Download or read book Brazil s Trade Liberalization and Growth written by Maurício Mesquita Moreira and published by BID-INTAL. This book was released on 2004 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unfulfilled expectations about economic growth in Brazil has led many observers to question the ability of the new, open trade regime to put the economy back on an path of sustainable growth. Whereas the country's growth record has been really poor, the evidence suggests that the underlying causes had nothing to do with trade. Quite the contrary. This paper shows that trade liberalization has given an important contribution to two of the main drivers of growth: productivity and investment in physical capital. It argues that these gains were not turned into growth due to an unfavorable macro and institutional environment. It also claims that Brazil could have enjoyed more gains from trade, had it pursued a more aggressive trade policy at home and abroad. The paper concludes by outlining the main issues of a pro-growth, trade policy agenda for the country.
Download or read book Economic Liberalization and Industrial Performance in Brazil written by Edmund Amann and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000-08-10 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past ten years the Brazilian economy has experience an unprecedented wave of market liberalization as import substitution has been progressively abandoned in favour of integration into the global economy. Trade barriers have fallen, privatizations have been implemented, and government procurement has been cut back. Although these policy shifts will be familiar to many, their implications in terms of performance may not. Using a comprehensive array of primary and secondary sources and in-depth company case studies, this book examines how one vitally important Brazilian industrial sector-the non-serial capital goods sector-coped with the onset of liberalization. While liberalization undoubtedly helped to promote greater efficiency in some areas of corporate performance, the impact elsewhere was far less favourable. This differentiated response raises some interesting and troubling theoretical and policy issues.
Download or read book Regional Multilateral and Unilateral Trade Policies of MERCOSUR for Growth and Poverty Reduction in Brazil written by Angelo Gurgel and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper determines the impacts of the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) for Brazil under alternative assumptions concerning the returns to scale and the nature of competition in several industries, emphasizing the effects on the agribusiness activities. The GTAPinGAMS applied general equilibrium model is used to run the simulations. The results suggest different changes in output, imports, exports, and prices under alternative assumptions about market structure. The FTAA allows the exploitation of economies of scale and reduction of markups in almost all industries, with evidences of rationalizing and pro-competitive effects occurring in the industries under imperfect competition. The welfare gains from the FTAA are larger in the model with market imperfections. If the FTAA excludes products from the agribusiness sectors, the Brazilian agricultural industries will exploit less the economies of scale.
Download or read book Trade liberalization and the political economy of protection in Brazil since 1987 Working Paper SITI Documento de Trabajo IECI n 8b written by Marcelo de Paiva Abreu and published by BID-INTAL. This book was released on 2004 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Brazil as an Economic Superpower written by Lael Brainard and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2009-09-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Brazil, the confluence of strong global demand for the country's major products, global successes for its major corporations, and steady results from its economic policies is building confidence and even reviving dreams of grandeza—the greatness that has proven elusive in the past. Even as the current economic crisis tempers expectations of the future, the trends identified in this book suggest that Brazil will continue its path toward becoming a leading economic power in the future. Once seen as an economic backwater, Brazil now occupies key niches in energy, agriculture, service industries, and even high technology. Yet Latin America's largest nation still struggles with endemic inequality issues and deep-seated ambivalence toward global economic integration. Scholars and policy practitioners from Brazil, the United States, and Europe recently gathered to investigate the present state and likely future of the Brazilian economy. This important volume is the timely result. In Brazil as an Economic Superpower? international authorities focus on five key topics: agribusiness, energy, trade, social investment, and multinational corporations. Their analyses and expertise provide not only a unique and authoritative picture of the Brazilian economy but also a useful lens through which to view the changing global economy as a whole.
Download or read book Financial Liberalization and Economic Performance written by Luiz Fernando de Paula and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the beginning of the 1990s, Brazil has followed a pattern of economic development inspired by Washington Consensus. This framework includes a set of liberalising and market friendly policies such as privatisation, trade liberalization, stimulus to foreign direct investment, tax reform, and social security reforms. This book assesses the determinants and impacts of financial liberalisation in Brazil considering its two dimensions: the opening up of the balance of payments capital account, and the penetration by foreign bank of the domestic banking sector. The author combines theoretical and empirical analyses. Some make use of mathematical models and/or statistical techniques; however, they are only used when they are strictly necessary to the analysis.
Download or read book Brazil written by Mr.Antonio Spilimbergo and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-14 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brazil is at crossroads, emerging slowly from a historic recession that was preceded by a huge economic boom. Reasons for the historic bust following a boom are manifold. Policy mistakes were an important contributory factor, and included the pursuit of countercyclical policies, introduced to deal with the effects of the global financial crisis, beyond the point where they were helpful. More fundamentally, it reflects longstanding structural weaknesses plaguing the economy, that also help explain Brazil’s uninspiring growth performance over the past four decades.
