Download or read book Biodegradation and Bioavailability Studies on Aged Pah contaminated Sediment written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The degradation of PAHs by bacteria indigenous to chronically field-contaminated sediment was investigated, where the sediment served as both the inoculum and the medium containing PAHs. Microbial composition and dynamics under representative conditions were characterized by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Due to the high content of reduced sulfur compounds in the sediment, rapid oxygen depletion and severe acidification resulted from intensive activities of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria affiliated with the genus Thiovulum . Proper use of crushed limestone and an oxygen delivery protocol successfully avoided acidification and satisfied the oxygen demand of the system. With sufficient oxygen, substantial biodegradation of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-ring PAHs was achieved, while no appreciable degradation of 6-ring compounds was observed. Phylogenetic analysis of the microbial communities in various aerobic slurries with different additives revealed the selection of species associated with genera Cytophaga and Sphingomonas .Only phenanthrene showed a significant degradation coupled to sulfate reduction. Two dominant species grouped with the genus Bacteroides were probably involved in the degradation. They related to clones involved in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons with sulfate as the electron acceptor. Under denitrifying conditions, no appreciable PAH degradation was observed, while the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen occurred stoichiometrically with the production of sulfate. This was due to the absolute dominance of an autotrophic, Thiomicrospira denitrificans -like denitrifier. The addition of ethanol or acetate, as applied, was unable to encourage the dominance of heterotrophic denitrifiers, which was necessary for PAH biodegradation. An XAD-2 assisted desorption assay was developed for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in the sediment. Its promise was demonstrated by the strong agreement between final residual levels of all the 2-, 3-, and 4-ring PAHs after biodegradation and desorption. This suggests that bioavailability was the factor limiting the biodegradation of these PAHs, and explains why addition of nutrients, co-substrates, or surfactants, as practiced, did not improve the extent of degradation in aerobic systems, although different dominant species resulted in response to these amendments. Mild extractions using certain isopropanol- or ethanol-water solutions could also approximate the bioavailability of PAHs, which, however, require intensive studies of extraction parameters.
Download or read book Biostabilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs Under Denitrification Conditions in Sediments written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carnegie Mellon University and Stanford University investigated the anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated sediments under bioslurry denitrifying conditions. Samples from sediment bioslurry tests and toxicity bioassays were used to assess PAH bioavailability as inferred from subparticle-scale measurement of PAH locations on sediment particles and association with sorbent organic matter. The research employed new microscale, analytic measurement techniques: microprobe, two-step laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry; infrared microspectroscopy; wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis; and thermal desorption mass spectrometry. These techniques provide information on subparticle-scale PAH distributions in sediment. CMU researchers have reviewed relevant studies, cultivated Pseudomonas putida KBM1, a strain of microorganisms capable of degrading PAHs under denitrifying conditions, and conducted anaerobic and aerobic PAH degradation studies. R G. Luthy has leveraged the experimental studies with a major Gas Research Institute initiative on environmentally acceptable endpoints. CMU and Stanford have examined PAH distribution on dredged Milwaukee harbor sediment obtained from the Jones Island confined disposal facility. Subparticle-scale analyses have shown that PAH sorption involves near-surface sorption processes, rather than particle-scale diffusion phenomena, and that coal-like particles contain many times more PM's than silica particles. Results from anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation experiments conducted with two PAH contaminated sediments are presented in this final report.
Download or read book Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-05-03 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioavailability refers to the extent to which humans and ecological receptors are exposed to contaminants in soil or sediment. The concept of bioavailability has recently piqued the interest of the hazardous waste industry as an important consideration in deciding how much waste to clean up. The rationale is that if contaminants in soil and sediment are not bioavailable, then more contaminant mass can be left in place without creating additional risk. A new NRC report notes that the potential for the consideration of bioavailability to influence decision-making is greatest where certain chemical, environmental, and regulatory factors align. The current use of bioavailability in risk assessment and hazardous waste cleanup regulations is demystified, and acceptable tools and models for bioavailability assessment are discussed and ranked according to seven criteria. Finally, the intimate link between bioavailability and bioremediation is explored. The report concludes with suggestions for moving bioavailability forward in the regulatory arena for both soil and sediment cleanup.
