Download or read book Basic Turkish Grammar for Foreigners written by Ensar Erensayın and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Turkish An Essential Grammar written by Celia Kerslake and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 2010. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book A Student Grammar of Turkish written by F. Nihan Ketrez and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-17 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise introduction to Turkish grammar, designed specifically for English-speaking students and professionals.

Download or read book Turkish written by Aslı Göksel and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete reference guide to modern Turkish grammar, this work presents a full and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use.

Download or read book The Turkish Language Explained for English Speakers written by John Guise and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-02 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Treatise on the Turkish Language and its Grammar explains and answers some of the difficulties that the learner of Turkish may encounter along their way. This book focuses on understanding Turkish grammar and logic. Those who are interested in the whys and wherefores of Turkish will find amongst these pages the key to their particular problem of Turkish grammar and syntax. This book covers the basics of Turkish and further expands knowledge and understanding of Turkish by using many examples with explanations. It does not contain any practice exercises or sound files as many of these type of basic Turkish grammar lessons can be found in other text books or on the world wide web. It is a book that will be used over the whole of the learning process from basic beginner through to intermediate and advanced stages of learning. The contents of the 45 chapters range over: Turkish Basic Grammar: Alphabet, Vowel Harmony, Agglutination, Consonant Mutation, Lack of Gender. Intermediate: Nouns and Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs and Tenses, Possessive Relationship and Possession. Advanced: Verb Moods, Participles, Clauses, Spatials and Spatial Relationships, Word Formation in Turkish Conversational Items: Time, Seasons, Numbers, Colors, Saying "Thank you," About "buyurun," Expressing need, Daily Interjections, Modes of Address, Turkish Sign Language, How to say "too much, too many," Daily Talk. Glossaries: List of Daily Locutions, Daily Word List, Irregular Tense List, Turkish Single Syllable Verb List, Intensified Adjectives List.

Download or read book easy Turkish Grammar with answers an innovative way of teaching Turkish written by Halit Demir and published by KAMAN Turkish Series. This book was released on with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: • What is easy Turkish Grammar? easy Turkish Grammar is a self-study reference and practice book for learners who want to study Turkish for the first time but are not sure where to start. It teaches all the grammar and vocabulary they need for speaking and writing in Turkish. Not only does it explain the rules, it also shows how the language works and gives plenty of practice. It can also be used by lower-intermediate learners who want to revise their knowledge of Turkish. • Which Turkish does easy Turkish Grammar teach? It teaches modern standard Turkish, the dialect you read in newspapers and hear on TV channels. • How is easy Turkish Grammar organised? The grammar To help you have a feel for how Turkish works the book starts with a brief introduction about Turkish spelling, pronunciation, word order and parts of speech such as verbs, nouns and adjectives. After the introduction you will study 36 units presented in order of difficulty. First three units, which deal with spelling and pronunciation, come with online audio. Each unit covers one part of grammar explained by making references to English so that you can compare relevant areas of grammar. Areas where you may have difficulty have been treated with particular care and attention. Each topic is illustrated by plenty of real-life examples written by using the equivalents of 2000 basic English words. And each and every example in the book is translated into English. In the book some unique conventions are used for spelling, pronunciation and grammar in order to help with the learning process. Each set of suffixes in Turkish, which might be mind-boggling for speakers of European languages such as English, is highlighted with a different colour throughout the book so that you can easily spot the order and function of every suffix. You can find the colour-legend at the bottom of the pages. Besides grammar, easy Turkish Grammar teaches lots of everyday phrases and expressions so that it may also make a useful handbook for daily Turkish. The exercises As practice makes perfect, the utmost care has been devoted to writing the exercises. At the end of the units you can find an extensive set of exercises. The appendices The appendices include 11 supplementary lessons, which you are referred to while you are studying the units. The key The key includes the answers to all the exercises. Online audio for the answers is also available. The index The index is unique in that the entries include only titles in English so that you can compare relevant areas of grammar. For example, if you want to know how to say must or express obligation in Turkish, all you need to do is refer to these titles. Here you will find information not only about how to say must in Turkish but also how Turkish suffix for must is also used to mean should. Or if you want to add -ness to an adjective or -ship to a noun, you will be referred to the relevant page where you will find that Turkish only has the suffix -lik for both. The bibliography If you buy this book, you can get the title 'Turkish Vobabulary Booster: Word formation in Turkish' by the same author for free. To get your promo code, contact the author after purchase through his website: htttp://www.easyturkishgrammar.com

Download or read book Elementary Turkish written by Lewis Victor Thomas and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 1986-01-01 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This superb grammar and exercise text, used successfully for years at Princeton University, enable English speaking students--in and out of the classroom to gain a quick and thorough understanding of Modern Turkish. In a carefully arranged sequence of 23 lessons, Lewis V. Thomas, late Professor of Oriental Studies at Princeton, presents thorough coverage that allows the student to begin to use the basic patterns of modern Turkish without time-consuming and expensive private instruction.

