Download or read book Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Earthworms Eisenia Fetida from Sorbent amended Soils written by Julie Jarjour and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) for extinguishing fuel fires has introduced poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into different environmental media, including soil. Such contaminated sites are long-term sources of PFAS pollution, posing a threat to drinking water supplies in many locations. In situ soil stabilization using sorbent amendments, such as granular activated carbon and modified clay minerals, has demonstrated efficacy in immobilizing PFAS in contaminated soil. The measure is expected to be highly effective in reducing PFAS bioavailability to earthworms, the predominant soil invertebrates, but limited experimental evidence is available. Therefore, PFAS uptake from contaminated soils by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following amendment was studied to address the knowledge gap. Two different amendments were evaluated for this study: coal-based activated carbon (F400) and a new modified clay-based adsorbent (FLUORO-SORB100®). Surface soil was collected locally and spiked with PFAS at ~ 100 ng/g dry weight to simulate a moderately contaminated soil, to which the sorbents were amended at different concentrations (0-4 w/w%). A field-collected AFFF-impacted soil with high PFAS levels was tested at one amendment concentration (4 w/w%). The mixture of representative PFAS included 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), 6 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), and 3 (n:2) fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs). Earthworms were exposed to PFAS during the uptake phase test until the expected steady-state was reached (28 days). Both amendments resulted in reduced earthworm body burdens compared to the setup without amendment, with 4 w/w% amendment being the most effective, reducing body burdens of total PFAS by>95% in the spiked soil. Activated carbon performed slightly better at reducing body burdens in both soils in terms of total PFAS, possibly owing to minimal gut exposure; earthworms largely avoided ingesting the activated carbon probably due to its particle size. In clay-amended soil, both gut route and skin contact contributed to PFAS uptake by earthworms. Furthermore, a soil leaching test was performed at the end of the uptake phase to understand the mobility of PFAS following the soil amendment. The clay-based adsorbent performed better at immobilizing most analytes in the contaminated soil; however, in the spiked soil, clay was not as effective as activated carbon for short-chain PFCAs. Strong positive log-log relationships were observed between leachate concentrations and earthworm body burdens for most PFAS analytes in the spiked soil. The finding suggests that although the leaching test evaluates PFAS mobility, the PFAS leachate concentrations might be correlated with pore water concentrations, thus partly explain the extent of earthworm body burdens. Overall, this study allows for a risk-based assessment strategy for the use of amendments for mitigating PFAS pollution of soils"--
Download or read book Perfluoroalkylsulfonic and Carboxylic Acids in Earthworms Eisenia Fetida Accumulation and Effects Results from Spiked Soils at PFAS Concentrations Bracketing Environmental Relevance written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 3 Test No 317 Bioaccumulation in Terrestrial Oligochaetes written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2010-07-23 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Test Guideline describes procedures designed to assess bioaccumulation of chemicals in soil oligochaetes. The parameters which characterise the bioaccumulation of a substance include the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), the uptake rate constant ...
Download or read book Soil pollution a hidden reality written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-04-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.
Download or read book Bioaccumulation Fate and Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS written by Asa James Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large and diverse class of man-made chemicals that are persistent and difficult to degrade in the environment. PFAS are characterized by the presence of carbon-fluorine bonds, the strongest bond in organic chemistry, which leads to great thermal and chemical stability. Often these properties provide industrial and consumer products with chemical and temperature resistance, surfactant behavior, and stain or water resistance. Currently, the problem of PFAS in the environment starts with their synthetic generation, use in products, and subsequent release to the environment where they can bioaccumulate and persist. PFAS have globally impacted aquatic ecosystems through major pathways such as direct release into the environment (e.g., fire-fighting trainings with aqueous film forming foams (AFFF)), inadequately treated industrial effluents, land-applied biosolids, and atmospheric deposition. Once released to the environment, specifically in water, many PFAS compounds tend to accumulate in ecosystems through bioaccumulation. In water, some PFAS are mobile, pose risks to all levels of an ecosystem, and are particularly difficult to remove or degrade. To address the release and accumulation in the environment, major strides must be made in terms of regulations, development of