Download or read book Environmental Biodegradation Research Focus written by B. Y. Wang and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Environemntal Biodegradation Research Focus' is devoted to leading-edge research on environmental biodegradation which is the destruction of organic compounds by microorganisms.
Download or read book Fungi in Bioremediation written by Geoffrey M. Gadd and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-11-15 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative account of the application of fungi to the treatment of environmental pollution.
Download or read book Biodegradation and Bioremediation written by Ajay Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, experts from universities, government labs and industry share their findings on the microbiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of biodegradation and bioremediation. The text covers numerous topics, including: bioavailability, biodegradation of various pollutants, microbial community dynamics, properties and engineering of important biocatalysts, and methods for monitoring bioremediation processes. Microbial processes are environmentally compatible and can be integrated with non-biological processes to detoxify, degrade and immobilize environmental contaminants.
Download or read book Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology Volume 2 written by Gary K. Ostrander and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-01-27 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following up on his popular Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology with a second volume, now nine years later, Dr. Ostrander has once again called on the top aquatic toxicologists from across the world to present 39 chapters of unique collection and testing procedures. Updating five techniques from the first volume, the authors have gone on to add over two dozen new techniques. Every chapter covers a specific procedure that can easily be reproduced by any competent technician with basic knowledge. Each of the chapter authors provides and interprets typical and anomalous results, false positives, and artifacts. Data is provided either from recently published experiments or from work being published for the first time.
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Utilization of Bioremediation to Reduce Soil Contamination Problems and Solutions written by Václav Sasek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional reliance on chemical analysis to understand the direction and extent of treatment in a bioremediation process has been found to be inadequate. Whereas the goal of bioremediation is toxicity reduction, few direct, reliable measures of this process are as yet available. Another area of intense discussion is the assessment of market forces contributing to the acceptability of bioremediation. Finally, another important component is a series of lectures and lively exchanges devoted to practical applications of different bioremediation technologies. The range of subjects covers a wide spectrum, encompassing emerging technologies as well as actual, full-scale operations. Examples discussed include landfarming, biopiling, composting, phytoremediation and mycoremediation. Each technology is explored for its utility and capability to provide desired treatment goals. Advantages and limitations of each technology are discussed. The concept of natural attenuation is also critically evaluated since in some cases where time to remediation is not a significant factor, it may be an alternative to active bioremediation operations.
Download or read book Sediment Quality and Impact Assessment of Pollutants written by Damia Barcelo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-09-29 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1 of the Sustainable Management of Sediment Resources mini-series is the first attempt to fill many of these gaps in knowledge and also in practice. The volume includes sections on: - Sampling - Characterization of contaminants in sediments being bioavailability the main issue - Chemical analysis - Biological analysis - Effect directed analysis and toxicity - Identification evaluation - Benthos sediment quality assessment - Modelling of pollutant fate and behaviour - Sediment quality guidelines This first volume is applicable to a wide audience, from students at the graduate level, to experienced researchers and laboratory personnel in academia, industry and government. This volume also available as part of a 4-volume set, ISBN 0444519599. Discount price for set purchase. - A broad overview on sediment quality and impact assessment of pollutants - Suitable for both newcomers to the field of sediment treatment and specialists alike - Outlines practical examples of methods used in sediment quality analysis
Download or read book Cellular Ecophysiology of Microbe written by Tino Krell and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-24 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assembles concisely written chapters by world-leaders in the field summarizing recent advances in understanding microbial responses to hydrocarbons. Subjects treated include mechanisms of sensing, hydrocarbon tolerance and degradation as well as an overview on hydrophobic modification of biomolecules. Other chapters are dedicated to issues related to the reduced bioavailability of hydrocarbons, which differentiates this class of compounds form many others, but which of central importance to understand the ecophysiological consequences. This book should be standard literature in any laboratory working in this area.