Download or read book Learn Turkish for Beginners written by Leurkor Firods and published by . This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn the Turkish language with this flawlessly represented book, Ideal for the entire family, highlights 100 words to utilize while voyaging, from food and transport, to animals and climate. Each word is went with a strong outline and a basic articulation manual for make the jargon fun and simple to learn. Learn turkish language, turkish spanish dictionary, books in turkish, turkish words, turkish dictionary, rosetta stone turkish, turkish to english, books in turkish language, turkish history, living language turkish, turkish language textbook, turkish phrase book, english to turkish dictionary, dictionary turkish Lurkish dictionary to english, turkish vocabulary, turkish language, turkish grammar book, assimil turkish, learning turkish, turkish hits, turkish learning, teach yourself turkish, colloquial turkish, elementary turkish, turkish english, hitit turkish, turkish books, turkish textbook, learn turkish, the delights of learning turkish Learn turkish for beginners, turkish kids, turkish workbook, learning turkish language, turkish grammar, turkish learn, turkish reader, pimsleur turkish, turkish book, turkish phrase, turkish phrasebook, turkish delights book, turkish kids books, turkish products, turkish english dictionary, turkish flashcards Istanbul turkish, complete turkish, turkish grammar workbook, turkish learning book, speak turkish, turkish language learning, turkish language books, turkish verbs, delights of learning turkish, learn turkish book

Download or read book The Delights of Learning Turkish written by Yasar Esendal Kuzucu and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-05-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes an answer key, a Turkish-English glossary, and an English-Turkish glossary.

Download or read book Learn Turkish Level 1 Introduction to Turkish written by Innovative Language Learning and published by Innovative Language Learning. This book was released on with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interactive. Effective. And FUN! Start speaking Turkish in minutes, and learn key vocabulary, phrases, and grammar in just minutes more with Learn Turkish - Level 1: Introduction - a completely new way to learn Turkish with ease! Learn Turkish - Level 1: Introduction will arm you with language and cultural insight to utterly shock and amaze your Turkish friends and family, teachers, and colleagues. What you get in Learn Turkish - Level 1: Introduction: - 5 Basic Bootcamp lessons: dialog transcripts with translation, vocabulary, sample sentences and a grammar section - 15 All About lessons: cultural insight and insider-only tips from our teachers in each lesson - 5 Pronunciation lesson: tips and techniques on proper pronunciation Discover or rediscover how fun learning a language can be with the future of language learning, and start speaking Turkish instantly!

Download or read book Turkish for Beginners 2nd Edition with Audio written by Ahmet Murat Taşer and published by Ahmet Murat Taşer. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WITH AUDIO NOW! *All tracks can be accessed via the Qr codes provided at the beginning of each lesson! Turkish for Beginners: a 10-week self-study program is specifically prepared for students looking for a fast-paced journey into Turkish, promising important language skills in just 10 weeks! Students will develop solid reading, writing, listening and comprehension skills. Turkish for Beginners: A 10-Week Self-Study Program is specifically prepared for students who are looking for a quick journey into Turkish, promising significant language skills in just 10 weeks! Students will develop strong reading, writing, listening and understanding skills. How is this possible? The book consists of 10 units, each unit covering the most essential grammar points and language skills necessary to successfully handle basic social interactions. Each unit starts with a fun dialogue, recounting the travels of Kate and Tom in Istanbul, while they are getting acquainted with the land, culture and people of Turkey. Dialogues and vocabulary are recorded by native speakers, which is crucial for improving listening and speaking skills with correct pronunciation. Short but concise grammar explanations guide the student with enough detail about the Turkish grammar. Examples follow each grammar point to enhance learning. So there it is - learning beginner level Turkish has never been easier! Upon completion, students are expected to reach the novice-high/intermediate-mid levels of proficiency as per the ACTFL Guidelines, or high 1, low 2 as per the ILR, or B1 as per the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR).. After you finish the book, you will be able to: handle a range of social situations from visiting a friend to dining outside read and understand basic instructions, texts and articles advance in learning the language fully! Enjoy learning this beautiful language in just 10 weeks, with its revised new edition and with accompanying FREE audio! The interior design has also been renewed to provide the students with a more pleasant studying experience! NOTE:To access the FREE audio please visit the website for Turkish for Beginners: The link is given inside the book. What are other useful learning materials? If you are looking for a more intense book that includes lengthy grammar explanations, abundant examples and countless exercises, then you can check Comprehensive Turkish for Beginners (979-8692131164). Anecdotes from Nasreddin Hodja: Reading Texts for Turkish Learners will help you develop your reading skills with fun and compelling anecdotes of Nasreddin Hodja. Practice reading and listening and test your comprehension with exercises. If you are travelling to Turkey or just studying Turkish and want to be fluent in most common social situations, Turkish Phrasebook for Travellers (979-8692914446) will be of great help. To be comfortable in intermediate to advanced level vocabulary, you can check Turkish Learners' Dictionary: Intermediate & Advanced levels (979-8596270037). Why learn Turkish? Turkish is spoken as a first language by over 80 million people. It belongs to the Turkic language family, which includes thirty Turkic languages, making it in total of 220 million Turkish speakers worldwide! Turkish is also a favorite second language, with over 15 million speakers, and you are aspiring to be one! Turkish is a very efficient language, it is fun to learn; and it is indeed very rewarding considering the critical importance of Turkey and Turkish in the global affairs. Plus, it’s an incredible tourist destination! With the experience of teaching more than 20 years, the author’s other works include Hebrew and Turkish self-study books and complementary materials. They’ve proven successful in the market with their new editions since 2013.