analytical techniques, mechanistic pathways understanding related to fate and transport, and advancement of treatment technologies to address the pollution whether it is large scale or site-specific remediation efforts. The goal of this dissertation is to provide further insight into bioaccumulation of PFAS in aquatic matrices, fate and transport in land-applied biosolids, and to develop a plasma treatment technology to destroy PFAS. Regarding bioaccumulation in aquatic matrices, geochemical factors have been demonstrated to impact PFAS partitioning in aquatic ecosystems and to impact bioaccumulation, but little is known related to the mechanistic understanding of the effects of elevated divalent cation concentrations of magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+) on macroinvertebrates. Therefore, as part of this dissertation, the impacts of Mg2+ and Ca2+ on PFAS bioaccumulation in three different macroinvertebrates species, Lumbriculus variegatus (L. variegatus), Elliptio complanata (E. complanata), and Physella acuta (P. acuta) were investigated, where it was demonstrated that the increased divalent cations concentrations impact the bioavailability of PFAS and the mechanisms responsible were discussed. L. variegatus had significantly higher PFAS bioaccumulation than P. acuta and E. complanata, likely due to higher levels of activity and interactions/ingestion of the contaminated sediment. "High Mg2+" (7.5 mM Mg2+) and "High Ca2+" (7.5 mM Ca2+) conditions generally had observable higher bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) than the "Reference Condition" (0.2 mM Ca2+ and 0.2 mM Mg2+) for PFAS with perfluorinated chain lengths greater than six carbons. Long-chain PFAS dominated the PFAS profiles of the macroinvertebrates for all classes of compounds studied, PFCA, PFSA, and FTS. These results indicate that the specific organism studied is most impactful regarding bioaccumulation, but divalent cation concentration has observable impacts between species depending on the environmental conditions. With respect to the release of PFAS from land-applied biosolids, the influence of microbial weathering on the partitioning of PFAS over a period of three months was investigated to see the impacts on fate and transport in biosolids. We found that the PFAS biosolids-water partitioning coefficients (Kd) were demonstrated to decrease, on average, 0.4 log over the course of the study. Additionally, the solid characteristics were characterized (lipids, proteins, and organic matter) and were observed to have sharp decreases over the first ten days, aligning with the most rapid changes in Kd. As a result, a multiple linear regression model was built to predict PFAS partitioning behavior in biosolids based on the biosolids characteristics and PFAS characteristics. Among the evaluated independent variables, statistical analyses demonstrated that the most significant solids characteristics that impacted PFAS partitioning were organic matter, proteins, lipids, and molecular weight of organics. A multiple linear regression model was built to predict PFAS partitioning behavior in biosolids based on solid characteristics of the biosolids and PFAS characteristics with a R2 value of 0.7391 when plotting predicted and measured log Kd. The findings from this work reveal that microbial weathering can play a significant role in the eventual fate and transport of PFAS and their precursors from biosolids. Since PFAS have been demonstrated herein to accumulate in aquatic matrices and rapidly partition from biosolids during biotic weathering processes, there is a need to effectively remove PFAS from water to decrease the environmental accumulation and transport. We report as part of this dissertation the development of a non-thermal plasma treatment system to degrade PFAS in liquid solutions. It was observed that this technology was able to rapidly degrade PFAS compounds but the degree of degradation and defluorination was highly depending on perfluorinated alkyl chain lengths, with those compounds with greater than 8 perfluorinated carbons achieving greater than 90% removal in one hour of treatment. The combination of the energy efficiency of this treatment being on the order of magnitude of other emerging destructive technologies and its effectiveness shows promise for the application of non-thermal plasmas for PFAS removal in water. The lowest EEo for PFOS was 23.2 kWh/m3/order and 213.4 kWh/m3/order for PFOA, similar with existing technologies (which range from 10 to 10,000 kWh/m3/order). These results indicate that non-thermal air plasma discharges are promising technologies for treatment of PFAS that should be further researched and developed.
Download or read book Bioaccumulation of 14C60 by the Earthworm Eisenia Fetida written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Organofluorine Chemistry Principles and Commercial Applications written by R.E. Banks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1994-09-30 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The industry's leading researchers contribute an extremely wide range of articles to provide comprehensive coverage of this burgeoning field. Well illustrated, the volume will become a standard reference work for chemists and materials scientists interested in virtually all aspects of carbon-fluorine bonds.
Download or read book The cost of inaction written by Gretta Goldenman and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-03-17 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.
