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Book Caesar s Great Success

    Book Details:
  • Author : Alexander Merrow
  • Publisher : Frontline Books
  • Release : 2020-03-30
  • ISBN : 1473855888
  • Pages : 210 pages

Download or read book Caesar s Great Success written by Alexander Merrow and published by Frontline Books. This book was released on 2020-03-30 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at the world’s first ever military logistical supply system and how it fed Caesar’s armies in the field. Logistics have become a principal, if not a governing factor, in modern military operations. Armies need to be fed and supplied, and the larger the army, the greater the logistical difficulties that have to be overcome. Two thousand years ago, when communications were far more primitive, the size of armies was limited by the difficulties of supply. It was because the Romans developed a sophisticated supply system that they were able to maintain large armies in the field—armies that conquered much of the then known world. In Caesar’s Great Success, the authors examine and detail the world’s first ever fully-developed logistical supply system—the forerunner of today’s complex arrangements. This includes an examination of the sea, river, and land transportation of food while on campaign, and of how the food was assembled at the operational bases and subsequently distributed. The defense of the Roman food supplies, and especially of lines of communication, was an important factor in Caesar’s operational planning, as was interdicting the enemy’s supplies. The eating habits of Caesar’s men are considered and what items could be obtained locally by forage and which were taken by requisition—and how much food a legionnaire was expected to carry on campaign. With this, the nature of the actual food consumed by the legionnaires is therefore examined and sample recipes are provided with each chapter of the book to enable the reader to relive those momentous days when Caesar and Rome ruled the world.

Book Julius Caesar

Download or read book Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Ten Caesars

    Book Details:
  • Author : Barry Strauss
  • Publisher : Simon & Schuster
  • Release : 2020-03-03
  • ISBN : 1451668848
  • Pages : 432 pages

Download or read book Ten Caesars written by Barry Strauss and published by Simon & Schuster. This book was released on 2020-03-03 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bestselling classical historian Barry Strauss delivers “an exceptionally accessible history of the Roman Empire…much of Ten Caesars reads like a script for Game of Thrones” (The Wall Street Journal)—a summation of three and a half centuries of the Roman Empire as seen through the lives of ten of the most important emperors, from Augustus to Constantine. In this essential and “enlightening” (The New York Times Book Review) work, Barry Strauss tells the story of the Roman Empire from rise to reinvention, from Augustus, who founded the empire, to Constantine, who made it Christian and moved the capital east to Constantinople. During these centuries Rome gained in splendor and territory, then lost both. By the fourth century, the time of Constantine, the Roman Empire had changed so dramatically in geography, ethnicity, religion, and culture that it would have been virtually unrecognizable to Augustus. Rome’s legacy remains today in so many ways, from language, law, and architecture to the seat of the Roman Catholic Church. Strauss examines this enduring heritage through the lives of the men who shaped it: Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Diocletian, and Constantine. Over the ages, they learned to maintain the family business—the government of an empire—by adapting when necessary and always persevering no matter the cost. Ten Caesars is a “captivating narrative that breathes new life into a host of transformative figures” (Publishers Weekly). This “superb summation of four centuries of Roman history, a masterpiece of compression, confirms Barry Strauss as the foremost academic classicist writing for the general reader today” (The Wall Street Journal).

Book The Conquest of Gaul

    Book Details:
  • Author : Julius Caesar
  • Publisher : Penguin
  • Release : 1983-02-24
  • ISBN : 1101160470
  • Pages : 276 pages

Download or read book The Conquest of Gaul written by Julius Caesar and published by Penguin. This book was released on 1983-02-24 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The enemy were overpowered and took to flight. The Romans pursued as far as their strength enabled them to run' Between 58 and 50 BC Julius Caesar conquered most of the area now covered by France, Belgium and Switzerland, and invaded Britain twice, and The Conquest of Gaul is his record of these campaigns. Caesar’s narrative offers insights into his military strategy and paints a fascinating picture of his encounters with the inhabitants of Gaul and Britain, as well as lively portraits of the rebel leader Vercingetorix and other Gallic chieftains. The Conquest of Gaulcan also be read as a piece of political propaganda, as Caesar sets down his version of events for the Roman public, knowing he faces civil war on his return to Rome. Revised and updated by Jane Gardner, S. A. Handford’s translation brings Caesar’s lucid and exciting account to life for modern readers. This volume includes a glossary of persons and places, maps, appendices and suggestions for further reading.