Download or read book Easy To Learn Turkish Grammar Dialogues written by Mualla Atlamaz and published by Cinius Yayınları. This book was released on 2013-06-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mualla Atlamaz was born in Samsun. She graduated from “İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi” (Academy of Commerce and Economics) in İstanbul. In U.S.A., she became a teacher of Foreign Service Institute Language School of the State Department. She has applied the F.S.I. method together with linguists for 3 years as a Turkish language instructor. For the following 10 years, she has worked as a Turkish teacher in Consulate of U.S.A. in İstanbul. She has also taught Turkish in summer courses of the Turkish-American Association T.A.U.A. for 15 years. For about 45 years she has worked as a private instructor to countless numbers of people of every nation and profession. The purpose of this book is to provide ample material for teaching the grammar rules of the Turkish language and their applications in daily conversations. This book employs an analytical approach to a wide variety of grammar rules. All suffixes being structed according to vowel harmony, are easily understandable. It also gives to the foreign students of Turkish a large number of appropriate exercises as a result of all these years’ experiences. The dialogues enrich and enforce grammar rules applications in daily conversations. Each unit has drills and answers for a better understanding and learning of the chapter. Yayınevi: Cinius Yayınları

Download or read book Turkish Grammar written by Robert Underhill and published by Mit Press. This book was released on 1976 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the Mideast becomes more and more important in contemporary geopolitics, the study of that region's languages enjoys increasing popularity. Unfortunately, many language texts in this area are based on outdated usage and offer little information on how the language in question is actually spoken. Robert Underhill's Turkish Grammar closes this gap with a text that gives full coverage of syntax and usage as well as of traditional grammar and gives the student a thorough grounding in a truly useful vocabulary. Designed as a basic teaching grammar of Turkish for speakers, Turkish Grammar is suitable for classroom or individual use at the undergraduate or graduate level. Its extensive coverage of grammar and syntax makes it suitable also for use as a reference grammar. It incorporates not only systematized lessons and information about pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax but also guidance in the area of usage and chapter-by-chapter exercises. Linguists will recognize that the author has used the framework of generative grammar in the organization and presentation of material; the text, however, avoids linguistic jargon and technical discussions so that students untrained in formal linguistics can use the book as easily as those who have had such training.

