Download or read book Black Bear Damage on Trees in the Pacific Northwest of the USA written by Nancy Schaarschmidt and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Timber Damage by Black Bears written by Dale L. Nolte and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes alternative approaches to controlling the damage black bears cause during the spring when they strip bark to eat the newly formed wood underneath. One bear might strip as many as 70 trees in a day. The trees will be damaged and may be killed if the bark is stripped all the way around the tree, girdling it. Bears appear to strip the most vigorous trees, preferring stands that have been thinned, or those where urea fertilizer has been applied. Bears also appear to prefer trees with a high concentration of sugars relative to the concentration of terpenes. Pruning decreases the sugar-to-terpene ratio, reducing the likelihood that trees will be stripped by bears. Bears generally quit stripping trees once other foods become available during the late spring or early summer. One approach to reducing damage has been to provide supplemental feed (pellets resembling dog food) in stands being damaged by bears. In one study, damage was just one-fifth as much in stands with feeders as in stands without feeders. Killing bears in areas where trees are being stripped can also reduce damage. Other approaches, such as relocation, contraception or sterilization, or repellents, are not generally practical for protecting forest plantations.
Download or read book A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis of the Impacts of Bear Damage to Douglas fir on Private Timberlands in the Pacific Northwest written by Kristina N. Kline and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Oregon and Washington peel bark from conifers in early spring to forage on the sugar-rich phloem and cambial tissues. This provides important energy at a time when similarly attractive forage is scarce. Bears often damage Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in stands that are intensively managed for timber production, as management activities including thinning and fertilization increase productivity. Fully girdled trees result in a complete economic loss while partial girdling reduces survival rates as well as merchantable volume. Previous studies on economic impacts have assessed only those losses to fully girdled trees, but not additional impacts from wounded trees. We surveyed four severely damaged stands to assess economic impacts at the stand-level, and surveyed 122 randomly selected vulnerable stands to assess economic impacts at the landscape-level. Two damage scenarios were considered. Scenario one accounted for the additional mortality and volume losses from partially girdled trees, whereas scenario two assumed that all bear-peeled trees resulted in a complete loss. Stand volumes were estimated using the Forest Vegetation Simulator growth and yield model. Economic losses were estimated using the Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator and present value models. At the stand-level, economic losses to severe bear damage in scenario one ranged from $6,100 to $24,500. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $19,500 to $74,700. Undamaged stands were valued from $43K-$250K. At the landscape level, economic losses to vulnerable stands in scenario one ranged from $44,500 to $726,000. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $169,000 to $2.8M. Undamaged stands were valued from $48M-$780.5M. Root disease was a more prevalent damage agent than black bear damage. The majority of bear damage observed (92%) was older (>2 yrs) and existed at a low frequency (1.5 bear damaged trees/ha) and severity across the landscape. Our results suggest that bear damage management over the last two decades may have reached a level of efficiency at reducing damage, and if continued, bear damage may remain at low levels across the landscape. On-the-ground monitoring of the status of bear damage frequency and severity across western Oregon and Washington at both the stand and landscape levels will provide an understanding of these changes over time as a result of management decisions.
Download or read book Black Bear Damage to Forest Trees in Northwest Oregon 1988 1989 written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black Bear Damage to Forest Trees in Northwest Oregon written by Alan Kanaskie and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aerial Signatures of Forest Insect and Disease Damage in the Western United States written by William M. Ciesla and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book General Technical Report PNW GTR written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Silvicultural Approaches to Animal Damage Management in Pacific Northwest Forests written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Investigaton of Black Bear Damage to Forest Stands in Western Washington written by William B. Stewart and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Growth of Bear damaged Trees in a Mixed Plantation of Douglas fir and Red Alder written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black Bear of Washington written by Richard J. Poelker and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This bulletin serves a two-fold purpose. First, it is a final report of the Black Bear Study, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson) Project W-71-R. This is a cooperative study begun in 1963 by state, federal and private agencies to investigate the problem of black bear damage to coniferous forests and gain new information with regard to black bear biology and populations. The project became inactive in 1969 with the death of the principal investigator. The project was reactivated in 1973 to allow for consolidation and publication of study findings. The second purpose is to provide persons concerned with black bear a useful and informative guide. Basic information concerning black bear damage to coniferous forests, biology, population and a summary of past and current management in Washington is provided. Hopefully, with this bulletin, the man in the field, whether a forester, a state wildlife agent or other, can find answers to the numerous questions and problems encountered"--Preface.
Download or read book Animal Damage Management in Pacific Northwest Forests March 25 27 1987 Spokane Washington written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessment and Management of Animal Damage in Pacific Northwest Forest written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Paper PNW written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black Bear Tree Damage written by and published by . This book was released on 199? with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Paper PNW RP written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
