Download or read book Cancer Plasticity and the Microenvironment Implications for Immunity and Therapy Response written by Petranel T. Ferrao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer cells can change and adapt, especially within the host environment; a phenomenon known as cancer plasticity. Several factors, including the immune system can influence, and be influenced by, cancer plasticity which in turn can impact upon patient responses to treatment. As such, we currently face several challenges for implementing combination therapies as effective cancer treatment strategies. We have compiled a topic with a number of articles that emphasize the various aspects of cancer plasticity, describing in particular the important role of the tumor microenvironment. As we embark on a new era of precision medicine with multi-modal therapies for improving patient outcomes, this topic highlights some relevant points for consideration that are pertinent to the incorporation and effective use of new treatments as part of cancer treatment regimens, including immune-modulating drugs.
Download or read book The Link Between Inflammation and Cancer written by Angus G. Dalgleish and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-05 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A link between inflammation and cancer has been established many years ago, yet it is only recently that the potential significance of this connection has become apparent. Although several examples of chronic inflammatory conditions, often induced by persistent irritation and/or infection, developing into cancer have been known for some time, there has been a notable resistance to contemplate the possibility that this association may apply in a causative way to other cancers. Examples for such progression from chronic inflammation to cancer are colon carcinoma developing with increased frequency in patients with ulcerative colitis, and the increased incidence of bladder cancer in patients suffering from chronic Schistosoma infection. Inflammation and cancer have been recognized to be linked in another context for many years, i.e., with regards to pathologies resembling chronic lacerations or 'wounds that do not heal.' More recently, the immunology of wound healing has given us clues as to the mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer, in as much as wounds and chronic inflammation turn off local cell-mediated immune responses and switch on growth factor release as well the growth of new blood vessels - angiogenesis. Both of these are features of most types of tumours, which suggest that tumours may require an immunologically shielded milieu and a growth factor-rich environment.
Download or read book Tumor Microenvironment written by Peter P. Lee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the biological processes relevant to the immune phenotypes of cancer and their significance for immune responsiveness, based on the premise that malignant cells manipulate their surroundings through an evolutionary process that is controlled by interactions with innate immune sensors as well as the adaptive recognition of self/non-self. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is now an accepted new form of cancer treatment. Other immuno-oncology approaches, such as adoptive cell therapy and metabolic inhibitors, have also shown promising results for specific indications. Immune resistance is common, however, limiting the efficacy of immunotherapy in many common cancer types. The reasons for such resistance are diverse and peculiar to the immune landscapes of individual cancers, and to the treatment modality used. Accordingly, approaches to circumvent resistance need to take into account context-specific genetic, biological and environmental factors that may affect the cancer immune cycle, and which can best be understood by studying the target tissue and correlated systemic immune markers. Understanding the major requirements for the evolutionary process governing human cancer growth in the immune-competent host will guide effective therapeutic choices that are tailored to the biology of individual cancers.
Download or read book Cellular and Phenotypic Plasticity in Cancer written by Petranel Theresa Ferrao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-09-17 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT) is known to result in a phenotype change in cells from a proliferative state to a more invasive state. EMT has been reported to drive the metastatic spread of various cancers and has also been associated with drug resistance to cytotoxics and targeted therapeutics. Recently phenotype switching akin to EMT has been reported in non-epithelial cancers such as metastatic melanoma. This process involves changes in EMT-Transcription Factors (EMT-TFs), suggesting that phenotype-switching may be common to several tumour types. It remains unclear as to whether the presence of both Epilthelial-like and Mesenchymal-like cells are a pre-requisite for phenotype switching within a tumour, how this heterogeneity is regulated, and if alteration of cell phenotype is sufficient to mediate migratory changes, or whether drivers of cell migration result in an associated phenotype switch in cancer cells. Similarly it has yet to be clarified if cells in an altered phenotype can be refractory to drug therapy or whether mediators of drug resistance induce a concurrent phenotypic change. Little is known today about the underlying genetic, epigenetic and transient changes that accompany this phenotypic switch and about the role for the tumor micro-environment in influencing it. Hence this is currently an area of speculation and keen interest in the Oncology field with wide-ranging translational implications. In this Frontiers Research Topic, we discuss our current understanding of these concepts in various cancer types including breast cancer, colorectal cancer and metastatic melanoma. This topic covers how these processes of cellular and phenotypic plasticity are regulated and how they relate to cancer initiation, progression, dormancy, metastases and response to cytotoxics or targeted therapies.