Download or read book Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Plants written by Kuldeep Bauddh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-29 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globally escalating population necessitates production of more goods and services to fulfil the expanding demands of human beings which resulted in urbanization and industrialization. Uncontrolled industrialization caused two major problems – energy crisis and accelerated environmental pollution throughout the world. Presently, there are technologies which have been proposed or shown to tackle both the problems. Researchers continue to seek more cost effective and environmentally beneficial pathways for problem solving. Plant kingdom comprises of species which have the potential to resolve the couple problem of pollution and energy. Plants are considered as a potential feedstock for development of renewable energy through biofuels. Another important aspect of plants is their capacity to sequester carbon dioxide and absorb, degrade, and stabilize environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, poly-aromatic biphenyls, radioactive materials, and other chemicals. Thus, plants may be used to provide renewable energy generation and pollution mitigation. An approach that could amalgamate the two aspects can be achieved through phytoremediation (using plants to clean up polluted soil and water), and subsequent generation of energy from the phyto-remediator plants. This would be a major advance in achieving sustainability that focuses on optimizing ‘people’ (social issues), ‘planet’ (environmental issues), and ‘profit’ (financial issues). The “Phytoremediation-Cellulosic Biofuels” (PCB) process will be socially beneficial through reducing pollution impacts on people, ecologically beneficial through pollution abatement, and economically viable through providing revenue that supplies an energy source that is renewable and also provides less dependence on importing foreign energy (energy-independence). The utilization of green plants for pollution remediation and energy production will also tackle some other important global concerns like global climate change, ocean acidification, and land degradation through carbon sequestration, reduced emissions of other greenhouse gases, restoration of degraded lands and waters, and more. This book addresses the overall potential of major plants that have the potential to fulfil the dual purposes of phytoremediation and energy generation. The non-edible bioenergy plants that are explored for this dual objective include Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Leucaena leucocephalla, Milletia pinnata, Canabis sativa, Azadirachta indica, and Acacia nilotica. The book addresses all possible aspects of phyto-remediaton and energy generation in a holistic way. The contributors are one of most authoritative experts in the field and have covered and compiled the best content most comprehensively. The book is going to be extremely useful for researchers in the area, research students, academicians and also for policy makers for an inclusive understanding and assessment of potential in plant kingdom to solve the dual problem of energy and pollution.
Download or read book Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 236 written by Pim de Voogt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.
Download or read book A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment written by David M. Kempisty and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday3⁄4 and some lifesaving3⁄4 products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.
Download or read book Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry MS MS and Time of Flight MS written by Imma Ferrer and published by American Chemical Society. This book was released on 2003-08-14 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores state-of-the-art mass spectrometric techniques. It focuses on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and time-of-flight/mass spectrometry to determine emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, surfactants and unknown natural products.
Download or read book Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents Second Edition written by Erik Kissa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-02-09 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of the synthesis, problems, theories and applications of fluorinated surfactants, this second edition is updated with four new chapters on repellency and protection against soiling and staining and over 2900 references, equations, and drawings (800 more than the previous edition). It lists alphabetically and explores numerous applications of fluorinated surfactants. Called "...a most useful introduction to these fascinating materials" by the Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology and "...a coherent and stimulating handbook...the most useful book in the fluorinated surfactants field to date. Recommended." by the Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions - this book is a source of factual data, methods of manufacture, and chemical structures for the surfactant scientist and user.
Download or read book Behavioural Ecotoxicology written by Giacomo Dell'Omo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-05-22 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioural ecotoxicology is an emerging field dealing with the effects of environmental pollutants on the behaviour of animals. Behavioural techniques derived from experimental psychology, behavioural pharmacology and neurotoxicology are applied to detect and characterise changes in animals living in the environment exposed to various pollutants. Behavioural effects are then interpreted in an ecological context considering the long-term relevance of these changes at both the individual and population level.
Download or read book Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences written by Peter Atkins and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2011-01-30 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula offer a fully integrated approach to the study of physical chemistry and biology.
Download or read book Models in Environmental Regulatory Decision Making written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-08-25 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many regulations issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are based on the results of computer models. Models help EPA explain environmental phenomena in settings where direct observations are limited or unavailable, and anticipate the effects of agency policies on the environment, human health and the economy. Given the critical role played by models, the EPA asked the National Research Council to assess scientific issues related to the agency's selection and use of models in its decisions. The book recommends a series of guidelines and principles for improving agency models and decision-making processes. The centerpiece of the book's recommended vision is a life-cycle approach to model evaluation which includes peer review, corroboration of results, and other activities. This will enhance the agency's ability to respond to requirements from a 2001 law on information quality and improve policy development and implementation.