Download or read book Elementary Grammar of the Turkish Language written by Frank Lawrence Hopkins and published by . This book was released on 1877 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Korean Grammar in Use Beginning English ver written by Lee Kyung-ah (이경아) and published by Darakwon. This book was released on 2021-07-09 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the culmination of educational know-how and systematic grammar organization acquired by the three authors from their experience actually teaching Korean to foreigners in the classroom. In focusing strictly on Korean grammar, this series represents a departure from most current integrated teaching materials, allowing foreign learners to more easily concentrate on grammar in their study of Korean. The authors have included real dialogues and illustrations to make the study of Korean more interesting, especially for those students who have heretofore felt Koran grammar to be difficult. Further, this series equally serves as a general Korean grammar reference that can be used by Korean language instructors both in Korea and abroad who regularly experience the difficulty of teaching Korean grammar first-hand. 도서에 포함된 MP3(CD) 음원은 다락원 홈페이지(www.darakwon.co.kr)에서 무료 다운로드 가능합니다. 이 책은 한국어 교육 현장에서 실제 외국인 학생들에게 한국어를 가르치고 있는 한국어 강사 세 명의 교육 노하우와 체계적인 문법 정리가 집약된 교재이다. 기존의 대다수를 차지하고 있는 통합 교재와는 달리 한국어 문법만을 대상으로 삼아 외국인들이 보다 문법 공부에 집중할 수 있게 하였다. - TOPIK 1~2급의 문법 총정리! 한국의 대학 기관과 학원에서 가르치고 있는 교재의 1~2급에 나오는 문법들을 총망라해 한 눈에 볼 수 있게 하였다. - 의미가 비슷한 문법들의 차이점, 한 눈에 쏙쏙 정리! 의미나 쓰임, 또는 형태가 비슷하거나 혼동되는 문법을 비교해 놓아 문법 공부에 집중하였고, 문법의 나열식 습득을 넘는 통합적인 문법 학습을 목표로 한다. - 한 가지 상황에 대한 다양한 표현 연습! 상황이나 맥락에 따른 문법의 적절한 사용법과 한국어의 관용적 표현, 문화적 맥락 속에서의 이해 등을 도와 학습자들이 보다 자연스러운 한국어를 사용하도록 한다. - 문법을 활용한 실용 만점의 대화 완성! 학습한 문법을 생생한 실용 문장으로 복습한다. 문법을 위한 형식적인 문장이 아닌 일상생활 에서 실제로 사용하는 생활 밀착형 대화문을 통해 좀 더 친밀한 한국어 학습을 돕는다. Contents Preface How to Use This Book Table of Contents ■ Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions ■ Getting Ready 01 이다 (to be) 02 있다 (to exist/be, to have) 03 Numbers 04 Dates and Days of the Week 05 Time Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense A/V-(스)ㅂ니다 02 Present Tense A/V-아/어요 03 Past Tense A/V-았/었어요 04 Future Tense V-(으)ㄹ 거예요 ① 05 Progressive Tense V-고 있다 ① 06 Past Perfect Tense A/V-았/었었어요 Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation 02 안 A/V-아/어요 (A/V-지 않아요) 03 못 V-아/어요 (V-지 못해요) Unit 3. Particles 01 N이/가 02 N은/는 03 N을/를 04 N와/과, N(이)랑, N하고 05 N의 06 N에 ① 07 N에 ② 08 N에서 09 N에서 N까지, N부터 N까지 10 N에게/한테 11 N도 12 N만 13 N밖에 14 N(으)로 15 N(이)나 ① 16 N(이)나 ② 17 N쯤 18 N처럼/N같이 19 N보다 20 N마다 Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 01 A/V-고 02 V-거나 03 A/V-지만 04 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는데 ① Unit 5. Time Expressions 01 N 전에, V-기 전에 02 N 후에, V-(으)ㄴ 후에 03 V-고 나서 04 V-아/어서 05 N 때, A/V-(으)ㄹ 때 06 V-(으)면서 07 N 중, V-는 중 08 V-자마자 09 N 동안, V-는 동안 10 V-(으)ㄴ 지 Unit 6. Ability and Possibility 01 V-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 02 V-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-(으)세요 02 V-지 마세요 03 A/V-아/어야 되다/하다 04 A/V-아/어도 되다 05 A/V-(으)면 안 되다 06 A/V-지 않아도 되다 (안 A/V-아/어도 되다) Unit 8. Expressions of Hope 01 V-고 싶다 02 A/V-았/었으면 좋겠다 Unit 9. Reasons and Causes 01 A/V-아/어서 ② 02 A/V-(으)니까 ① 03 N 때문에, A/V-기 때문에 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting 01 V-아/어 주세요, V-아/어 주시겠어요? 02 V-아/어 줄게요, V-아/어 줄까요? Unit 11. Trying New Things and Experiences 01 V-아/어보다 02 V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 01 V-(으)ㄹ까요? ① 02 V-(으)ㄹ까요? ② 03 V-(으)ㅂ시다 04 V-(으)시겠어요? 05 V-(으)ㄹ래요? ① Unit 13. Intentions and Plans 01 A/V-겠어요 ① 02 V-(으)ㄹ게요 03 V-(으)ㄹ래요 ② Unit 14. Background Information and Explanations 01 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는데 ② 02 V-(으)니까 ② Unit 15. Purpose and Intention 01 V-(으)러 가다/오다 02 V-(으)려고 03 V-(으)려고 하다 04 N을/를 위해(서), V-기 위해(서) 05 V-기로 하다 Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions 01 A/V-(으)면 02 V-(으)려면 03 A/V-아/어도 Unit 17. Conjecture 01 A/V-겠어요 ② 02 A/V-(으)ㄹ 거예요 ② 03 A/V-(으)ㄹ까요? ③ 04 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 것 같다 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 01 관형형 -(으)ㄴ/-는/-(으)ㄹ N 02 A/V-기 03 A-게 04 A-아/어하다 Unit 19. Expressions of State 01 V-고 있다 ② 02 V-아/어 있다 03 A-아/어지다 04 V-게 되다 Unit 20. Confirming Information 01 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는지 02 V-는 데 걸리다/들다 03 A/V-지요? Unit 21. Discovery and Surprise 01 A/V-군요/는군요 02 A/V-네요 Unit 22. Additional Endings 01 A-(으)ㄴ가요?, V-나요? 02 A/V-(으)ㄴ/는데요 Unit 23. Quotations 01 Direct Quotations 02 Indirect Quotations 03 Indirect Quotation Contracted Forms Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations 01 ‘ㅡ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 02 ‘ㄹ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 03 ‘ㅂ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 04 ‘ㄷ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 05 ‘르’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 06 ‘ㅎ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) 07 ‘ㅅ’ 불규칙 (Irregular Conjugation) ■ Appendix Good Things to Know Answer Key Grammar Explanations in Use Korean Grammar Ind

