Download or read book Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods written by Kevin Padian and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microscopic examination of fossilized bone tissue is a sophisticated and increasingly important analytical tool for understanding the life history of ancient organisms. This book provides an essential primer and manual for using fossil bone histology to investigate the biology of extinct tetrapods. Twelve experts summarize advances in the field over the past three decades, reviewing fundamental basics of bone microanatomy and physiology. Research specimen selection, thin-section preparation, and data analysis are addressed in detail. The authors also outline methods and issues in bone growth rate calculation and chronological age determination, as well as how to examine broader questions of behavior, ecology, and evolution by studying the microstructure of bone.

Download or read book Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology written by Vivian de Buffrénil and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 1882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology summarizes decades of research into the biology and biological meaning of hard tissues, in both living and extinct vertebrates. In addition to outlining anatomical diversity, it provides fundamental phylogenetic and evolutionary contexts for interpretation. An international team of leading authorities review the impact of ontogeny, mechanics, and environment in relation to bone and dental tissues. Synthesizing current advances in the biological problems of growth, metabolism, evolution, ecology, and behavior, this comprehensive and authoritative volume is built upon a foundation of concepts and technology generated over the past fifty years.

Download or read book Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods written by Kevin Padian and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microscopic examination of fossilized bone tissue is a sophisticated and increasingly important analytical tool for understanding the life history of ancient organisms. This book provides an essential primer and manual for using fossil bone histology to investigate the biology of extinct tetrapods. Twelve experts summarize advances in the field over the past three decades, reviewing fundamental basics of bone microanatomy and physiology. Research specimen selection, thin-section preparation, and data analysis are addressed in detail. The authors also outline methods and issues in bone growth rate calculation and chronological age determination, as well as how to examine broader questions of behavior, ecology, and evolution by studying the microstructure of bone.

Download or read book Study of the Structure of Some Bone Tissue in Fossil and Recent Tetrapods written by and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Forerunners of Mammals written by Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-18 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at the origin and evolutionary radiation of the synapsids. About 320 million years ago a group of reptiles known as the synapsids emerged and forever changed Earth’s ecological landscapes. This book discusses the origin and radiation of the synapsids from their sail-backed pelycosaur ancestor to their diverse descendants, the therapsids or mammal-like reptiles, that eventually gave rise to mammals. It further showcases the remarkable evolutionary history of the synapsids in the Karoo Basin of South Africa and the environments that existed at the time. By highlighting studies of synapsid bone microstructure, it offers a unique perspective of how such studies are utilized to reconstruct various aspects of biology, such as growth dynamics, biomechanical function, and the attainment of sexual and skeletal maturity. A series of chapters outline the radiation and phylogenetic relationships of major synapsid lineages and provide direct insight into how bone histological analyses have led to an appreciation of these enigmatic animals as once-living creatures. The penultimate chapter examines the early radiation of mammals from their nonmammalian cynodont ancestors, and the book concludes by engaging the intriguing question of when and where endothermy evolved among the therapsids. “Ever since Nick Hotton’s book from the 1980s we have needed an update on the biology of therapsids, and it has been Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan and her students and associates who through their bone histological work have made the greatest progress in this field.” —Martin Sander, Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn “Forerunners of Mammals is full of meticulous detail . . . [I]t also contains a number of excellently rendered illustrations of some of the animals covered in the book, and the final chapter is a discussion of the evolution of endothermy that anyone with a background in biology might find of interest. . . . Recommended.” —Choice “Forerunners of Mammals will take interested readers beyond the classic jaw-to-ear appreciation of therapsids, towards a deeper appreciation of the ancestry of mammals.” —Journal of Mammalian Evolution “This volume represents a state-of-the-art contribution to our understanding of the paleobiology of how mammals arose, and what factors contributed to their evolutionary radiation and eventual success. It is highly recommended for anyone interested in these topics, and will be accessible to readers with minimal background in bone histology and synapsid paleontology.” —Quarterly Review of Biology