Download or read book Brazil and the Challenge of Economic Reform written by Werner Baer and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Big Business and Brazil s Economic Reforms written by Luiz Kormann and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-04-17 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1990s Brazil launched a comprehensive economic liberalization program. It lifted its trade barriers, adopted new market-oriented regulations, opened up its capital market and abandoned earlier efforts to internalize production and to build vertically integrated systems across several sectors of the economy. In spite of the visible gap that separated the top global giants from the large local enterprises, Brazilian companies seemed to be willing to join in an economic liberalization process that was bound to expose them to unprecedented levels of competition, bring about a high degree of uncertainty and, in many cases, ultimately put their own businesses at risk. Big Business and Brazil’s Economic Reforms examines the most emblematic aspect of the Brazilian economic reforms, the support from parts of the local entrepreneurial class for the opening up of the economy. It investigates the reasons why Brazil carried out these economic reforms in the 1990s, the transition process and the impact of the opening up of the economy on some of its most important sectors, such as the aerospace, auto and auto parts, food processing, oil and petrochemicals, ethanol, steel, telecoms and telecom equipment industries. This book offers an in-depth analysis of Brazil’s distinctive development paths, from the Latin American economic thinking of the early stages of its industrialization to the neo-liberal stance of the present day. It sheds new light on one of the main challenges facing all the large developing economies in their move to become more integrated into the world economy, the fostering of large enterprises, and is a great resource for students and researchers interested in global business, development economics, and Latin American economic history.
Download or read book Trade Liberalization written by Romain Wacziarg and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compelling two-volume collection presents the major literary contributions to the economic analysis of the consequences of trade liberalization on growth, productivity, labor market outcomes and economic inequality. Examining the classical theories that stress gains from trade stemming from comparative advantage, the selection also comprises more recent theories of imperfect competition, where any potential gains from trade can stem from competitive effects or the international transmission of knowledge. Empirical contributions provide evidence regarding the explanatory power of these various theories, including work on the effects of trade openness on economic growth, wages, and income inequality, as well as evidence on the effects of trade on firm productivity, entry and exit. Prefaced by an original introduction from the editor, the collection will to be an invaluable research resource for academics, practitioners and those drawn to this fascinating topic.
Download or read book Trade Liberalization and Industrial Pollution in Brazil written by Claudio Ferraz and published by Santiago, Chile : United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, División de Medio Ambiente y Asentamientos Humanos. This book was released on 1999 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper attempts to estimate the effect of trade liberalisation on the industrial structure and pattern of pollution emissions in Brazil. An input-output approach is used to estimate the value of production and potential pollution intensity estimates are undertaken using the industrial pollution projection system. The findings show that the aggregate intensity of pollutant emission has decreased for the whole industrial sector, but for the export sector, the pollution intensity has been increasing after trade liberalisation.
Download or read book Regional Multilateral and Unilateral Trade Policies of Mercosur for Growth and Poverty Reduction in Brazil written by David G. Tarr and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harrison, Rutherford, Tarr, and Gurgel estimate that the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA), the EU-MERCOSUR agreement, and multilateral trade policy changes will all be beneficial for Brazil. The Brazilian government strategy of simultaneously negotiating the FTAA and the EU-MERCOSUR agreement, while supporting multilateral liberalization through the Doha Agenda, will increase the benefits of each of these policies.The authors estimate that the poorest households typically gain roughly three to four times the average for Brazil from any of the policies considerethe United States protects its most highly protected markets. Both the FTAA and the EU-MERCOSUR agreements are net trade-creating for the countries involved, but excluded countries almost always lose from the agreements. The authors estimate that multilateral trade liberalization of 50 percent in tariffs and export subsidies results in gains to the world more than four times greater than either the FTAA or the EU-MERCOSUR agreement. This shows the continued importance to the world trading community of the multilateral negotiations.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of trade liberalization on poverty.
Download or read book The Brazilian Economy written by Maria Jose Fernandes Willumsen and published by University of Miami Iberian Studies Institute. This book was released on 1997 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emphasis of this book is on the structural aspects of the Brazilian economy, although analyses of economic performance are also covered. A central theme is that growth with social development requires structural reforms, such as the reorganisation of public finances and other matters.
