Download or read book Carnation Revolution written by José Augusto Matos and published by Helion and Company. This book was released on 2023-10-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A severe social and political crisis in El Salvador during the 1970s resulted in widespread disturbance of daily life, political violence, repression and the outbreak of an insurgency. In March 1981, the government ran a large sweep operation along the border with Honduras in the north, accompanied by the use of scorched earth tactics and indiscriminate killing of anyone captured. A second offensive, launched in November 1981, was conducted in a similar fashion, and resulted in the massacre of hundreds of civilians by government troops. Under pressure, the insurgency of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) called for a peace settlement and the establishment of a government of broad participation. Elections in 1982 were interrupted by a campaign of assassinations by right-wing paramilitaries, which prompted the FMLN to return to arms and hit back with a vicious campaign of attacks on military and economic targets including Ilopango Air Base, which was heavily hit in February. A new interim government failed to introduce any kind of substantive changes and the armed forces became involved in additional atrocities against human rights activists and union leaders: the result was the next phase of the war that was to last for another two years. In 1984, Christian Democrat José Napoleón Duarte was elected president amid another wave of repression and violence, further reinforced through 1985, despite attempts to reform the armed- and security forces. Nevertheless, by 1986, the notorious death squads were kidnapping and assassinating any opponents they could lay their hands upon. The FMLN thus continued striking back, culminating in the final offensive of 1989, carried out with the aim of unseating a government elected in the obviously fixed elections of the previous year. It was only at that point in time that the government under severe pressure from the USA brought the war to an end. After 10 years of merciless fighting that uprooted over one million people and destroyed over 40 percent of homes in El Salvador, the war was over, even though death squads were to assassinate opposition leaders for years afterwards. El Salvador Volume 2: Conflagration 19831989 is the first inclusive and incisive military history of this incredibly vicious, merciless war: one of two major conflicts fought in Central America in the 1980s within the context of the Cold War. Based on official documentation and carefully cross-referenced secondary sources, it is lavishly illustrated with authentic photography and custom-drawn colour profiles, and as such is an indispensable single-point source of reference.
Download or read book Carnation Revolution written by José Augusto Matos and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Carnation Revolution written by Alex Fernandes and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2024-04-04 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lisbon, 25 April 1974. Over the course of a single day, Europe’s oldest fascist regime falls. On its fiftieth anniversary, this is the story of the revolution that changed Portugal’s fate. 25 April 1974, Lisbon. Over the course of a single day, Europe’s oldest fascist regime falls. On its 50th anniversary, this is the story of the revolution that changed Portugal forever. 'A thrilling and inspiring page-turner.' Richard Zimler, author of The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon On the night of 24 April 1974, at five minutes to eleven, a Lisbon radio station broadcasts Portugal’s Eurovision entry. By 6.20 p.m. the next day, Europe’s oldest fascist regime has fallen. Hardly a shot has been fired. As citizens pour into the streets, they offer carnations to the revolutionary soldiers. For the first time in forty-eight years, Portugal is free. The Carnation Revolution winds through the streets of Lisbon as the revolution unfolds, revealing the myriad acts of ordinary and extraordinary resistance that made 25 April possible. It’s the story of daring escapes from five-storey prisons, soldiers disobeying their officers’ orders and simple acts of courage by thousands of citizens. It’s the story of how a group of young captains felled a globe-spanning empire. *** 'I feel like I’ve been waiting three decades for precisely this book.' Lara Pawson, author of This Is the Place to Be 'A brilliantly detailed and evocative account of a revolution unlike any other.' Helder Macedo, Emeritus Professor of Portuguese, King's College London 'A gripping account of an episode in European history that should be better known.' Catherine Fletcher, author of The Beauty and the Terror
Download or read book The Portuguese Revolution of 1974 1975 written by Maria Inácia Rezola PhD and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2023-11-17 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As Portugal is celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Carnation Revolution, this book conveys a global and differentiating perspective on the aims and actions of its three main protagonists – the Armed Forces, the political parties and mass social organizations – by close examination of original archival documentation; oral and written primary sources; and government records.