Download or read book Evolution of Bone Histological Characters in Amniotes and the Implications for the Evolution of Growth and Metabolism written by Sarah Anne Werning and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Histological studies have established relationships between the microstructural features of bone, the growth rates of primary cortical bone, and whole-body growth rates of the animal. For animals of a given body size, the density and connectivity of vascular canals and the disorganization of collagen fibers increase with the rate of bone deposition, and osteocyte density is positively correlated with metabolic rate. I first review and refine several methods to improve the quantification of growth-related patterns in fossil bone tissue, focusing on specific microstructural characters known to correlate with growth and metabolic rates in living tetrapods. The most critical histological indicator of growth, the rate of bone deposition, is rarely reported in fossil studies. However, zonal area and average zonal width directly measure annual deposition, and can be used to bracket daily deposition rates. Estimating bone tissue growth based on vascularization pattern ("Amprino's Rule") likely confounds three separate vascular signals: density, connectivity, and orientation/patterning. I discuss ways to measure these separately, using qualitative and quantitative means. Collagen fiber orientation, a sensitive indicator of bone deposition rate that may resolve seasonal shifts, is sometimes obscured in fossils by diagenetic alteration. Patterns of osteocyte organization and orientation, more than cell shape, are highly associated with fiber orientation and may be more appropriate proxies. Osteocyte and canal density, not typically reported in paleohistological studies, are easily measured using digital boxplots along radial transects through the cortex. These measures suggest the possibility of more useful quantification of osteohistological indicators as proxies for growth and metabolic rates in extinct and extant vertebrates. I next investigate the origins of avian growth rates. Birds grow much faster than other extant reptiles, a trait that is reflected in the appearance of their bone microstructure. However, some of these traits are shared by their dinosaurian ancestors, and it is not known when this condition first evolved. I expand the histological database of archosaurs and their ancestors to include early archosauromorphs, pseudosuchians, and dinosauromorphs. By sampling through deep time and in taxa whose character states are not represented among living animals, I show that the avian histological features associated with faster growth and higher metabolic rates evolved not among birds or dinosaurs, but earlier than the common ancestor of birds and crocodylians. Most of these character changes accumulated in a short segment of the archosauriform tree before the end of the Triassic. Finally, I examine histological patterns of growth in marsupial mammals. Among extant mammals, the bone tissue of placentals has been fairly well characterized, and is known to vary with size and ecology. Comparative data on marsupials, however, are lacking. I sampled the mid-diaphyseal femora of more than 50 extant and extinct marsupial species, as well as some afrotherian, xenarthran, and laurasiatherian placentals. My marsupial sample encompasses all extant orders, spans a 10 g-2500 kg size range, and comprises mainly wild-caught animals. The main factors influencing marsupial bone microstructure are life history and body size. The histological differences resulting from body size are subtle, occur gradually, and hold across six of the seven extant orders. The uniformity of marsupial bone histology reflects uniformity of their life history, especially related to the ontogeny of growth rates. Across all body sizes, marsupials share a common ontogeny: they are extremely altricial, experience their time of fastest growth at or just prior to weaning, and then continue to grow at lower rates for an extended period relative to their lifespan. Among placental mammals, histological variability likely reflects greater diversity in the ontogeny of growth rates. It is likely that sampling biases have obscured both size and phylogenetic signals in the distribution of mammalian bone growth patterns. By incorporating natural history and life history, the fossil record and the modern record, the study of bone microstructure can facilitate a much richer understanding of growth at the organismal level, and the evolution of growth strategies at higher levels.

Download or read book Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs written by Nichole Klein and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-22 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sauropods, those huge plant-eating dinosaurs, possessed bodies that seem to defy every natural law. What were these creatures like as living animals and how could they reach such uniquely gigantic sizes? A dedicated group of researchers in Germany in disciplines ranging from engineering and materials science to animal nutrition and paleontology went in search of the answers to these questions. Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs reports on the latest results from this seemingly disparate group of research fields and integrates them into a coherent theory regarding sauropod gigantism. Covering nutrition, physiology, growth, and skeletal structure and body plans, this volume presents the most up-to-date knowledge about the biology of these enormous dinosaurs.