Download or read book The Brazilian Economy written by Werner Baer and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ?Baer?s book has become the standard, authoritative reference for those who need to understand the current workings, as well as the historical evolution, of the Brazilian economy. This timely and welcome new edition sheds important light on the policy challenges facing Brazil in the 21st century.??Riordan Roett, Johns Hopkins UniversityIn this thorough description and analysis of Latin America?s largest economy, Werner Baer traces the trajectory of Brazil?s economic development from the colonial period through the current Lula administration.The sixth edition includes vast amounts of new statistical and institutional information, as well as a detailed assessment of the country?s economic performance over the last decade. Current, and often contentious, issues such as privatization, income and regional inequalities, and the environmental impact of development are also extensively explored.Designed to be broadly accessible, this new edition will be valuable in a wide range of venues, from universities to the corporate world to the libraries of development organizations. Werner Baer is Jorge Lemann Professor of Economics at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Among his most recent publications are Liberalization and its Consequences and Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: Its Changing Nature at the Turn of the Century.Contents: Introduction. The Historical Trajectory. The Colonial Period and the Nineteenth Century. Early Industrial Growth. Post?World War II Industrialization: 1946?1961. From Stagnation and Boom to the Debt Crisis: 1961?1985. Inflation and Economic Drift: 1985?1994. The Real Plan and the End of Inflation: 1994?2002. Economic Orthodoxy vs. Social Development: 2002?2007. Exploring Central Issues. The External Sector: Trade and Foreign Investments. The Changing Public Sector and the Impact of Privatization. Regional Inequalities. The Agricultural Sector. The Environmental Impact of Development. Healthcare. Neoliberalism and Market Concentration: The Emergence of a Contradiction? Conclusion. Structural Changes in Brazil?s Economy: 1960?2006.
Download or read book The Impacts of Trade Liberalization and Macroeconomic Instability on the Brazilian Economy written by Mauricio Vaz Lobo Bittencourt and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: After the creation of the Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), in the beginning of the 1990s, new free trade agreements began to be debated between Mercosur and other countries. Traditional trade theory predicts that trade liberalization reallocates resources according to comparative advantage, reduces waste, and lowers the price of imported goods in a more transparent economic regime, with less lobbying activities, and exports not only grow rapidly, but also become more diversified. Most economists also share that open countries fare better in the long run than do closed ones, but the short run impacts from trade liberalization can harm the poor. Since Brazil is one of the countries with larger inequality in the distribution of income, with high levels of poverty and regional differences, this study takes these concerns seriously by assessing the economic impacts of a reduction in import tariffs on poverty and distribution of income, identifying a combined policy that can reduce possible negative impacts from trade reform on the poor, through a single-country multi-regional computable general equilibrium model (CGE) applied to Brazil. The main findings show that poverty and regional income inequality can be reduced through combined trade and tax policies. In recent years, countries like Argentina and Brazil have experienced many different economic crises due to their own domestic instabilities, which have contributed to delayed market opening in these countries, and have threatened the evolution of new trade agreements. This study also emphasizes the lack of macroeconomic policy coordination between Mercosur and the Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) countries, notably the exchange rate policy through the impact of real bilateral exchange rate volatility on trade. Therefore, a sectoral gravity model is estimated to evaluate not only the role played by the lack of macroeconomic policy coordination, but also to better evaluate the patterns of trade in the Mercosur and in the proposed FTAA. The overall results show that the reduction in the level of exchange rate volatility can increase bilateral trade, and gradual reduction in the level of tariffs and increase in countries' income are also important pro-trade variables.
Download or read book Jobs and Growth written by Mark A. Dutz and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-08-31 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brazil approaches its 2018 election with an economy that is gradually recovering from the deepest recession in its recent economic history. However, for many Brazilians, the recovery has not yet translated into new and better jobs, or rising incomes. This book explores the drivers of future employment and income growth. Its key finding: Brazil needs to dramatically improve its performance across all industries in terms of productivity if the country is to provide better jobs for its citizens and generate lasting gains in incomes growth for all. This is particularly important as Brazil is aging rapidly and the boost the country has enjoyed thanks to its young and growing labor force in the past decades will disappear in just a few years’ time. The book recommends a change in the relationship between the state and business, from rewarding privileged incumbents to fostering competition and innovation—together with supporting workers and firms to adjust to the demands of the market. The book is addressed to all scholars and students of Brazil’s economy, especially those interested in why the country’s economic performance has not kept up with earlier achievements since the reintroduction of democracy in the mid-1980s. Its conclusions are urgent and pertinent but also optimistic. With the right policy mix, Brazil could enter the third century of its independence in 2022 well on track to join the ranks of high income countries.
Download or read book Liberalization in the Process of Economic Development written by Lawrence B. Krause and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic growth in all developing countries is guided, and often accelerated, by generally intrusive policies implemented by governments intent on playing an active role in furthering development. As economies have grown and become more complex, however, even small market distortions are magnified, and the tendency is to rely more heavily on the market for continued growth. In this volume, leading experts in economic development examine the variety of issues that arise as governments in some of the newly industrializing countries of Southeast Asia, such as South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, grapple with this difficult process of liberalization.