Download or read book Turkish Language Grammar and Sentence Pattern for Foreigner written by Nino DE ASIS and published by . This book was released on 2020-02-23 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TURKISH LANGUAGE GRAMMAR AND SENTENCE PATTERN FOR FOREIGNER is a language textbook for foreigners who would like to learn Turkish Language by themselves at their own pace. This book will help the learner to know the different grammar points made by the author so that the reader and learner can make their own sentences and paragraphs by just reading this book. It will surely help and guide them about the nuisance of Turkish. Happy Reading.

Download or read book Complete Turkish written by Ahmet Murat Taşer and published by Ahmet Murat Taşer. This book was released on 2021-07-12 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WITH AUDIO NOW! With this new edition, this book is restructured in order to present a more pleasant studying experience to Turkish learners. In addition, all dialogues at the beginning of the lessons and all following vocabulary are recorded by local speakers to aid the learning experience and develop your listening and pronunciation skills. Students will be guided for the audio material throughout the book. *All the Tracks are accessible through the Qr codes given at the beginning of each lesson.* Complete Turkish: The Absolute Course for Beginners (Complete Set) is the ultimate resource for those looking for an efficient way to start learning Turkish. This book provides a step-by-step guide to spoken and written Turkish. This book presents its audience with the necessary ingredients for successfully communicating in Turkish in the context of formal and informal situations, grasping the basic language, and attaining the ability to express your needs and desires in these social contexts. Learners will develop strong reading, writing, speaking and understanding skills. Learners will need no prior knowledge of Turkish is required. Complete Turkish: The Absolute Course for Beginners (Complete Set) is a fundamental resource for both self-learners and learners following a study program in an institutional setting. * First 15 units cover the most essential grammar points and language skills necessary to successfully handle basic social interactions. * Each unit starts with a fun dialogue, recounting the travels of Michelle and İbrahim in Turkey, while they are getting acquainted with the land, culture and people of Turkey. * Concise and very detailed grammar explanations guide the learner with enough knowledge about the Turkish grammar. * Learners will find abundant examples and exercises. * Final 5 units contain authentic reading material excerptions of a published Turkish Novel, with essential grammar and vocabulary explanations, designed to prepare the learner for understanding real-life Turkish. * At the end of the book learners will find Grammar Summary, Key to the Exercises, and Turkish – English and English – Turkish Glossaries. Complete Turkish: The Absolute Course for Beginners (Complete Set) is your trusted companion if you are; * a formal student learning Turkish in an institutional setting * a self-learner who wants to learn Turkish for fun and is starting from scratch * traveling to Turkey and looking for some helpful material to familiarize yourself with * a business person conducting business in Turkey * a Turkish Language instructor and looking for a textbook format course book No prior knowledge of Turkish is required for this book. This exhaustive book is aimed at bringing the student to advanced level. Upon completion, students are expected to reach the intermediate-high/advanced-low levels of proficiency as per the ACTFL Guidelines, or high 2 as per the ILR, or B2 as per the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). Cover Photo: Hagia Sophia Mosque, 2021