Download or read book The Carnation Revolution Causes Process and Consequences written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-06-19 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 1,3, , language: English, abstract: Nobody could have thought when on Thursday, April 25, 1974 in Lisbon, shortly after midnight the catholic Rádio Renascença played the song Grandola Vila Morena, it would lead to such consequences. The song was the signal for the young military officers of the Movimento das Forcas Armadas (MFA) to carry out the plans for a coup d’état. Only minor resistance from the security police occurred, so that by late morning the crowds were flooding the streets, cheering the soldiers, and putting carnations in the barrels of the rifles. The coup was efficiently and successfully and still on the same day, the deposed dictator Marcello Caetano surrendered to the new military leaders and already the next day flew into exile. This coup d’état marked the death of the oldest, over 40 years old dictatorship in Europe, lead by António de Oliveira Salazar (Ferreira, 1986). On the one hand marked April 25 the beginning of transition to democracy in Portugal and later even lead to a consolidated democracy. On the other hand this day marked the beginning of the third wave of democratization. The fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the breakdown of the Latin American authoritarian regimes followed after Portugal brought the ball rolling. And the snowball effect influenced many other authoritarian regimes in the world to democratize as well. States like Spain, Brazil and Hungary were to follow the example of Portugal. It is the aim of this paper to analyze what the causes were, that lead to the revolution, how the process of the transition occurred and what the consequences of April 25 were.
Download or read book Carnation Revolution written by José Augusto Matos and published by Helion and Company. This book was released on 2024-02-15 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In March 1974, a climate of conspiracy reigned in Portugal. Premier Marcello Caetano, insisted on the continuation of the Portuguese presence in Africa and the wars being waged against the liberation movements in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea. Costa Gomes and Spínola, Portugal’s two most senior generals, did not share this view. Spínola, with Costa Gomes's permission, had published Portugal e o Futuro (Portugal and the Future), a book that questioned the policy that had been followed until then, and caused a major political earthquake throughout Portugal and its colonies. At the same time, a movement of young captains prepared the overthrow of the regime. Tired of the war in Africa and the government's inability to solve the overseas problem, the conspirators drew up plans to end the dictatorship and establish a democratic regime in Portugal. A first coup attempt on 16 March 1974 was neutralized by government forces, but the second attempt on 25 April was an overwhelming success. In under 24 hours, the insurgents controlled the streets of the capital and Marcello Caetano was surrounded by rebel forces. With no options remaining, Caetano would hand power to General Spínola, who would become the new leader of the emerging regime. The people took to the streets of Lisbon to give red flowers to the soldiers, earning these events the name of ‘The Carnation Revolution.’ Carnation Revolution Volume 2: Coup in Portugal, April 1974 offers a detailed account of the intertwining political and military events of March and April 1974 in and around Lisbon as power swung irretrievably from a dictatorial government to a military intent on ending the colonial wars in Africa and restoring democracy to Portugal. This volume is illustrated throughout with original photographs and includes specially commissioned color artworks.
Download or read book The Portuguese Revolution of 1974 1975 written by Maria Inácia Rezola and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2023-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portugal is close to celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Carnation Revolution. While this central moment in contemporary Portuguese history has long attracted international academic interest, there is a dearth of studies that explain the interrelationships between the main issues that singled out this revolutionary moment. The aims and actions of the three main protagonists the Armed Forces, the political parties and mass social organizations are linked in myriad ways: the political role of the Armed Forces; the crisis of state authority; the political justice formulas adopted; the affirmation of civilian political elites; the role of workers and neighbourhood movements, and other forms of popular mobilization; participation of the media in the political struggle; and post the momentous days, the transition from coup detat to revolution. The dominant moments and themes of the Portuguese revolution are relayed by close examination of original archival documentation; oral and written primary sources; and government records. Was military disquiet at the heart of the move toward democracy? Or was the instigator the growing dissatisfaction of the populace with the political class? A prime aim of the book is to view the revolution not only in terms of Portugals global position at the time, especially its historic colonialism, but what all players thought and expressed in the run-up to the 25th of April. Attention is paid to the immediate post-revolution period, and the national, political and military choices made as this unexpected path to democracy took hold.
Download or read book A People s History of the Portuguese Revolution written by Raquel Varela and published by People's History. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On April 25, 1974, a coup destroyed the ranks of Estado Novo's fascist government in Portugal. Ordinary people flooded the streets of Lisbon, placing red carnations in the barrels of guns and demanding a land for those who work in it. This spontaneous revolt placed power in the hands of the working classes, trade unions, and women. In order to understand the Carnation Revolution, we must recognize it as an international coalition of social movements, comprised of struggles for independence in Portugal's African colonies, the rebellion of the young military captains of the Armed Forces Movement, and the uprising of Portugal's long-oppressed working classes. Cutting against the grain of mainstream accounts, Raquel Cardeira Varela shows how it was through the organizing power of these diverse movements that a popular-front government was instituted along with the nation's withdrawal from its overseas colonies. Offering a rich account of the challenges these coalitions faced and the victories they won through revolutionary means, this book tells the tumultuous history behind the Carnation Revolution.