Download or read book Amphibian Evolution written by Rainer R. Schoch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-03-19 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the first vertebrates to conquer land and their long journey to become fully independent from the water. It traces the origin of tetrapod features and tries to explain how and why they transformed into organs that permit life on land. Although the major frame of the topic lies in the past 370 million years and necessarily deals with many fossils, it is far from restricted to paleontology. The aim is to achieve a comprehensive picture of amphibian evolution. It focuses on major questions in current paleobiology: how diverse were the early tetrapods? In which environments did they live, and how did they come to be preserved? What do we know about the soft body of extinct amphibians, and what does that tell us about the evolution of crucial organs during the transition to land? How did early amphibians develop and grow, and which were the major factors of their evolution? The Topics in Paleobiology Series is published in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, and is edited by Professor Mike Benton, University of Bristol. Books in the series provide a summary of the current state of knowledge, a trusted route into the primary literature, and will act as pointers for future directions for research. As well as volumes on individual groups, the series will also deal with topics that have a cross-cutting relevance, such as the evolution of significant ecosystems, particular key times and events in the history of life, climate change, and the application of a new techniques such as molecular palaeontology. The books are written by leading international experts and will be pitched at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in both the paleontological and biological sciences.

Download or read book Fossilization written by Carole T. Gee and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at the latest breakthroughs in our understanding of the material record that deep time leaves behind. Understanding the complex interplay of physical and chemical processes leading to fossilization is crucial to elucidating the 3800 million years of life on earth. And yet, the process of fossilization also leads to the loss of pivotal biological information, placing constraints on the very same understanding of ancient life it preserves. Over the last decade, however, remarkable advances in approaches, techniques, tools, and instrumentation have helped scientists to transcend these constraints by enabling high-resolution analysis of fossil material—even down to the nanoscale. Fossilization provides a critical look at these cutting-edge innovations in the science of fossil preservation and provides a road map for future research. Drawing from the fields of paleontology, organic and inorganic chemistry, microbiology, and high-resolution imaging and analysis, and spanning the diversity of life from plants to vertebrates and invertebrates, this resource details expert findings on • fossilization of hard and soft part tissues in dinosaurs • high-resolution chemical analysis of organic and inorganic tissues • arthropods preserved in amber • experimental silicification of wood • chemical defenses and color in fossil plants • confocal Raman spectroscopy • microprobe analysis • radioisotopic studies • and much more A true interdisciplinary undertaking, the book is authored by paleontologists, mineralogists, geochemists, organic chemists, microbiologists, and materials scientists who have worked together to investigate questions around substance fossilization and the limits of the fossil record. A special color section contains SEM, Raman, and other striking images of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Fossilization is a trailblazing reference book for research scientists and specialists in related fields, as well as for advanced undergraduates and graduate students interested in fossilization, emerging research techniques, and fresh approaches in the analysis of plant and animal fossils. Contributors: H. Jonas Barthel, Aurore Canoville, Carole T. Gee, Thorsten Geisler, Jens Götze, Conrad C. Labandeira, Sashima Läbe, Moritz Liesegang, Victoria E. McCoy, Martina Menneken, Jes Rust, P. Martin Sander, Frank Tomaschek, Torsten Wappler, Kayleigh Wiersma, Tzu-Ruei Yang

Download or read book Evolution and Development of Fishes written by Zerina Johanson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World-class palaeontologists and biologists summarise the state-of-the-art on fish evolution and development.

Download or read book The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone written by Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-07-15 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing from sources across the field of bone histology, Chinsamy-Turan paints a holistic view of the current state of the science and presents a fresh perspective on the relevance of the field to understanding the Dinosauria.

Download or read book Fourth International Symposium on Paleohistology written by Rodrigo A. Pellegrini and published by . This book was released on 2017-07-08 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Program and Abstracts Book for the Fourth International Symposium on Paleohistology (ISPH 2017) includes the program, schedule, welcome address, keynote speaker profiles, convener profiles, various committee member profiles, abstracts of presentations, and list of participants, in addition to background information on the host institution, the New Jersey State Museum.