Book The Roman Triumph

    Book Details:
  • Author : Mary Beard
  • Publisher : Harvard University Press
  • Release : 2009-05-31
  • ISBN : 9780674020597
  • Pages : 452 pages

Download or read book The Roman Triumph written by Mary Beard and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-05-31 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It followed every major military victory in ancient Rome: the successful general drove through the streets to the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill; behind him streamed his raucous soldiers; in front were his most glamorous prisoners, as well as the booty he’d captured, from enemy ships and precious statues to plants and animals from the conquered territory. Occasionally there was so much on display that the show lasted two or three days. A radical reexamination of this most extraordinary of ancient ceremonies, this book explores the magnificence of the Roman triumph, but also its darker side. What did it mean when the axle broke under Julius Caesar’s chariot? Or when Pompey’s elephants got stuck trying to squeeze through an arch? Or when exotic or pathetic prisoners stole the general’s show? And what are the implications of the Roman triumph, as a celebration of imperialism and military might, for questions about military power and “victory” in our own day? The triumph, Mary Beard contends, prompted the Romans to question as well as celebrate military glory. Her richly illustrated work is a testament to the profound importance of the triumph in Roman culture—and for monarchs, dynasts and generals ever since. But how can we re-create the ceremony as it was celebrated in Rome? How can we piece together its elusive traces in art and literature? Beard addresses these questions, opening a window on the intriguing process of sifting through and making sense of what constitutes “history.”

Book Creating the Roman Empire

    Book Details:
  • Author : Charles River Editors
  • Publisher : CreateSpace
  • Release : 2013-11
  • ISBN : 9781494299354
  • Pages : 66 pages

Download or read book Creating the Roman Empire written by Charles River Editors and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Weaves the lives of Caesar and Augustus into one gripping narrative detailing the fall of the Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire. *Includes pictures of famous art depicting Caesar, Augustus, and important people, places, and events in their lives. *Discusses the facts and legends surrounding the assassination of Caesar and the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra. Possibly the most important man of antiquity, and even all of history, was Julius Caesar. Alexander Hamilton, the famous American patriot, once remarked that “the greatest man who ever lived was Julius Caesar”. Such a tribute, coming from one of the Founding Fathers of the quintessential modern democracy in reference to a man who destroyed the Roman Republic, is testament to the enduring mark that Caesar left upon the world. The ultimate conqueror, statesman, dictator, visionary, and opportunist, during his time in power Caesar expanded the borders of Rome to almost twice their previous size, revolutionized the infrastructure of the Roman state, and destroyed the Roman Republic for good, leaving a line of emperors in its place. His legacy is so strong that his name has become, in many languages, synonymous with power: the Emperors of Austria and Germany bore the title Kaiser, and the Czars of Russia also owe the etymology of their title to Caesar. His name also crept further eastward out of Europe, even cropping up in Hindi and Urdu, where the term for “Emperor” is Kaisar. Even in his time, Caesar was in many ways larger than life, and because of his legacy as virtual founder of the Roman Empire, much of what was written about – and by – him during his life and immediately after his assassination was politically motivated. His successor, Octavian Augustus, had a strong interest in ensuring that Caesar's life be painted in a favorable light, while Caesar's political enemies attempted to paint him as a corrupt, undemocratic dictator who was destroying the old order of the Republic. Of course, Caesar's life and death left a vacuum of power in Rome that was ultimately filled by his chosen heir, Octavian. The importance of Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (or as he was known from birth, Gaius Octavius “Octavian” Thurinus) to the course of Western history is hard to overstate. His life, his rise to power, his political, social and military achievements, all laid the foundations for the creation of an Empire which would endure for almost five centuries, and whose traditions, laws, architecture and art continue to influence much of Europe and the world today. Octavian was the first true Roman Emperor, and the first man since the Etruscan Tarquins, five centuries earlier, to establish a successful hereditary ruling dynasty in what had been a proud Republic for over half a millennium. He was a canny strategist, an excellent orator, a fine writer, a generous patron of the arts and enthusiastic promoter of public works, but above all he was a master politician. Octavian's great-uncle (and adoptive father) Julius Caesar was a great general, his rival Mark Antony was a great soldier, but as a politician Octavian outmatched them all. Like his adoptive father before him, Octavian is one of those figures whom it is difficult to know exactly what to make of, because he appears, even at a distance, to be larger than life. Yet the amount of personal correspondence and contemporary writings penned by Octavian himself, as well as his friends and associates (and rivals) is such that, when we analyse it all together, a clear picture of the man behind the bronze statue begins to emerge – the man who found Rome a city of bricks, but left her behind a city of marble. Creating the Roman Empire chronicles the lives of Rome's two most important leaders, separating fact from fiction and analyzing their legacies. Along with pictures and a Table of Contents, you will learn about Caesar and Augustus like you never have before.