Download or read book Soil and Sediment Remediation written by Piet Lens and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2005-09-30 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil and Sediment Remediation discusses in detail a whole set of remediative technologies currently available to minimise their impact. Technologies for the treatment of soils and sediments in-situ (landfarming, bioscreens, bioventing, nutrient injection, phytoremediation) and ex-situ (landfarming, bio-heap treatment, soil suspension reactor) will be discussed. The microbiological, process technological and socio-economical aspects of these technologies will be addressed. Special attention will be given to novel biotechnological processes that utilise sulfur cycle conversions, e.g. sulfur and heavy metal removal from soils. Also the potential of phytoremediation will be highlighted. In addition, treatment schemes for the clean-up of polluted megasites, e.g. harbours and Manufactured Gaswork Plants (MGP), will be elaborated. The aim of Soil and Sediment Remediation is to introduce the reader in: the biogeochemical characteristics of soil and sediments- new techniques to study soil/sediment processes (molecular probes, microelectrodes, NMR) clean up technologies for soils polluted with organic (PAH, NAPL, solvents) or inorganic (heavy metals) pollutants- preventative and remediative strategies and technologies available in environmental engineering novel process applications and bioreactor designs for bioremediation the impact of soil pollution on society and its economic importance.
Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sediment Toxicity Assessment written by G.Allen Burton and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sediment Toxicity Assessment provides the latest information regarding how to evaluate sediment contamination and its effects on aquatic ecosystems. It presents an integrated ecosystem approach by detailing effective assessment methods, considerations, and effects to each major component of marine and freshwater systems, including the benthos, plankton, and fish communities. The approaches emphasize defining habitat conditions (physical and chemical), toxicant bioavailability, factors influencing toxicity (lab and field), biomarkers, acute and chronic toxicity, study design, collection methods, and EPA management strategies. The book also explains how to integrate the assessments. Sediment Toxicity Assessment will be useful to to all environmental managers, environmental scientists, ecotoxicologists, environmental regulators, aquatic ecologists, environmental contractors and consultants, instructors, students, conservation commissions, and environmental activist organizations.
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Download or read book Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future written by Hemen Sarma and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-19 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future Explore the state-of-the-art in biosurfactant technology and its applications in environmental remediation, biomedicine, and biotechnology Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future explores recent developments in biosurfactants and their use in a variety of cutting-edge applications. The book opens a window on the rapid development of microbiology by explaining how microbes and their products are used in advanced medical technology and in the sustainable remediation of emerging environmental contaminants. The book emphasizes the different techniques that are used for the production of biosurfactants from microorganisms and their characterization. Various aspects of biosurfactants, including structural characteristics, developments, production, bio-economics and their sustainable use in the environment and biomedicine, are addressed, and the book also presents metagenomic strategies to facilitate the discovery of novel biosurfactants producing microorganisms. Readers will benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the state-of-the-art in biosurfactant technology, techniques, and applications An exploration of biosurfactant enhanced remediation of sediments contaminated with organics and inorganics A discussion of perspectives for biomedical and biotechnological applications of biosurfactants A review of the antiviral, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential of biosurfactants against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. An examination of biosurfactant-inspired control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Perfect for academic researchers and scientists working in the petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, and in the agroindustry, Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future will also earn a place in the libraries of scientists working in environmental biotechnology, environmental science, and biomedical engineering.
Download or read book Bioremediation written by J.J. Valdes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the field of biosensors the previous focus has been almost entirely on medical diagnostics. Here it is discussed in relation to bioremediation. The application of new biosensing techniques to environmental monitoring promises to be a more economical approach to monitoring both soil consortia and levels of pollutants. Significantly, functional biosensors can determine such parameters as`How clean is clean?' This new edition is targeted specifically at graduate students and environmental professionals.