Download or read book Histology of Ancient Human Bone Methods and Diagnosis written by Gisela Grupe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The examination of excavated human bone finds is mainly the domain of anthropologists and forensic pathologists, the former working with ancient and historical specimens, the latter with modern finds. The methodological and diagnostic approaches to these skeletal finds are the same, regardless of the time of burial. For physical an thropology, bodily human relics are dealt with as historical resources which give clues to ancient population structure, population develop ment, life-style and subsistence. They are thus able to help scientists understand the present state of human populations. The identification of the finds, whether species diagnosis or the evaluation of individual parameters such as sex, age at death, body size and shape, kinship and pathology follows the same procedure used by forensic patholo gists, whose task is the identification of bodily relics in cases of crime, mass disaster and the like. However, there are other disciplines which benefit from excavated bone finds. Anatomy gains insights into the morphological variability of the skeleton in time and place. The implications for modern physi cians and pathologists are at least two-fold: pathological specimens are suitable to unravel the distribution of many diseases and the susceptibility of individuals to pathogens in pre-antibiotic populations. In addition to this epidemiological aspect, exhumed specimens often exhibit advanced states of bone disease which are no longer or only very rarely present in today's industrialized populations because of efficient surgical intervention and pharmacological treatment.

Download or read book Bones and Cartilage written by Brian K. Hall and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-12-23 with total page 911 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review and synthesis assembled on the topic, across all vertebrates. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage develop in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone is repaired when we break a leg, or regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a new tail. The second edition of Bones and Cartilage includes the most recent knowledge of molecular, cellular, developmental and evolutionary processes, which are integrated to outline a unified discipline of developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. Additionally, coverage includes how the molecular and cellular aspects of bones and cartilage differ in different skeletal systems and across species, along with the latest studies and hypotheses of relationships between skeletal cells and the most recent information on coupling between osteocytes and osteoclasts All chapters have been revised and updated to include the latest research. Offers complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage, with updated references and extensive illustrations Integrates development and evolution of the skeleton, as well a synthesis of differentiation, growth and patterning Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution, and covers all vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages Includes new chapters on evolutionary skeletal biology that highlight normal variation and variability, and variation outside the norm (neomorphs, atavisms) Updates hypotheses on the origination of cartilage using new phylogenetic, cellular and genetic data Covers stem cells in embryos and adults, including mesenchymal stem cells and their use in genetic engineering of cartilage, and the concept of the stem cell niche

Download or read book Biological Materials of Marine Origin written by Hermann Ehrlich and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-01 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second monograph by the author on biological materials of marine origin. The initial book is dedicated to the biological materials of marine invertebrates. This work is a source of modern knowledge on biomineralization, biomimetics and materials science with respect to marine vertebrates. For the first time in scientific literature the author gives the most coherent analysis of the nature, origin and evolution of biocomposites and biopolymers isolated from and observed in the broad variety of marine vertebrate organisms (fish, reptilian, birds and mammals) and within their unique hierarchically organized structural formations. There is a wealth of new and newly synthesized information, including dozens of previously unpublished images of unique marine creatures including extinct, extant and living taxa and their biocomposite-based structures from nano- to micro – and macroscale. This monograph reviews the most relevant advances in the marine biological materials research field, pointing out several approaches being introduced and explored by distinct modern laboratories.

Download or read book Ruling Reptiles written by Holly N. Woodward and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2023-09-05 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern crocodylians—crocodiles, alligators, caiman (Central and South America), and gharials (India)—have evolved over 250 million years from a fully terrestrial, bipedal ancestor. Along with birds, crocodylians are the only living members of Archosauria, the group including nonavian dinosaurs. Ruling Reptiles features contributions on a broad range of topics surrounding crocodylian evolution and biology including osteology, osteohistology, developmental biology, myology, odontology, functional morphology, allometry, body size estimation, taphonomy, parasitology, ecology, thermophysiology, and ichnology. It demonstrates how the wide variety of these studies can also provide crucial insights into dinosaurian biology and evolution. Featuring the latest findings and interpretations, Ruling Reptiles: Crocodylian Biology and Archosaur Paleobiology is an essential resource for zoologists, biologists, and paleontologists.

Download or read book Bone Histology written by Christian Crowder and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A broad understanding of bone and tooth microstructure is necessary for constructing the biological profile of an individual or individuals within a population. Bone Histology: An Anthropological Perspective brings together authors with extensive experience and expertise in various aspects of hard tissue histology to provide a comprehensive discuss