Book Caesar

    Book Details:
  • Author : Adrian Goldsworthy
  • Publisher : Yale University Press
  • Release : 2006-09-22
  • ISBN : 0300139195
  • Pages : 592 pages

Download or read book Caesar written by Adrian Goldsworthy and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-22 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This “captivating biography” of the great Roman general “puts Caesar’s war exploits on full display, along with his literary genius” and more (The New York Times) Tracing the extraordinary trajectory of the Julius Caesar’s life, Adrian Goldsworthy not only chronicles his accomplishments as charismatic orator, conquering general, and powerful dictator but also lesser-known chapters during which he was high priest of an exotic cult and captive of pirates, and rebel condemned by his own country. Goldsworthy also reveals much about Caesar’s intimate life, as husband and father, and as seducer not only of Cleopatra but also of the wives of his two main political rivals. This landmark biography examines Caesar in all of these roles and places its subject firmly within the context of Roman society in the first century B.C. Goldsworthy realizes the full complexity of Caesar’s character and shows why his political and military leadership continues to resonate thousands of years later.

Book Caesar s Legacy

    Book Details:
  • Author : Josiah Osgood
  • Publisher : Cambridge University Press
  • Release : 2006-02-16
  • ISBN : 0521855829
  • Pages : 26 pages

Download or read book Caesar s Legacy written by Josiah Osgood and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-02-16 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In April 44 BC the eighteen-year-old Gaius Octavius landed in Italy and launched his take-over of the Roman world. Defeating first Caesar's assassins, then the son of Pompey the Great, and finally Antony and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, he dismantled the old Republic, took on the new name 'Augustus', and ruled forty years more with his equally remarkable wife Livia. Caesar's Legacy grippingly retells the story of Augustus' rise to power by focusing on how the bloody civil wars which he and his soldiers fought transformed the lives of men and women throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond. During this violent period citizens of Rome and provincials came to accept a new form of government and found ways to celebrate it. Yet they also mourned, in literary masterpieces and stories passed on to their children, the terrible losses they endured throughout the long years of fighting.

Book Julius Caesar and the Roman People

Download or read book Julius Caesar and the Roman People written by Robert Morstein-Marx and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-26 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reinterprets Julius Caesar not as an autocrat seeking to overthrow the Roman Republic, but as an unusually successful political leader.

