Download or read book BLAST BIOLOGY Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental data regarding the biologic consequences of exposure to several environmental variations associated with actual and simulated explosive detonations were reviewed. Blast biology is discussed relative to primary, secondary, tentiary, and miscellaneous blast effects as those attributable, respectively, to variations in environmental pressure, trauma from blast-produced missiles (both penetrating and nonpenetrating), the consequences of physical displacement of biological targets by blast-produced winds, and hazards due to ground shock, dust, and thermal phenomena not caused by thermal radiation per se. Primary blast effects were considered, noting physical-biophysical factors contributing to the observed pathophysiology. A simple hydrostatic model was utilized diagrammatically in pointing out possible etiologic mechanisms. The gross biologic response to single. "fast"--Rising overpressures were described as was the tolerance of mice, rats, guinea pigs. and rabbits to "long"-duration pressure pulses rising "rapidly" in single and double steps. Data regarding biological response to "slowly" rising over-pressures of "long" duration are discussed. Attention was called to the similarities under certain circumstances between thoracic trauma from nonpenetrating missiles and that noted from air blast. The association between air emboli, increase in lung weight (hemorrhage and edema), and mortality was discussed. Data relevant to the clinical symptoms and therapy of blast injury are presented. The relation of blast hazards to nuclear explosions was assessed and one approach to predicting the maximal potential casualties from blast phenomena is presented making use of arbitrary and tentative criteria. (auth).
Download or read book THE SCOPE OF BLAST AND SHOCK BIOLOGY AND PROBLEM AREAS IN RELATING PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biological Effects of Blast and Shock Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tertiary Blast Effects written by Donald R. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A total of 455 mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits were subjected to impact at velocities ranging between 25 ft/sec and 51 ft/sec. The desired velocities were generated by allowing the animals to free-fall from various heights to a flat concrete pad. The ventral surface of each animal was the area of impact. Probit analyses of the 24-hr mortality data yielded LD50 impact velocities with 95 per cent confidence limits as follows: mouse, 39.4 (37.4-42. 0) ft/sec; rat, 43.5 (42.0 - 44.8) ft/sec; guinea pig, 31.0 (30.0 - 31.9) ft/ sec. The LD50 figures for the mouse and rat were significantly higher, statistically, than those for the guinea pig and rabbit. The small spread in the LD50 values suggested little variation in the tolerance of biological systems to impact. Further, the steepness of the mortality curves indicated a narrow survival range to impact. Extrapolation of the experimental data to the 70 kg animal yielded a predicted LD50 impact velocity of 26 ft/sec (18 mph). Literature relevant to the human case was reviewed and the tentative applicability of the predicted figures to adult man was discussed. (Author).
Download or read book Biological Tolerance to Air Blast and Related Biomedical Criteria written by Clayton S. White and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experience with animals exposed in a variety of above and below ground structures during full-scale field operations at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, 1955 and 1957 were reviewed. The data were assembled and summarized to illustrate the nature of the blast-induced problems of significance in protective shelters, "open" as well as "closed". Potential hazards were related to the following: various patterns of variation in environmental pressure; translational events associated with transient, high-velocity winds, ground shock and gravity involving the impact of energized inanimate objects on the one hand the the consequences of whole-body displacement on the other; non-line-of-site thermal phenomena including hot objects and rapidly moving hot, dust- laden air and debris; and dust, in the respirable size range, sufficiently high in concentration even in "closed" shelters as to warrant design measures to minimize or eliminate the occurrence of small particulates whether arising from wall spalling or otherwise. Tentative biological criteria, conceived to help assess human hazards from blast-related phenomena, were presented. Relevant data from the literature and on- going research in environmental medicine were set forth to aid the reader in appreciating how the criteria were formulated, what information was extrapolated from animal data, and wherein "best estimates" were employed. "State-of-the-art" concepts were noted to emphasize areas in which more thinking and research must continue if more refined, complete and adequate criteria are to be forthcoming for assessing man's response to blast-induced variation in his immediate environment.
Download or read book Conventional Warfare written by Ronald F. Bellamy and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings written by Kenneth Merle Brinkhous and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Relationship Between Selected Blast wave Parameters and the Response of Mammals Exposed to Air Blast written by Donald R. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For personnel standing or prone-side-on to the charge when it is detonated at or near the surface, the side-on incident plus dynamic pressures become the effective pressure; however, with orientations end-on in this situation, only the side-on incident pressure appears to be the maximal effective pressure.
Download or read book TID written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Body Armor written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Overpressure on the Ear written by Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tolerance levels of the human ear to various types of overpressure are discussed. (Author).
Download or read book A Tentative Estimation of Man s Tolerance to Overpressures from Air Blast written by Donald R. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tentative estimates of the sharp-rising overpressures as a function of duration which represent a lethal hazard to the 70-kg animal 1, 50 and 99 per cent of the time were presented. The predictions were based on interspecies correlations and extrapolations encompassing blast-tolerance data for six mammalian species. The tentative application of the data to indicate human blast tolerance was discussed and relevant uncertainties in the estimates were emphasized. It was also pointed out that biologic tolerance would be different for air-blast pulses having non-ideal wave forms frequently associated with various geometries of exposure. Selected pathophysiological information pertinent to the biological response following blast exposure was given; namely survival time and selected postshot observations of dogs and goats.
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Accident Pathology written by United States. National Highway Safety Bureau and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Government Research Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BLAST Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current state of knowledge relevant to biological blast effects was summarized in a selective manner. Initially, five problems of concern to those who would relate the environmental variations produced by nuclear weapons with biological response and hazard assessment were pointed out. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and miscellaneous blast effects were defined and selected interspecies experimental data of a physical and pathophysiological nature useful in estimating human response were presented. Tentative biological criteria defining safe levels of exposure were set forth as were survival curves for different conditions of exposure in Hiroshima. These were discussed along with the comparative variations in range of the free-field effects as they vary with explosive yield. The fundamental requirement for surviving seconds, minutes, and hours to abet survival for days, weeks, months, and years was emphasized along with the necessity for planning protective measures against all hazardous weapons effects as one attractive alternative for minimizing casualties and maximizing survival in the event of a nuclear war. (auth).