Download or read book Tumor Microenvironment written by Jacinta Serpa and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The way a cell undergoes malignant transformation should meet their capacity of surviving in the microenvironment of the organ where the cancer will develop. Metabolic adaptation is for sure one of the criteria that must be accomplished, driven by metabolic plasticity that allows the adaptation of cancer cells to the availability of energy and biomass sources that will sustain cell survival and proliferation. Each human organ has a particular microenvironment which depends on several cell types and in some cases also on symbiotic microorganisms. These biological partners are constantly sharing organic compounds and signaling molecules that will control mitogenesis, cell death and differentiation, accounting for the organ's function. Nevertheless, cancer cells are capable of taking advantage of this metabolic and signaling microenvironmental dynamics. In this book, we intend to present the different components of the microenvironment driving the metabolic fitness of cancer cells. The metabolic changes required for establishing a tumor in a given microenvironment and how these metabolic changes limit the response to drugs will generally be the major items addressed. It is important to mention not only aspects of the microenvironment that stimulate metabolic changes and that select better adapted tumor cells, but also how this regulation of cell plasticity is made. Thus, the signaling pathways that orchestrate and are orchestrated throughout this panoply of metabolic rearrangements will also be addressed in this book. The subjects will be presented from the conceptual point of view of the cross-cancer mechanisms and also particularizing some models that can be examples and enlightening within the different areas.
Download or read book Understanding the Crosstalk Between Immune Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer and Its Implications for Immunotherapy written by Noha Mousaad Elemam and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-09-13 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the current challenges and failures of immunotherapy is in part due to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that provides a formidable barrier to immune infiltration and function. The TME consists of various cell types (tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells), soluble signaling molecules (cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines), and extracellular matrix. On another note, metabolic disturbances in various TME components, such as hypoxia, acidosis, lactate accumulation, and nutrient deprivation, can play a critical role in the tumor progression. Furthermore, genetic and epigenetic dysfunctions are known to be part of the characteristics of cancer development. The immune cells could have a pro- or anti-tumor role in the TME, and their activity might vary in the context of different cancers. Both innate and adaptive immune cells interact with tumor cells through direct contact or through chemokines and cytokines signaling, shaping the tumor's activity and response to therapy.
Download or read book Metabolism of Cancer Cells and Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment written by Yongsheng Li and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-03-20 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides represents the fundamental capability of host to utilize distinct nutrients and energy to support diverse function of different cell lineages. Cancer cells undergo the Warburg Effect to adapt to the microenvironment composed by stromal cells and immune cells. The crosstalk among cancer cells and immune cells orchestrate tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, immune cells also show metabolic reprogramming. For example, naive or memory T cells switch from the oxidation of fatty acids to glycolysis and glutaminolysis after activation; meanwhile massive glucose and glutamine are transported into cells to meet their metabolic demands. Defective glucose or glutamine metabolism impairs the differentiation and expansion of helper T cells. The molecular pathways that control immune cell metabolism and function are intimately linked. Understanding such metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment could offer new directions in manipulation of peripheral immune responses. Recent findings in immune cell metabolism hold the promising possibilities by metabolic manipulation of immune cells towards clinical therapeutics for treating cancer. This Research Topic includes updated findings and views in the metabolism of cancer cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Download or read book Epithelial Mesenchymal Plasticity in Cancer Metastasis written by Mohit Kumar Jolly and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have highlighted that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not only about cell migration and invasion, but it can also govern many other important elements such as immunosuppression, metabolic reprogramming, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), stem cell properties, therapy resistance, and tumor microenvironment interactions. With the on-going debate about the requirement of EMT for cancer metastasis, an emerging focus on intermediate states of EMT and its reverse process mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) offer new ideas for metastatic requirements and the dynamics of EMT/MET during the entire metastatic cascade. Therefore, we would like to initiate discussions on viewing EMT and its downstream signaling networks as a fulcrum of cellular plasticity, and a facilitator of the adaptive responses of cancer cells to distant organ microenvironments and various therapeutic assaults. We hereby invite scientists who have prominently contributed to this field, and whose valuable insights have led to the appreciation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity as a more comprehensive mediator of the adaptive response of cancer cells, with huge implications in metastasis, drug resistance, tumor relapse, and patient survival.
Download or read book Inflammation and Cancer written by Bharat B. Aggarwal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines in detail the role of chronic inflammatory processes in the development of several types of cancer. Leading experts describe the latest results of molecular and cellular research on infection, cancer-related inflammation and tumorigenesis. Further, the clinical significance of these findings in preventing cancer progression and approaches to treating the diseases are discussed. Individual chapters cover cancer of the lung, colon, breast, brain, head and neck, pancreas, prostate, bladder, kidney, liver, cervix and skin as well as gastric cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma.
Download or read book Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells written by Kapil Mehta and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-12 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was estimated that in 2008, 1,437,180 patients would receive a new cancer diagnosisand 565,650individualswould die of cancer (Jemal et al. 2008).Since the vast majority of patients dying of cancer will have had anticancer therapy, both c- ventional chemotherapy and novel targeted therapy, it can be concluded that these patients are dying with drug resistant cancer. The term multidrug resistance is also apt – in that these patients die after having undergone multiple rounds of different and structurally unrelated cancer therapies. However, for some, the concept of m- tidrug resistance is a worn out idea, stemming from disappointment with the drug resistancereversalstrategiesthatwerecarriedoutinthe1990susingpumpinhibitors to block drug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein, product of the MDR-1 gene. However, if one takes the larger de?nition – multidrug resistance as simultaneous resistance to multiple structurally unrelated anticancer therapies – its existence c- not be denied. The purpose of this book is to explore new concepts related to drug resistance in cancer, including resistance to the new molecularly targeted agents. Perhaps new terminology is needed for resistance that occurs following therapy with the targeted agents: Novel Targeted Agent Resistance (NTR). Alternatively, we can return to the original de?nition of multidrug resistance as simply the res- tance to multipleagents that occurs in the course of normalcancer progression.This resistance is likely to be mediated by many factors.
