Download or read book Behavioral Anti predator Strategies in Newly metamorphosed American Toads bufo Americanus in Response to Predation Risk by Eastern Garter Snakes thamnophis Sirtalis written by Joel Thomas Heinen and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book University of Michigan Official Publication written by University of Michigan and published by UM Libraries. This book was released on 1993 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each number is the catalogue of a specific school or college of the University.
Download or read book Wildlife Review written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 1993-05 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Zoology written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Advances in Ecological Environmental Sciences written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-12 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effects of Predation on Anuran Metamorphosis written by Jill DeVito and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many organisms with complex life cycles undergo transition periods associated with increased vulnerability to predation. Several evolutionary adaptations have been proposed as antipredator defenses for organisms during risky transition periods. These include: shortening of the transition period, parental care, cryptic coloration, and synchrony of risky transitions with large numbers of conspecifics. The results of my research support the hypothesis that synchrony of metamorphosis and emergence from the water and aggregation during the period of transformation may be antipredator defenses for the western toad (Bufo boreas). For some anuran species, synchronous metamorphosis may function as an antipredator adaptation by swamping predators during the period of transformation. I examined the levels of synchrony of emergence from the water of metamorphosing western toads (Bufo boreas) in the presence and absence of a live snake predator, the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) in a laboratory experiment. To compare between the treatments, I measured the time to emergence from the water, the number of metamorphs emerging together, and the level of aggregation (before and during emergence) of the toads in each treatment. There was a difference between the treatments when all three factors were considered. I attributed these differences to a behavioral response in which B. boreas emerged sooner in the presence of the predator, regardless of whether individual toads had reached the point at which they were physically better suited to the terrestrial environment than the larval environment. Since the Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) is also preyed upon by T. sirtalis during the vulnerable period of metamorphosis, I conducted a laboratory experiment to test the effects of the presence of T. sirtalis on 1) aggregation of larval and metamorphosing H. regilla, 2) time to metamorphosis, 3) synchrony of metamorphosis, 4) time to emergence from the water and 5) synchrony of emergence from the water. The only significant effect observed in this experiment was a difference between aggregation levels of H. regilla throughout the experiment. There was, however, a strong trend in which the variances around the mean times to metamorphosis and emergence of the frogs in the control treatments were larger than those in the predator treatments. This could indicate a trend toward synchrony of metamorphosis and emergence for H. regilla in the presence of snake predators.
Download or read book Antipredator Defenses Determine an Adaptive Response to Stress in Neotoma Fuscipes written by Carson Balfour Keller and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research in predator-prey relationships has often focused on the direct consumptive impacts that predators have on prey. However, we are beginning to understand that direct consumption only represents a portion of the total effect that predators have on prey. Fear effects are the indirect effects that predators have on prey and are a result of antipredator defenses to perceived risk. These responses have shown to cause declines in survival, reproduction, and foraging behavior, potentially leading to changes in population dynamics and, ultimately, community structure. I examined how dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) cope with acute and chronic perceived predation risk by experimentally elevating predator odor for wild and captive individuals in Southern California. I measured concurrent behavioral and physiological effects of increased perceived risk using giving-up densities and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. An index of body condition was derived by correcting mass for differences in body size (i.e. skull width) between individuals. Perceived risk was manipulated using native predator odor (bobcat urine); predator urine has been demonstrated as a perceived risk to many rodent species. My results reveal that N. fuscipes exhibits an acute behavioral and stress hormone response. However, they demonstrate no significant negative changes in foraging rates, body condition, and stress hormone levels under chronic exposure to risk. The lack of any measurable response to a chronic stressor suggests that a chronic response may not have evolved in this species and may be unnecessary due to its short lifespan, non-cyclic lifecycle, and primary ambush predator. Habituation may also play a role as an adaptive response to a continuous environmental stressor. Therefore, the interplay between prey life-history traits with behavioral and physiological responses may be essential to understanding indirect effects of fear. Research into how life-history traits may drive evolutionary responses to predators may help to discern if such traits constrain antipredator behaviors. Understanding the role fear has in altering predator-prey relationships may allow for a better understanding of eco-evolutionary dynamics and the ecosystem-wide impacts that changes in these relationships can induce.
Download or read book Predation Risk Assessment and the Anti Predator Behavioral Dynamics of Larval Anurans written by Michael Edward Fraker and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Behavioral Responses by Cottonmouths Agkistrodon Piscivorus to Chemical and Visual Predator Cues written by Kristen Lee Kohlhepp and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predator detection and assessment of predation risk have important survival consequences for animals. However, responses to predatory threats can vary with different stimuli. Chemical cues are important for predator recognition but visual cues may elicit defensive responses. Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) exhibit an array of antipredatory behaviors that have been thoroughly characterized in response to human aggressors, but their responses to cues from other predators are poorly known. I conducted three experiments to evaluate cottonmouth responses to visual and chemical stimuli from predators and non-predators. Snakes exposed to predator chemical cues exhibited elevated tongue-flick rates compared to controls but did not perform any antipredatory behaviors. Snakes exposed to mobile silhouettes of predators and nonpredators performed significantly more defensive displays in response to red-tailed hawk models than controls. However, snakes exposed to visual models of terrestrial predators and non-predators exhibited elevated responses to taxidermed mink and muskrat compared to an inanimate object of similar size and color. My results are consistent with risk-sensitivity predictions in that cottonmouths can use chemical cues to recognize predators and use visual cues to distinguish predatory bird silhouettes from those of nonpredatory birds. However, snakes generalized their antipredator responses to stationary mammals based on visual cues alone.