Book Hannibal and Me

Download or read book Hannibal and Me written by Andreas Kluth and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2012-01-05 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dynamic and exciting way to understand success and failure, through the life of Hannibal, one of history's greatest generals. The life of Hannibal, the Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with his army in 218 B.C.E., is the stuff of legend. And the epic choices he and his opponents made-on the battlefield and elsewhere in life-offer lessons about responding to our victories and our defeats that are as relevant today as they were more than 2,000 years ago. A big new idea book inspired by ancient history, Hannibal and Me explores the truths behind triumph and disaster in our lives by examining the decisions made by Hannibal and others, including Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Steve Jobs, Ernest Shackleton, and Paul Cézanne-men and women who learned from their mistakes. By showing why some people overcome failure and others succumb to it, and why some fall victim to success while others thrive on it, Hannibal and Me demonstrates how to recognize the seeds of success within our own failures and the threats of failure hidden in our successes. The result is a page-turning adventure tale, a compelling human drama, and an insightful guide to understanding behavior. This is essential reading for anyone who seeks to transform misfortune into success at work, at home, and in life.

Book The Death of Caesar

Download or read book The Death of Caesar written by Barry Strauss and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A professor of history and classics describes the actual events of March 15, 44 BC, when Julius Caesar was murdered during the Roman civil wars, and comparies them to those outlined by William Shakespeare in his famous play.--Publisher's description.

Book History for Kids  the Illustrated Lives of Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus

Download or read book History for Kids the Illustrated Lives of Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by . This book was released on 2013-11-07 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Perfect for ages 7-10. *Includes pictures and illustrations. In Charles River Editors' History for Kids series, your children can learn about history's most important people and events in an easy, entertaining, and educational way. Pictures help bring the story to life, and the concise but comprehensive book will keep your kid's attention all the way to the end. Possibly the most important man of antiquity, and even all of history, was Julius Caesar. Alexander Hamilton, the famous American patriot, once remarked that "the greatest man who ever lived was Julius Caesar". Such a tribute, coming from one of the Founding Fathers of the quintessential modern democracy in reference to a man who destroyed the Roman Republic, is testament to the enduring mark that Caesar left upon the world. The ultimate conqueror, statesman, dictator, visionary, and opportunist, during his time in power Caesar expanded the borders of Rome to almost twice their previous size, revolutionized the infrastructure of the Roman state, and destroyed the Roman Republic for good, leaving a line of emperors in its place. His legacy is so strong that his name has become, in many languages, synonymous with power: the Emperors of Austria and Germany bore the title Kaiser, and the Czars of Russia also owe the etymology of their title to Caesar. His name also crept further eastward out of Europe, even cropping up in Hindi and Urdu, where the term for "Emperor" is Kaisar. Even in his time, Caesar was in many ways larger than life, and because of his legacy as virtual founder of the Roman Empire, much of what was written about - and by - him during his life and immediately after his assassination was politically motivated. His successor, Octavian Augustus, had a strong interest in ensuring that Caesar's life be painted in a favorable light, while Caesar's political enemies attempted to paint him as a corrupt, undemocratic dictator who was destroying the old order of the Republic. Of course, Caesar's life and death left a vacuum of power in Rome that was ultimately filled by his chosen heir, Octavian. The importance of Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (or as he was known from birth, Gaius Octavius "Octavian" Thurinus) to the course of Western history is hard to overstate. His life, his rise to power, his political, social and military achievements, all laid the foundations for the creation of an Empire which would endure for almost five centuries, and whose traditions, laws, architecture and art continue to influence much of Europe and the world today. Octavian was the first true Roman Emperor, and the first man since the Etruscan Tarquins, five centuries earlier, to establish a successful hereditary ruling dynasty in what had been a proud Republic for over half a millennium. He was a canny strategist, an excellent orator, a fine writer, a generous patron of the arts and enthusiastic promoter of public works, but above all he was a master politician. Octavian's great-uncle (and adoptive father) Julius Caesar was a great general, his rival Mark Antony was a great soldier, but as a politician Octavian outmatched them all. Like his adoptive father before him, Octavian is one of those figures whom it is difficult to know exactly what to make of, because he appears, even at a distance, to be larger than life. Yet the amount of personal correspondence and contemporary writings penned by Octavian himself, as well as his friends and associates (and rivals) is such that, when we analyse it all together, a clear picture of the man behind the bronze statue begins to emerge - the man who found Rome a city of bricks, but left her behind a city of marble. This books chronicles the lives of Rome's two most important leaders, separating fact from fiction and analyzing their legacies. Along with pictures and illustrations, your kids will learn about Caesar and Augustus like never before.