Download or read book Therapeutic Opportunities and Innovative Biomarkers in Tumor Microenvironment written by Zhenyu Jia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Philosophy of Cancer written by Marta Bertolaso and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1970s, the origin of cancer is being explored from the point of view of the Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT), focusing on genetic mutations and clonal expansion of somatic cells. As cancer research expanded in several directions, the dominant focus on cells remained steady, but the classes of genes and the kinds of extra-genetic factors that were shown to have causal relevance in the onset of cancer multiplied. The wild heterogeneity of cancer-related mutations and phenotypes, along with the increasing complication of models, led to an oscillation between the hectic search of ‘the’ few key factors that cause cancer and the discouragement in face of a seeming ‘endless complexity’. To tame this complexity, cancer research started to avail itself of the tools that were being developed by Systems Biology. At the same time, anti-reductionist voices began claiming that cancer research was stuck in a sterile research paradigm. This alternative discourse even gave birth to an alternative theory: the Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT). A deeper philosophical analysis shows limits and possibilities of reductionist and anti-reductionist positions and of their polarization. This book demonstrates that a radical philosophical reflection is necessary to drive cancer research out of its impasses. At the very least, this will be a reflection on the assumptions of different kinds of cancer research, on the implications of what cancer research has been discovering over 40 years and more, on a view of scientific practice that is most able to make sense of the cognitive and social conflicts that are seen in the scientific community (and in its results), and, finally, on the nature of living entities with which we entertain this fascinating epistemological dance that we call scientific research. The proposed Dynamic and Relational View of carcinogenesis is a starting point in all these directions.
Download or read book The Tumor Microenvironment written by Rebecca G. Bagley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-02 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fact that tumors are composed of both tumor cells and host cells has long been known. These tumor-associated cells include vascular endothelial cells and pe- cytes, as well as inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells and eosinophils, and lymphocytes. The tumor cells also interact with stromal cells and with elements of the tissue extracellular matrix. What has been less appreciated is the role that these cells could have in modulating the growth, invasion, and metastasis of the tumor. Early on, the elements of what we now call the tumor microenvironment were considered to be more or less innocent bysta- ers to the role of the tumor cells as they grew and invaded local sites. Today, there is an increased understanding of the critical role of the tumor microenvironment as dramatically influencing the course of tumor development and dissemination. This volume represents a superb compilation of the latest thoughts and data regarding the role of each essential component of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development and progression. Perhaps, the earliest recognition of the role of nonmalignant cells as cancer re- lators was the recognition that lymphocytes can participate in what was termed “immune surveillance” in the 1960s. Our understanding of tumor immunity has improved markedly since then, and there are now successful clinical studies sh- ing the potential use of immune-based therapies in cancer treatment.
Download or read book The Cancer Stem Cell Niche written by Susie Nilsson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-09 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cancer Stem Cell Niche, Volume Five in the Advances in Stem Cells and their Niches series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics, including Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the bone marrow microenvironment, Stem cell niches in bone and their roles in cancer metastasis, The role of vasculature in cancer stem cell niches, The lung cancer stem cell niche, The prostate cancer stem cell niche: Genetic drivers and therapeutic approaches, Impact of prostate cancer stem cell niches on prostate cancer tumorigenesis and progression, The testicular cancer stem cell niche. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Advances in Stem Cells and their Niches series Includes the latest information on the Cancer Stem Cell Niche
Download or read book Philosophy of Immunology written by Thomas Pradeu and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunology is central to contemporary biology and medicine, but it also provides novel philosophical insights. Its most significant contribution to philosophy concerns the understanding of biological individuality: what a biological individual is, what makes it unique, how its boundaries are established and what ensures its identity through time. Immunology also offers answers to some of the most interesting philosophical questions. What is the definition of life? How are bodily systems delineated? How do the mind and the body interact? In this Element, Thomas Pradeu considers the ways in which immunology can shed light on these and other important philosophical issues. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Download or read book Pathobiology of the Endothelial Cell written by Hymie L. Nossel and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Metabolism in Cancer written by Thorsten Cramer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook presents concise chapters written by internationally respected experts on various important aspects of cancer-associated metabolism, offering a comprehensive overview of the central features of this exciting research field. The discovery that tumor cells display characteristic alterations of metabolic pathways has significantly changed our understanding of cancer: while the first description of tumor-specific changes in cellular energetics was published more than 90 years ago, the causal significance of this observation for the pathogenesis of cancer was only discovered in the post-genome era. The first 10 years of the twenty-first century were characterized by rapid advances in our grasp of the functional role of cancer-specific metabolism as well as the underlying molecular pathways. Various unanticipated interrelations between metabolic alterations and cancer-driving pathways were identified and currently await translation into diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Yet the speed, quantity, and complexity of these new discoveries make it difficult for researchers to keep up to date with the latest developments, an issue this book helps to remedy.