Download or read book Risk Perception and Escape Behavior of Skunks Squirrels and Rabbits in Response to Predator and Human Approaches written by Hannah Rabitoy (Graduate student) and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Prey effectively avoid predation by dynamically assessing their risk and responding accordingly. Prey often face multiple predators that pose varying degrees of risk based on the effectiveness of the predator’s hunting strategy or the prey’s antipredator defense. In response, prey may utilize varied antipredator strategies toward different imposed threats. In addition, context of the predator’s approach (i.e., directness, speed, path presence) can affect prey risk perception and choice of antipredator strategy.
Download or read book Behaviour Under Predation Risk written by Sanna Harris and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantifying the Impacts of a Novel Predator written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The decline of the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa), a Pacific Northwest endemic now federally listed as threatened, has been attributed to several aspects of ecosystem alteration, primarily habitat degradation and loss. The introduced American Bullfrog (Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana) has been widely implicated in those declines, but the basis of that contention has been difficult to characterize. The bullfrog occurring at every site of recent Oregon Spotted Frog extirpation has focused concern about its impact. Here, I present a suite of interconnected studies that examine the behavioral ecology of both species to better understand the potential for bullfrog-mediated Oregon Spotted Frog extirpation. I quantified Oregon Spotted Frog anti-predator behavior from the only known population successfully co-occurring with bullfrogs (Conboy Lake) and a population devoid of bullfrog impact (Big Marsh), and compared these behaviors to the predatory traits of the bullfrog. The initial study revealed that captive-reared individuals from the Oregon Spotted Frog population that has successfully co-occurred with bullfrogs respond faster to a predatory stimulus (measured as latency to response) than Oregon Spotted Frogs from a population not to exposed to bullfrogs. Subsequent field investigations of the approach distance allowed by a predator stimulus before taking evasive action (termed the flight initiation distance: FID) conducted with the Oregon Spotted Frog population co-occurring with bullfrogs first demonstrated that FID of recently metamorphosed bullfrogs is consistently greater than that of recently metamorphosed Oregon Spotted Frogs. Further, examination of FID across all post-metamorphic age classes of Oregon Spotted Frogs revealed that older frogs do not allow as close approach as recently metamorphosed Oregon Spotted Frogs. This age class shift in FID did not occur in the Oregon Spotted Frog population not exposed to bullfrogs. In the latter population, FID did not differ among age classes. Since the bullfrog might be driving this age-based change in anti-predator behavior, I explored the variation in strike distance of bullfrogs from the site of co-occurrence in both the field and laboratory to determine the extent of overlap with Oregon Spotted Frog FID. I found that the bullfrog strike distance significantly overlaps the FID of all ages of Oregon Spotted Frogs from the bullfrog-free site but only that of youngest (recently metamorphosed) frogs at the site of co-occurrence. Older Oregon Spotted Frogs from the site of co-occurrence generally escaped at distances greater than the strike distance of bullfrogs. Collectively, these studies strongly suggest that bullfrogs have altered the escape behavior of Oregon Spotted Frogs at Conboy Lake and that most adult Oregon Spotted Frogs at Conboy may have a size-based release from predation by bullfrogs. Implicit in this finding is that bullfrogs may pose a real threat via predation to other Oregon Spotted Frog populations with which they might come into contact where the distribution of bullfrog body sizes differ substantially from that at Conboy Lake.
Download or read book Sociality The Behaviour of Group Living Animals written by Ashley Ward and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-20 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last decade has seen a surge of interest among biologists in a range of social animal phenomena, including collective behaviour and social networks. In ‘Animal Social Behaviour’, authors Ashley Ward and Michael Webster integrate the most up-to-date empirical and theoretical research to provide a new synthesis of the field, which is aimed at fellow researchers and postgraduate students on the topic.
Download or read book Parasite Communities Patterns and Processes written by Gerald W. Esch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We first discussed the possibility of organizing a symposium on helminth communities in June, 1986. At that time, we were engaged in writing a joint paper on potential structuring mechanisms in helminth communities; we disagreed on a number of issues. We felt the reason for such debate was because the discipline was in a great state of flux, with many new concepts and approaches being introduced with increasing frequency. After consider able discussion about the need, scope and the inevitable limitations of such a symposium, we decided that the time was ripe to bring other ecologists, engaged in similar research, face-to-face. There were many individuals from whom to choose; we selected those who were actively publishing on helminth communities or those who had expertise in areas which we felt were particularly appropriate. We compiled a list of potential participants, contacted them and received unanimous support to organize such a symposium. Our intent was to cover several broad areas, fully recognizing that breadth negates depth (at least with a publisher's limitation on the number of pages). We felt it important to consider patterns amongst different kinds of hosts because this is where we had disagreed among ourselves.
Download or read book Comparative Physiology of Fasting Starvation and Food Limitation written by Marshall D. McCue and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-05-17 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All animals face the possibility of food limitation and ultimately starvation-induced mortality. This book summarizes state of the art of starvation biology from the ecological causes of food limitation to the physiological and evolutionary consequences of prolonged fasting. It is written for an audience with an understanding of general principles in animal physiology, yet offers a level of analysis and interpretation that will engage seasoned scientists. Each chapter is written by active researchers in the field of comparative physiology and draws on the primary literature of starvation both in nature and the laboratory. The chapters are organized among broad taxonomic categories, such as protists, arthropods, fishes, reptiles, birds, and flying, aquatic, and terrestrial mammals including humans; particularly well-studied animal models, e.g. endotherms are further organized by experimental approaches, such as analyses of blood metabolites, stable isotopes, thermobiology, and modeling of body composition.
