept it, but only in an anodyne form. Both camps, however, make the aforementioned assumption that Kant’s maxim of an action is a causal determination of the action. The monograph, rejecting the assumption, belongs to neither camp.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning written by Michael Waldmann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-30 with total page 769 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Although causal reasoning is a component of most of our cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning offers a state-of-the-art review of the growing field, and its contribution to the world of cognitive science. The Handbook begins with an introduction of competing theories of causal learning and reasoning. In the next section, it presents research about basic cognitive functions involved in causal cognition, such as perception, categorization, argumentation, decision-making, and induction. The following section examines research on domains that embody causal relations, including intuitive physics, legal and moral reasoning, psychopathology, language, social cognition, and the roles of space and time. The final section presents research from neighboring fields that study developmental, phylogenetic, and cultural differences in causal cognition. The chapters, each written by renowned researchers in their field, fill in the gaps of many cognitive psychology textbooks, emphasizing the crucial role of causal structures in our everyday lives. This Handbook is an essential read for students and researchers of the cognitive sciences, including cognitive, developmental, social, comparative, and cross-cultural psychology; philosophy; methodology; statistics; artificial intelligence; and machine learning.
Download or read book The Economic Analysis of Civil Law written by Schäfer, Hans-Bernd and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2022-01-25 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive textbook provides a thorough guide to the economic analysis of law, with a particular focus on civil law systems. It encapsulates a structured analysis and nuanced evaluation of norms and legal policies, using the tools of economic theory.