Download or read book The Democratic Coup D tat written by Ozan O. Varol and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Democratic Coup d'État advances a simple, yet controversial, argument: democracy sometimes comes through a military coup. Covering coups that toppled dictators and installed democratic rule in countries as diverse as Guinea-Bissau, Portugal, and Colombia, the book weaves a balanced narrative that challenges everything we knew about military coups.
Download or read book The Revolution Before the Revolution written by Guya Accornero and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2016 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Title Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Two Decades That Shook the World: 1956-1974 -- Chapter 2. The First Protest Cycle: 1956-1965 -- Chapter 3. 'The Marcelo's Spring' and the Opening of a Second Protest Cycle -- Chapter 4. Protest Cycle or Permanent Conflict? -- Chapter 5. The Demise of the New State -- Conclusions. Social Movements and Authoritarianism -- Bibliography -- Index
Download or read book Building Popular Power written by John L. Hammond and published by Monthly Review Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portugal's 1974 military coup brought down the longest established fascist regime in the history of the world at that time. This book describes the days of workplace and community takeovers, of how people worked for and embodied a new model of revolution based on popular power.
Download or read book Portuguese Dragoons 1966 1974 written by John P. Cann and published by Africa@War. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1966 Portugal needed a force that could combine mobility with the ability to engage insurgents; one solution was to create horse cavalry units.
Download or read book Portugal written by Phil Mailer and published by Black Rose Books Limited. This book was released on 1977 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In a vigorous book, the author stresses what he sees as the revolution's most important feature: ordinary people spontaneously taking power for themselves."--New Society
Download or read book The Archaeology of the Iberian Peninsula written by Katina T. Lillios and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-05 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the only guides to the prehistoric archaeology of the Iberian Peninsula that engages with key anthropological and archaeological debates.
Download or read book Worlds of Labour Turned Upside Down written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a bold restatement of the importance of social history for understanding modern revolutions. The essays collected in Worlds of Labour Turned Upside Down provide global case studies examining: - changes in labour relations as a causal factor in revolutions; - challenges to existing labour relations as a motivating factor during revolutions; - the long-term impact of revolutions on the evolution of labour relations. The volume examines a wide range of revolutions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, covering examples from South-America, Africa, Asia, and Western and Eastern Europe. The volume goes beyond merely examining the place of industrial workers, paying attention to the position of slaves, women working on the front line of civil war, colonial forced labourers, and white collar workers. Contributors are: Knud Andresen, Zsombor Bódy, Pepijn Brandon, Dimitrii Churakov, Gabriel Di Meglio, Kimmo Elo, Adrian Grama, Renate Hürtgen, Peyman Jafari, Marcel van der Linden, Tiina Lintunen, João Carlos Louçã, Stefan Müller, Raquel Varela, and Felix Wemheuer.
Download or read book Notebook of Colonial Memories written by Isabela Figueiredo and published by . This book was released on 2015-05 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Isabela Figueiredo's literary memoir Notebook of Colonial Memories was originally published in Portugal in 2009 as Caderno de Memórias Coloniais. It traces the author's growing up in the 1960s and 70s in Mozambique, which was then still a Portuguese colony, and her "return" at the age of thirteen to Portugal (a country she had never seen) following Mozambique's independence. It offers an uncommonly candid and unsparing perspective on the realities of late Portuguese colonialism in Africa and on the political climate surrounding the "repatriation" to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of former colonial settlers, mainly from Angola and Mozambique. The critical introduction by Anna Klobucka and Phillip Rothwell describes these historical circumstances and contextualizes Figueiredo's text for the English-language reader, as well as commenting on the writer's complex exercise of remembrance, reconstruction and fictionalization of her experience in both Mozambique and Portugal. Keywords: Portuguese colonialism, Mozambique, decolonization, postcolonialism, memoir" --
Download or read book The Murmuring Coast written by Lídia Jorge and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This captivating tale is told in two parts. The first presents Lidia Jorge's version of a traditional story about a series of supposed incidents set in Beira, Mozambique. The events take place in the final years of Portugal's colonial African wars as an undisclosed narrator describes the military wedding of a young Portuguese ensign and an equally young bride. The wedding is followed by the mass poisoning of hundreds of native Africans and the arrival of a rain of locusts. The story ends grimly with the groom's suicide. Evita Lopo, the unnamed bride from the first part, narrates the remainder of the story. Twenty years have gone by and she reviews the past and questions the unidentified narrator's rendering of events in the first section. Evita's reminiscences destroy the credibility of the earlier story, and she supplies the reader with a great deal of information that the author of the previous account had suppressed or to which he or she merely alluded. It becomes apparent that betrayal and guilt have motivated all of the characters' actions.