Book Augustus Caesar 77 Success Facts   Everything You Need to Know about Augustus Caesar

Download or read book Augustus Caesar 77 Success Facts Everything You Need to Know about Augustus Caesar written by Roy Kane and published by Emereo Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-31 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Back by popular demand: Augustus Caesar. This book is your ultimate resource for Augustus Caesar. Here you will find the most up-to-date 77 Success Facts, Information, and much more. In easy to read chapters, with extensive references and links to get you to know all there is to know about Augustus Caesar's Early life, Career and Personal life right away. A quick look inside: Xena - Eve/Livia, Imperial cult (ancient Rome) - Divus Julius, Virgin Mary - Family and early life, Copper - Antiquity and Middle Ages, First French Empire - Nature of Bonaparte's rule, Raetia - Economy, Julius Caesar (play) - Synopsis, Limes Germanicus - Augustus, Nicolaus of Damascus - The Embassy of an Indian King to Augustus, Florus, Eusebius of Caesarea - Early life, Caesar - Assassination, Ascanius - Aeneid, Ancient Rome - Flavian dynasty, List of slave owners - C, Pandya, Caesar's civil war - Chronology, Golan Heights - Antiquity, Galba - Origins and family life, Battle of Actium - Aftermath, Mar Thoma Syrian Church - First century BC, Ptolemaic family tree - Ptolemaic rulers, Ben Jonson - Drama, Roman engineering - Materials, Trogus Pompeius, BBC Television Shakespeare - Publicity and education, Pandyan kingdom, Saint Peter, Apologetics - Notable apologists, List of Roman women - Distinguished women of the Julio-Claudian House, Principate, Chronology of Jesus - Reign of Tiberius and the Gospel of Luke, Philip the Tetrarch - Background, Bruno Bauer - Views on Christian origins, Antony and Cleopatra (1974 TV drama) - Cast, Augustus in popular culture - Television, First Lady of the United States - Origins of the title, Serial monogamy - Cultural arguments, Decius Metellus, Mother of Jesus - Family and early life, and much more...

Book The Achievements of Augustus   The Transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire

Download or read book The Achievements of Augustus The Transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire written by Christina Gieseler and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2010-04-26 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2007 in the subject World History - Early and Ancient History, grade: 1,0, Hawai'i Pacific University, course: Introduction to Greco-Roman Civilization, language: English, abstract: How did Augustus transform the Roman republic into an empire? Why was he successful where Julius Caesar had not been? What was the process and what were the results of the changes Augustus introduced? In this essay, various sources about the first emperor of the Roman Empire will be examined, such as those of Augustus himself, of contemporary or later historians, and archaeological evidence. Generally, it can be stated that Augustus rather used the Republican system including all its traditional positions and regulations to gain power, whereas Caesar opposed the traditional ways of political life and therewith made himself the enemy of the state. Augustus achieved his position as the mightiest man in the empire through several strategies, e.g. by clever political/military strategies such as...

Book Armies of Julius Caesar 58   44 BC

Download or read book Armies of Julius Caesar 58 44 BC written by Raffaele D’Amato and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-09-16 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gaius Julius Caesar remains the most famous Roman general of all time. Although he never bore the title, historians since Suetonius have judged him to be, in practice, the very first 'emperor' – after all, no other name in history has been synonymous with a title of imperial rule. Caesar was a towering personality who, for better or worse, changed the history of Rome forever. His unscrupulous ambition was matched only by his genius as a commander and his conquest of Gaul brought Rome its first great territorial expansion outside the Mediterranean world. His charismatic leadership bounded his soldiers to him not only for expeditions 'beyond the edge of the world' – to Britain – but in the subsequent civil war that raised him to ultimate power. What is seldom appreciated, however is that the army he led was as varied and cosmopolitan as those of later centuries, and it is only recently that a wider study of a whole range of evidence has allowed a more precise picture of it to emerge. Drawing on a wide range of new research, the authors examine the armies of Julius Caesar in detail, creating a detailed picture of how they lived and fought.

Book Rome

    Book Details:
  • Author : Matthew Kneale
  • Publisher : Simon & Schuster
  • Release : 2019-05-28
  • ISBN : 150119111X
  • Pages : 432 pages

Download or read book Rome written by Matthew Kneale and published by Simon & Schuster. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This magnificent love letter to Rome” (Stephen Greenblatt) tells the story of the Eternal City through pivotal moments that defined its history—from the early Roman Republic through the Renaissance and the Reformation to the German occupation in World War Two—“an erudite history that reads like a page-turner” (Maria Semple). Rome, the Eternal City. It is a hugely popular tourist destination with a rich history, famed for such sites as the Colosseum, the Forum, the Pantheon, St. Peter’s, and the Vatican. In no other city is history as present as it is in Rome. Today visitors can stand on bridges that Julius Caesar and Cicero crossed; walk around temples in the footsteps of emperors; visit churches from the earliest days of Christianity. This is all the more remarkable considering what the city has endured over the centuries. It has been ravaged by fires, floods, earthquakes, and—most of all—by roving armies. These have invaded repeatedly, from ancient times to as recently as 1943. Many times Romans have shrugged off catastrophe and remade their city anew. “Matthew Kneale [is] one step ahead of most other Roman chroniclers” (The New York Times Book Review). He paints portraits of the city before seven pivotal assaults, describing what it looked like, felt like, smelled like and how Romans, both rich and poor, lived their everyday lives. He shows how the attacks transformed Rome—sometimes for the better. With drama and humor he brings to life the city of Augustus, of Michelangelo and Bernini, of Garibaldi and Mussolini, and of popes both saintly and very worldly. Rome is “exciting…gripping…a slow roller-coaster ride through the fortunes of a place deeply entangled in its past” (The Wall Street Journal).

Book Augustus

    Book Details:
  • Author : Adrian Goldsworthy
  • Publisher : Yale University Press
  • Release : 2014-08-28
  • ISBN : 0300210078
  • Pages : 625 pages

Download or read book Augustus written by Adrian Goldsworthy and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The acclaimed historian and author of Caesar presents “a first-rate popular biography” of Rome’s first emperor, written “with a storyteller’s brio” (Washington Post). The story of Augustus’ life is filled with drama and contradiction, risky gambles and unexpected success. He began as a teenage warlord whose only claim to power was as the grand-nephew and heir of the murdered Julius Caesar. Mark Antony dubbed him “a boy who owes everything to a name,” but he soon outmaneuvered a host of more experienced politicians to become the last man standing in 30 BC. Over the next half century, Augustus created a new system of government—the Principate or rule of an emperor—which brought peace and stability to the vast Roman Empire. In this highly anticipated biography, Goldsworthy puts his deep knowledge of ancient sources to full use, recounting the events of Augustus’ long life in greater detail than ever before. Goldsworthy pins down the man behind the myths: a consummate manipulator, propagandist, and showman, both generous and ruthless. Under Augustus’ rule the empire prospered, yet his success was constantly under threat and his life was intensely unpredictable.